Internal Hostility Research Articles

Physical and mental health predicts better adherence to exercise intervention in older women: A post-hoc analysis

BackgroundAdherence to exercise is crucial for promoting health and maintaining functioning. AimsTo investigate predictors of adherence to exercise in the initially free supervised fall prevention RCT and its low-cost, self-sustained continuation among elderly women. MethodsIn the 2-year Kuopio Fall Prevention Study RCT, 457 women (aged 71–84) were offered a free initial 6-month supervised weekly training program (gym, Tai Chi) in the municipal facilities. Women's adherence during this period was categorized into high (≥80 %) and low (<80 %). In the next six months, their free access to the premises continued without supervision. For the second year, low-cost access was offered with unsupervised independent training in these facilities. The second-year adherence was based on purchasing(yes/no) a gym card to continue exercising. Information on baseline health, functioning, and lifestyle was obtained by mailed questionnaires and physical tests. ResultsFor the first six months, over 60 % of the women had high adherence. Only 26 % continued into the second year. For both follow-up years, active training history was related to better adherence. Initial predictors were related to mental health i.e. having less often fear of falls limiting one's mobility, ability to cope with external, not internal hostility, and being in a loving relationship. In the second year, predictors were related to younger age, having less frequent fear of falls, better functional capacity i.e. better strengths (grip and leg extension) and faster Timed “Up and Go” -test. ConclusionBetter mental and physical health, better functional capacity and active training background were associated with higher adherence to exercise intervention in older women.

Features of the Causal Complex of Regional Female Crime (On the Example of the Irkutsk Region, the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia)

The article examines the features of regional crime among women in the Trans-Baikal region, Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. The study found significant differences in economic, historical and social factors of the regions compared to the Russian Federation. Criminological factors influencing the state of regional crime are determined. It is proved that one of the main reasons for the growth of crime in the regions is the high integration of the criminal environment into Siberian society, which caused a negative impact on the legal consciousness of the population and patterns of illegal behavior in resolving conflict situations and the implementation of life goals. The system of penitentiary institutions and its impact on the criminological situation in the regions are retrospectively considered. There is a difficult economic situation, expressed in a low level of cash income per capita (2.5 times lower compared to the Russian Federation) and a high level of unemployment (almost 2 times higher in the Trans–Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia, and 1.5 times higher in the Irkutsk region). The employment of women in difficult working conditions also contributes to the development of states of maladjustment, internal hostility and stress, producing addictive behavior, while alcohol addiction is prevalent.

Соціальне забезпечення внутрішньо переміщених осіб

The purpose of the article is to analyze the ways of social security for internally displaced persons in the ongoing wartime context. To achieve the article’s purpose, the author used the methods of analysis (to analyze the current state of social protection and social security of internally displaced persons); monographic method (to reflect the situation with internally displaced persons in the ongoing wartime context); abstract-logical method (to summarize the collected material). Under current conditions, there is an increasing need for social protection and social security. Beginning with the Russian military aggression of 2014, such a group of the population as internally displaced persons appeared in Ukrainian society. According to Ukrainian legislation, as such person is treated a citizen of Ukraine, a foreigner or a stateless person who stays legally on the territory of Ukraine and has the right to permanent residence in Ukraine, who was forced to leave or abandon her/his place of residence as a result of/in order to avoid the negative consequences of armed conflict, occupation, widespread violence, human rights violations and natural or man-made emergencies. Internally displaced persons are people who have been forced to flee their homes suddenly as a result of armed conflict, internal hostility, systematic human rights violations or natural disasters, but stay on the territory of their own country. Currently, there are a number of social benefits for internally displaced persons on the territory of Ukraine, as well as international aid programs, in particular: the Ministry of Social Policy Program, the UN Government Program, the UN World Food Program, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Program, the Ministry of Social Policy Program in cooperation with UNICEF, the International Committee of the Red Cross in

ЕМПІРИЧНА ОЦІНКА ЗАЛЕЖНОСТЕЙ ІНДИКАТОРІВ СКЛАДНИКІВ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЛУГАНСЬКОЇ І ДОНЕЦЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТЕЙ

