Internal Glands Research Articles

Emerging role of UFMylation in secretory cells involved in the endocrine system by maintaining ER proteostasis.

Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is a ubiquitin-like molecule (UBL) discovered almost two decades ago, but our knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this novel protein post-translational modification is still very fragmentary. In this review, we first summarize the core enzymes and factors involved in the UFMylation cascade, which, similar to ubiquitin, is consecutively catalyzed by UFM1-activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), UFM1-conjugating enzyme 1 (UFC1) and UFM1-specific ligase 1 (UFL1). Inspired by the substantial implications of UFM1 machinery in the secretory pathway, we next concentrate on the puzzling role of UFMylation in maintaining ER protein homeostasis, intending to illustrate the underlying mechanisms and future perspectives. At last, given a robust ER network is a hallmark of healthy endocrine secretory cells, we emphasize the function of UFM1 modification in physiology and pathology in the context of endocrine glands pancreas and female ovaries, aiming to provide precise insight into other internal glands of the endocrine system.

New contributions of comparative leaf anatomy to the phylogeny of Stigmaphylloids (Malpighiaceae Juss.)

In the most recent Malpighiaceae phylogeny, Bronwenia and Diplopterys emerge segregated from Banisteriopsis and closely related to Stigmaphyllon, all forming an unresolved clade in the family. Here, we investigate anatomical characters that distinguish the genera Bronwenia and Diplopterys, using Stigmaphyllon and Banisteriopsis as outgroups, to support the phylogenetic relations in the Stigmaphylloid clade and subside classifications based on leaf anatomy in future studies. With this purpose, we evaluated the leaf anatomy of these four genera using traditional anatomical techniques and reconstructed promising characters using the molecular phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. Characters like petiole and primary venation contour, accessory bundles, leaf trichomes, leaf druses, mesophyll organization, leaf sheath extension, internal glands and prismatic crystals are informative due to their taxonomic value in Stigmaphylloids. The organization of the petiole vascular system allows the distinction of genera segregated from Banisteriopsis. Besides, the non-continuous bi-stratified adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade is relevant to the distinction of species of Bronwenia. However, the variation of this character in Diplopterys makes it useful only at the genus level. Mapping the anatomical characters in the phylogenetic tree can help ground new infra and suprageneric classification proposals.

Smicridea McLachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from mountain ranges in Bahia state, Brazil: new species and male-female associations

ABSTRACT Smicridea McLachlan comprises 253 species divided into two subgenera: Smicridea and Rhyacophylax Müller. Smicridea (Smicridea) comprises species with males possessing two pairs of internal glands in abdominal segments VI and VII and hind legs bearing two pairs of spurs. Among species of this subgenus, those assigned to the Smicridea (Smicridea) fasciatella species group are characterized by a simple tubular phallus, presenting an apex with eversible sclerites. The aim of this paper is to describe and illustrate two new species in the S. (Smicridea) fasciatella species group and the female of Smicridea (Smicridea) capao Vilarino, Dias & Calor, 2019. Fieldwork was carried out in mountain ranges located in Bahia State, northeastern Brazil, both in the Atlantic Forest biome (Serra Bonita Reserve) and in the Caatinga biome (Chapada Diamantina Complex, Parque Municipal de Mucugê). Smicridea (Smicridea) kamakan sp. nov. and Smicridea (Smicridea) serrati sp. nov. can be recognized mainly by the morphology of tergum X and the inferior appendages. In addition, two couples of S. (Smicridea) capao were collected and resulted in the direct association of males and females; the female has a very conspicuous, oval sclerite VIII, with the apex constricted in the anterior portion, in ventral view. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CF8BAE97-7D6B-4460-8A9D-35BBBACF2BE0

CT appearance and measurements of the normal thyroid gland in goats

BackgroundGoats are increasingly being kept as companion animals, thus their owners expect advanced medical care, including modern diagnostic imaging. Computed tomography (CT) is now widely used in veterinary medicine, in both clinical practice and for scientific purposes. So far, the CT appearance of various body parts has been described in goats, but reports on thyroid gland CT are still lacking. The thyroid gland in goats may become enlarged due to dietary, genetic or neoplastic disorders. CT examination, as in other animals and humans, could aid in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases in goats and could be used for research purposes. The aim of the study was to present the CT characteristics of the normal caprine thyroid gland, in particular its dimensions, volume and density.ResultsFifty-seven goats were included in the study. None of the animals had clinical, CT, post-mortem or histopathologic abnormalities in the thyroid gland. CT features of the thyroid gland were determined, such as dimensions, volume, density, location and shape. The presence of the thyroid isthmus and ectopic thyroid tissue was also assessed. The gland was visible in every animal as two homogenous, highly attenuating, well-circumscribed lobes located in the most cranial part of the trachea. The mean dimensions of the thyroid lobe were 30.3 × 12.7 × 6.7 mm, the mean density was 80.9 Hounsfield Units (HU) and the mean volume was 1.32 cm3 or 1.39 cm3, depending on the method used. Also, the internal parathyroid glands were visible in some animals.ConclusionsFor the first time, the normal CT appearance of the thyroid gland has been presented. CT clearly shows the thyroid gland in goats and therefore can be used in clinical practice and for research. The results of the current study may serve as a radiological guideline for practitioners and may be the basis for further CT studies on normal and diseased caprine thyroid glands.

Immune properties of lactoferrin and its protective role in new coronavirus infection COVID-19

Thousands of studies have been conducted to study the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, its infectious properties, transmission routes and all associated with the clinical manifestations and severity of COVID-19, especially with potential treatments. Lactoferrin is a member of the transferrin family, which is synthesized by epithelial cells of mammalian internal glands and is widely present in various secretory fluids such as milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin is one of the components of the innate humoral immunity, regulates the functions of immunocompetent cells and is a acute phase protein. Lactoferrin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review assesses the possibility of using lactoferrin as a supplement in immunocorrective therapy programs for viral diseases, including the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19.

STEREOMORPHOLOGY: HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT FOR THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE

The article shows that not only the health of the nation, but also the future of the peoples throughout the world and the future of the planet itself depends on the development of science and the quality of professional training of those providing the modern scientific process. The article highlights the stages of scientific anatomy, the results and prospects of its development. The goals, objectives, methods and results of our own research are identified on the basis of the stereomorphological method for studying hollow and parenchymal internal organs and glands. The article presents a unique technique that enables to obtain a three-dimensional view of the vessels of the human body, contributing to the spatial perception of the architectonics of the extra- and intraorgan blood channel, the injection-corrosion method, developed by the Dutch scientist F. Ruysch. It has been noted that the originality of the museum of the Department of Human Anatomy, Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy, is in its rich collection of injection and corrosion preparations of the internal organs of humans and animals. This classic technique, taking into account individual modifications, enables to get an accurate high-quality volumetric copy of the bloodstream of the internal organ or casts of the walls of a hollow organ, suitable for further morphological studies. Using the example of injection-corrosive preparations of the bloodstream of the human stomach, the features of its stereo-angioarchitectonics were investigated.
 The article highlights the methodology for stereological study of the prostate, large and small salivary and lacrimal glands, used by the researchers of the Department of Human Anatomy, Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy. In particular, the results of three-dimensional plastic reconstruction have been described using the example of human epithelial structures of the prostate gland and small salivary, lacrimal glands.

Chemical signalling behaviour in intrasexual communication of lizards lacking femoral pores