The article examines the indicators and characteristics of economic security of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, impact of regional economies on the economic security of the state as a whole, monitoring of the volume of economic activity, replenishment of local budgets, social protection and security needs, problems of functioning of the financial system in general and the banking sector in particular. Centralized budget and financial support is studied for analytical evaluation of official indicators of local budgets of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. With the beginning of the armed conflict, the state of financial security of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions has objectively deteriorated. Significant were the tendencies to reduce the volume of economic activity and concession to local budgets, increase in expenditures for the needs of social protection and security, problems of functioning of the financial system in general and the banking sector in particular. Obviously, financial and commercial risks in the market of insurance, investment, capital, etc. have also aggravated. It is worth noting that the Donetsk region was characterized as industrial, as well as technologically innovative region for the independence of our country. Accordingly, we have every reason to believe that regarding armed aggression against Ukraine, the Russian Federation had its own hybrid goal not only to seize part of the country's territory and incite internal hostility, which practically made it impossible to achieve the European integration and Euro-Atlantic aspirations of the country, but also a critical weakening of the innovation and technological complexity of the competitiveness of the national economy. Comparative analysis of indicators of investment and innovation, foreign economic, energy, social, demographic, food, and economic security is carried out. Weight coefficients of indicators, subindexes of economic security are evaluated and the forces of communication between the components of economic security of Luhansk, Donetsk regions and Ukraine. Empirically assessed the dependence of Ukraine's economic security components on its components of Luhansk and Donetsk regions.

ПІДТРИМКА СЕЦЕСІОНІСТСЬКИХ РУХІВ РОСІЙСЬКОЮ ФЕДЕРАЦІЄЮ НА СХОДІ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЇЇ ВПЛИВ НА БЕЗПЕКУ ЄВРОПИ

The end of the Cold War caused the liquidation of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991 and a significant intensification of secessionist movements. For our country, this process had not become painless and has taken the form of fighting the former center. Because according to research commissioned by NATO in 2004 by scientists around the world, countries that are on the verge of breaking geopolitical platforms are not able to choose their future on their own because they are in multiple areas of influence. The article shows the support of the secessionist sentiment in the East of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Using different tools, the aggressor country influences the activity and practically all spheres of life of Ukrainian society, including the economic sphere, which is shown to be the interest of all participants of armed conflicts. Those wars that were driven by the ideology have came to naught, however, the number of armed conflicts and internal hostilities increased. The quantity of conflicts perpetrated by numerous armed groups within the state borders has increased. Ukraine couldn’t insulate itself from the trend.The armed conflict started by the eastern neighbor-aggressor has set new challenges for the Ukrainian people, which consisted not only of repelling the aggression, but also of maintaining and restoring order in the conflict zone. This permanent source of instability in the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions is of high intensity, characterized by considerable political violence and an extreme number of casualties. Secessionism in the East of Ukraine is substantially combined with separatism and terrorism. As a result, this led to the formation of quasi-entities: the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. The Russian Federation, as a third party, has proven to be not only a direct aggressor but also a leading actor in supporting the separatist movement in the east of our country. For this purpose, the aggressor country, in addition to the generally accepted, used hybrid methods of conducting warfare, in particular, economic and geopolitical factors, the use of private military companies and other methods are disclosed in this article.

The Dichotomy of Civilization and Barbarism: Its Origins and Evolution

The article researches the historical transformation the dichotomy of civilization and barbarism, which was originally in ancient Greece without pejorative meaning. This dichotomy has become relevant today to justify the classification of states according to their degree of acceptance of “civilization standards,” which are understood as the standards of the European model of development. The main features of the stereotype of the divide between civilization and barbarism, which took shape in the Roman era, have survived to the present. The premise of “civilizational superiority” of European culture is accompanied by a moral depreciation of other civilizations, turning a barbarian into an enemy of civilization with an explicit racist connotation. Civilization itself is seen as a “vaccination” in the process of missionary work. There emerges the concept of “Eastern barbarism,” coupled with the concepts of terra nullis and the innate irrational behavior of the population of these countries, which justify the seizing of territories for a “more rational” resource management. This activity is historically accompanied by colonization and, in the modern world, by forceful forms of “promoting democracy.” According to the logic of the divide between civilization and barbarism, non-Western countries are doomed to imitate and perpetually fall behind, which causes the disunity of society and internal hostility of “second-rate “Europeanized” nations. The Western mentoring has transformed from protectorate to the creation of governance structures that are headed by Western-educated local elites and are designed to change the cultural patterns of society. There was a conception that the world is divided into spheres, in the first circle of which there is a progressive civilized European world, followed by a number of countries similar in structure and values to the European model, and then there is a sphere of barbarism and backwardness. In the contemporary version, this theory presumes the division of states into “pre-modern,” modern, and post-modern states. It the conclusion, it is noted that this divide contradicts to the humane essence of culture and civilization process.

The Dichotomy of Civilization and Barbarism: Its Origins and Evolution

The article researches the historical transformation of the dichotomy of civilization and barbarism, which originally in ancient Greece did not have a pejorative connotation. This dichotomy has become relevant today to justify the classification of states according to their degree of acceptance of “civilization standards,” which are understood as the standards of the European model of development. The main features of the stereotype of the divide between civilization and barbarism, which took shape in the Roman era, have survived to the present. The premise of “civilizational superiority” of European culture is accompanied by a moral depreciation of other civilizations, turning a barbarian into an enemy of civilization with an explicit racist connotation. Civilization itself is seen as a “vaccination” in the process of missionary work. There emerges the concept of “Eastern barbarism,” coupled with the concepts of terra nullis and the innate irrational behavior of the population of these countries, which justify the seizing of territories for a “more rational” resource management. This activity is historically accompanied by colonization and, in the modern world, by forceful forms of “promoting democracy.” According to the logic of the divide between civilization and barbarism, non-Western countries are doomed to imitate and perpetually fall behind, which causes the disunity of society and internal hostility of “second-rate Europeanized” nations. The Western mentoring has transformed from protectorate to the creation of governance structures that are headed by Western-educated local elites and are designed to change the cultural patterns of society. There was a conception that the world is divided into spheres, in the first circle of which there is a progressive civilized European world, followed by a number of countries similar in structure and values to the European model, and then there is a sphere of barbarism and backwardness. In the contemporary version, this theory presumes the division of states into “pre-modern,” modern, and post-modern states. It the conclusion, it is noted that this divide contradicts to the humane essence of culture and civilization process.

PTSD symptoms and suicide risk in veterans: Serial indirect effects via depression and anger

BackgroundSuicide rates are higher in veterans compared to the general population, perhaps due to trauma exposure. Previous literature highlights depressive symptoms and anger as contributors to suicide risk. PTSD symptoms may indirectly affect suicide risk by increasing the severity of such cognitive-emotional factors. MethodA sample of community dwelling veterans (N=545) completed online surveys, including the PTSD Checklist-Military Version, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, Multidimensional Health Profile-Psychosocial Functioning, and Differential Emotions Scale –IV. Bivariate and serial mediation analyses were conducted to test for direct and indirect effects of PTSD symptoms on suicide risk. ResultsIn bivariate analyses, PTSD symptoms, depression, anger, and internal hostility were positively related to suicide risk. In serial mediation analyses, there was a significant total effect of PTSD symptoms on suicide risk in both models. PTSD symptoms were also indirectly related to suicidal behavior via depression and internal hostility, and via internal hostility alone. Anger was not a significant mediator. LimitationOur cross-sectional sample was predominantly White and male; prospective studies with diverse veterans are needed. DiscussionOur findings may have implications for veteran suicide prevention. The effects of PTSD and depression on anger, particularly internal hostility, are related to suicide risk, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for the PTSD-suicide linkage. A multi-faceted therapeutic approach, targeting depression and internal hostility, via cognitive-behavioral techniques such as behavioral activation and cognitive restructuring, may reduce suicide risk in veterans who have experienced trauma.

'Linguistic Cleansing': Strategies for Redesigning Human Perception and Behavior

James Madison recognized the need to balance competing interests in his analysis of factious groups. In Federalist No. 10, Madison sets out the idea of faction in the following words. “By a faction I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.” Madison goes on to describe two “cures” for faction. One is to “destroy the liberty” that allows it to bloom, the other is to give “to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.” The idea is that free speech serves to protect and enrich the social community. This presumably occurs through the education of participants, and the venting of potentially explosive internal hostilities. America is failing on both fronts.I am not in favor of vile, malicious or “nasty” speech but am opposed to the use of the formal or discretionary power of law and government to intimidate and punish anyone who voices a view that a favored identity group considers inappropriate, mean-spirited, offensive or the like. This opposition to “linguistic cleansing” includes antagonism toward what can be described as the “privatization” of speech control through large-scale collective organization on the Internet and its associated applications. That phenomenon has swept over us with such speed and force that it should not simply be thought of as “private” action in some instances but might even be considered an added component of governmental action when left unregulated. Granting “sensitive” and “hyper-sensitive” identity groups the power of government in ways that allow them the ability to define and determine what “insults” or “offends” them is an unwise delegation of the massive instrumentality of law and its accompanying threat of force or other harmful consequences. This delegation not only grants defensive power but provides an offensive weapon that can be used to acquire power. And of course that power is the “Holy Grail” of political activism. But such unbalanced use of public power creates divisiveness, tribalism and social aggressiveness. On the scale this is now occurring it destroys the ability of individuals to trust and compromise. Little wonder that American society has devolved to its current state or that the strategies to rely on accusations of “hate”, “insult”, and “insensitivity” have in many ways produced a society in which hate has intensified, insult is everywhere, and insensitivity and discourtesy abounds.