AbstractSignals that are used in animal communication may have multiple sensorial channels and functions. Animal communication integrates very distinct mechanisms such as behaviour, morphology and physiological secretions. Chemical signals occur in several contexts and are known to have a role in sexual selection. In many lizards, pheromones secreted through femoral pores are used to attract females and demark territory dominance. In lizard species without femoral pores, however, study of chemical signalling is negligible. Lizards of the genus Tropidurus have no ventral pores, but express melanic patches in their ventral thighs and cloacae (body regions linked to chemical communication in other lizards), which may play a role in both visual signalling and chemical signalling. Here, we describe the occurrence of pelvic rubbing—a chemical signalling behaviour—in two Tropidurus species, displayed in intraspecific agonistic intrasexual staged encounters. In addition, we compile a list of currently reported species that display this behaviour, checking for its social contexts and presence/absence of secretion pores. We analysed behaviours in conspecific trials between males of Tropidurus semitaeniatus and of T. hispidus during their breeding season. In T. semitaeniatus, displays of pelvic rubbing elicited aggressive responses from the opponents. Tropidurus hispidus, however, did not react to these conspecific displays. Pelvic rubbings were also partially linked to defecation in both species, which is likely due to secretions from internal urodeal glands expelled during defecation. Also, high rates of tongue flick behaviours during the encounters support the hypothesis that these lizards make use of chemical communication. Our observations corroborate previous suggestions that glandular scales—scales covered by generation glands produced at the epidermis across the lizards’ shedding cycles—are present in their melanic ventral patches. Our work also highlights the potential of characterizing such ventral patches as multimodal signalling badges. Further, we investigated the contexts in which pelvic rubbing is displayed adding to our understanding of the role played by chemical signalling in lizards without femoral pores.

Multiorgan manifestations in myotonic dystrophy type 1

Myotonic dystrophy is one of the most common, autosomal dominantly inherited adult-onset muscle disorders. Two types of the disease are known: type 1 is characterized by distal weakness and myotonia, but type 2 is associated with proximal weakness and milder clinical course. It is also called as Steinert Disease, which affects the heart conduction system, the internal secretional glands, the ocular lens as well as carbohydrate-, fat metabolism and gonadal functions. These systemic symptoms have high impact on the quality of life and might impact on patients' survival. Here we would like to emphasize these clinical conditions and the diagnostic possibilities. We hope our recommendations can help neurologists and general practitioners to achieve an optimal and individual care for patients suffering from this muscle disease. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(37): 1447-1454.

Micropicture of glandular part of the stomach of 6 months aged ducks (Mulard breed) in norm and after feed affected with mycotoxins

This article discusses the histological structure of the glandular stomach of 6 months aged ducks (Mulard breed) in the norm and after combined effects of mycotoxins DON and fumonisin. Their value exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in feed. We studied pieces of different parts of the glandular stomach – top, bodies and isthmus. It has been revealed that with the combined effect of mycotoxins in the mucous membrane of the glandular part of the stomach there is an infiltration of the mucous layer i by round-cell elements, mainly lymphocytes, desquamation of the epithelium lining the cavity of the internal glands and fragmentary lysis of cells forming the wall of the internal glands, vasculitis. There is myocyte lysis in the muscle membrane.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PARATHYROID GLAND OF ADULT MALE GOAT (CAPRA HIRCUS)

The parathyroid glands are essential endocrine glands as they produce hormones that maintain calcium within the normal level in blood through secretion of parathormone. The removal of parathyroid glands leads to fatal levels of hypocalcemia. The number of parathyroid glands is species specific. The current investigation was performed on 20 healthy freshly slaughtered adult male goats. Fifteen specimens were immediately fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin, then processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Other 5 specimens were handled for transmission electron microscope. The present work was conducted to study the morphological and histological characteristics of parathyroid glands of goat. Parathyroid glands comprised of two pairs, each pair formed from external and internal glands. External parathyroid gland was rounded or oval in shape. Its location was varied in the same animal where it may be located cranial to thyroid gland or beside the submandibular salivary gland. Internal parathyroid gland was embedded inside thyroid tissue. It appeared as pale rounded area at the end of cranial part of the right and left thyroid lobe. The histological findings demonstrated that, each parathyroid gland is surrounded by a thin capsule of dense irregular connective tissue. The glandular parenchyma is divided by short thick septa into ill distinct compartments. Each compartment had numerous numbers of chief cells. The active chief cells were polygonal in shape with oval nuclei. Immuno-histochemical findings revealed that they are positively reacted against chromogranin antibody. Electron microscope revealed that the cytoplasm have abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, evenly distributed golgi apparatus and numerous secretory granules. On the contrary, the inactive chief cells have more vacuolated cytoplasm which contains less cell organelles.