Geography of Armed Conflict: Why It is a Mistake to Fish for the Red Herring

Identifying a framework for assessing the permissible geography of armed conflict must be driven by both strategic and legal considerations. Armed conflict by its very nature manifests the exercise of national power implicating the most fundamental aspect of sovereignty: the right and obligation of the state to protect itself from internal or external threat. Categories of armed conflict and their associated legal regimes evolved in response to this reality, which almost always involved inter-state hostilities or internal hostilities between states and insurgent or dissident forces. It is debatable, however, whether contemporary threats fit neatly into these two armed conflict categories, or whether the law regulating armed conflict was, from inception, under-inclusive in the sense that it failed to account for situations of armed hostilities falling outside these categories. History indicates that armed conflict has never been statically confined to the two “types” that became the dominant focus of conflict regulation following World War II. This under-inclusiveness is manifested today by the concept of transnational armed conflict (TAC) -- armed conflict of international scope between a state and a non-state opponent. This theory of armed conflict remains controversial, although it has gained substantial traction. It has also, however, generated assertions that if such a theory of armed conflict is a reality, it must be geographically restricted to only those areas qualifying as “hot zones” of conflict (however that concept is defined). Ultimately, however, seeking to identify and impose a geographic limitation detached from the threat dynamics triggering the use of combat power is a false solution to the concerns of operational over-breadth associated with TAC. Such limitation is a futile endeavor, for the developing axiomatic reason that once a state commits to the use of force as a remedy against such a transnational non-state threat -- like all other conflicts in history -- the dynamics of the threat itself will be the predominant consideration in defining the scope of operations. Seeking to identify some legally mandated geographic boundary for armed conflict of any type is, however, a genuine Red Herring. Armed conflict is a threat-driven concept, arising when the threat necessitates resort to combat power, and extending to wherever the operational and tactical opportunity to produce a militarily valuable effect on the enemy arises. Accordingly, this essay argues that it is illogical to attempt to impose a “hot zone” limitation on the scope of TAC, and that such an effort will inevitably be viewed as inconsistent with the strategic imperatives that drives states to engage in armed conflict. Even more problematic, however, is how this approach to limiting the potential over-breadth of authority triggered by LOAC invocation to combat a transnational non-state threat distracts from other potentially viable methods to produce this effect. Thus, critics of this broad exercise of state power might be better served by abandoning the search for this geographic scope Red Herring and focusing on more pragmatic mitigation efforts.

The 21st Century Urban Landscape: Plus ça change

In his account of the turbulent decade of the 1960s, in which New York City dealt with endemic corruption, racism and economic distress, English begins by telling us “(u)ntold thousands, perhaps millions, have fallen prey to the perils of municipal dysfunction, to the growing pains of a city forced to adjust to violent demographic shifts, internal hostilities, wrenching social changes…(2011: xi).” It is a description that those of us who lived through that decade in that city would find neither unfamiliar nor surprising. It is a description that can still describe urban society in the advanced industrial societies today, half a century later. We are not surprised to learn about administrative dysfunction any more than we are surprised to see graft and corruption at a time when there are fewer and fewer resources in municipal coffers. Xenophobia increasingly is the expressed sentiment among citizens of more advanced industrialized nations, reflecting a rightward shift among European and North American populations resentful of the influx of immigrants that is the result of rapidly expanding globalized patterns of migration from the underdeveloped regions of the world. As Davis (2006) points out, industrial cities like Chicago, Manchester or Berlin did not end up being the model for globalization the world over, much as the models of “modernization” did not produce emergent industrial countries following the European model of development. Rather, dependent development describes countries under the sway of advanced capitalist countries, and the ravages of poverty and dysfunction in cities of these countries have created the Dickensonian urban disasters causing Davis to anticipate a planet of slums. These cities are attracting a constant stream of rural migrants in the hopeless search for employment bloating already large urban populations in the mega-cities of developing countries. Davis states, “(s)ince 1970, slum growth everywhere in the South has outpaced urbanization per se (2006:17)” and suggests that Engel’s tome on working class conditions at the middle of the 19th Century is still applicable as a description of urban conditions today (2006:138). Indeed, as reflected in the title of his work, Davis paints a rather dystopic vision of the cities of the near future. Even as Davis details the patterns of growth and decay in these mega-cities of the world, we might consider that his vision and framework is rooted in an urbanism set against the standard of Western urbanization. Implicit in this understanding of the spread of urbanization in industrial societies is the role globalization plays–not just in the movement of people, but the standardization that comes with globalization leading us assume that there is standard urbanization narrative. Relying on what he calls urban imaginaries, Huyssen (2008) presents a series of essays that combat the idea that globalization, with its McDonaldization and consumerism driven by some global media recreating suburban malls everywhere, is both inevitable and dominant. Urban spaces are

The influences of personal background on perceptions of juvenile correctional environments

This study examined whether the individual characteristics of race, sex, and education affect juvenile correctional staff's perceptions of their work environments. Prior to 1970, correctional staff were minimally educated and predominantly comprised of White males. Correctional reformers believed that employing more female, minority, and highly educated staff members would lead to more efficacious correctional environments. The existing research conducted in adult correctional facilities not only calls this belief into question, but also indicates that the hiring of nontraditional staff may have exacerbated existing internal hostilities. These research efforts uniformly examined adult correctional institutions, however. This study examined these issues in a large national sample of juvenile correctional staff. Results revealed that individual characteristics of juvenile correctional staff do significantly affect perceptions. Contrary to the prior research in adult facilities, the current study found few, if any, manifestations of either racial or sexual hostility in juvenile correctional facilities.

Dragons in little paradise: Chinese (Mis‐) Fortunes in Samoa, 1900–1950

Chinese emigration was more out of necessity than the desire to leave the land of their fathers. But by the end of the 19th century the desire to migrate had become almost an obsession occasioned by a strong desire to escape internal hostilities and economic gloom, and a zealous passion to amass huge fortunes in the goldmines and plantations of newly developed colonies. Those who found their way into the Pacific did so mainly under the indentured labour system. Samoa, the Navigator Islands of Louis de Bougainville, and the adventurer's quixotic ‘Cradle of Polynesia’, also lured the ‘Sons of the Yellow Emperor’. Almost 7,000 Chinese emigrated to Samoa under the dreaded indentured labour system. This article examines the plight of the Chinese in Samoa, and just how successful they were in fulfilling their dreams.

Achieving Cross‐functional Co‐ordination for Marketing Implementation

The prospects for effective external marketing are substantially eroded by internal hostility towards or non‐compliance with external marketing implementation. Non‐marketing specialists view marketing personnel with hostility and oppose the marketing way of doing business for reasons embedded in lack of marketing understanding, functional self‐interest, complacency and intransigence. Provides three sets of guidelines for increasing cross‐functional support for marketing. First, reviews a set of actions to be administered by the CEO and top management. Second, discusses the individual elements of an internal marketing strategy. Third, provides guidelines for application by marketing managers to build tight interactive and supportive relationships with other functions.

Problem Resolution and Repetition of Parasuicide

Resolution of presenting problems at three-month follow-up was studied in 228 parasuicides. 'Non-resolvers' presented with less severe problems, but prodromes were longer, prior episodes more frequent, and they experienced more powerlessness and internally directed hostility than the resolvers. At follow-up resolvers had improved more on measures of depression, externally and internally directed hostility, locus of control, powerlessness, self-esteem, sensitivity to criticism, and social adjustment. Baseline problem severity, powerlessness (negatively), and 'normlessness' 'predicted' degree of problem resolution, while baseline problem severity, the number of previous parasuicide episodes, and baseline internal hostility (the latter two variables negatively) were associated with problem resolution as a dichotomous variable. Resolvers improved more in social functioning during the follow-up than non-resolvers, but a similar proportion (16%) in each group reported repeat episodes of parasuicide at follow-up.

Hostility and the medical student: how a trait measure influences perception of medical specialties.

This paper describes the influence of hostility as a trait on medical students' perception of medicine and its specialties. By means of Repertory Grid analysis, the authors compare the preferences of students having internally and externally directed hostility. The findings suggest that students with low levels of internal hostility are attracted to the popular image of the surgeon as a highly achieving and successful individual who is oriented towards cure. In contrast, those with high levels of internally directed hostility show an interest in specialties which allow for close human contact, particularly within general medicine. A psychological interpretation of these findings is offered.