A Survival Analysis of Invasive Breast Cancer Patients with and Without in Situ Neoplasm

In situ neoplasm (or Carcinoma in situ (CIS)) is expression of malignant epithelial cells. This flat lesion is referred to as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Considering neoplasm leads one to an effectiveness survival analysis compared to the case that neoplasm is not attended. The objective of this research is to analyze statistically survival of invasive breast cancer patients considering 1) with in situ neoplasm, and 2) without in situ neoplasm, and providing a comparative analysis. This study attempts to reveal that the both medical history (such as diabetes, hypertension, and internal glands disorders such as hypo- and hyperthyroidism) and extra capsular extension play important roles in the hazard function of a patient’s survival analysis. This statistical study indicates that 1) the survival rate of breast cancer patients with in situ neoplasm is more than one who is not initially supported by invasive carcinoma, and 2) in the case of existence of the both in situ neoplasm and invasive malignancy, after the 4th year, the life expectancy is increased compared to the one with only invasive malignant. The statistical analysis indicates that pathology type is recognized as a high hazard factor for a breast cancer patient.

Особливості жирової тканини і внутрішніх органів у бичків, що мають різну скороспілість росту

<p>Data on fat tissue distribution by various fat deposits as well as internal organs of the bulls of Ukrainian beef breed at 22,5 months of age with different growth rates have been presented in the article. Growth rate was estimated by average daily gain from 8 to 12 months of age. Depending on the growth rates, the bulls were divided into fast growing group (with average daily gains exceeding 1090 g, averaged 1207 g) and slow growing group (below 1090 g/day, averaged 1015 g). It has been proved that the lowest percentage from the total amount of fat was attributed to pericardial fat tissue and intramuscular fat tissue, the highest - to intestines, omentum and skin. Cattle with relatively higher daily gains had higher ability to accumulate raw fat by 4,5%, including pericardial fat – in 2 times, perinephric fat – by 4,5%, intestinal fat – by 10,6% and intramuscular fat – by 24%. Weight of animal organs and body parts, such as head, internal organs etc. can be considered as a factor that determine slaughter percentage. Cattle with higher rates of gain have the tendency to have higher fat output from the carcass by 5.8% and lower weight of head (by 9,6 %), lungs (by 12,5 %), and internal secretion glands, including testicles (by 8,9 %). For the effective beef production, the bulls with lower rates of gain from 8 to 12 months of age are better suited, because they are relatively taller, which indicates higher rate of metabolism, and lower predispose to fat accumulation.</p>

Studying the Frequency of Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Women Suffering from Polycystic Ovary Resorting to Hospital Infertility Center

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common complication of internal glands among patients before menopause. A frequency of 4 to 12 percent is reported for this syndrome (1). PCOS syndrome was first introduced in 2016 (2). The most common symptoms of this syndrome are

Some of the Morphological Indicators of Laboratory Rats after Administration of Microelement Preparation

The article deals with the investigation of the effect of Sedimin (Sediminum) preparation on bodyweight parameters and macromorphological indicators of internal secretion and endoexocrine glands of male and female outbred rats under the conditions of subacute experiment. It is shown that at intramuscular administration of Sedimin to laboratory male rats at a dose of 0.25 ml per animal on the 1st and 5th day of the experiment does not cause significant changes in macromorphology of thymus, supramental capsules and seminal glands, while similar doses of preparation administrated to female rats significantly affected the studied parameters of thyroid gland and thymus.

Development and structure of internal glands and external glandular trichomes in Pogostemon cablin.

Pogostemon cablin possesses two morphologically and ontogenetically different types of glandular trichomes, one type of bristle hair on the surfaces of leaves and stems and one type of internal gland inside the leaves and stems. The internal gland originates from elementary meristem and is associated with the biosynthesis of oils present inside the leaves and stems. However, there is little information on mechanism for the oil biosynthesis and secretion inside the leaves and stems. In this study, we identified three kinds of glandular trichome types and two kinds of internal gland in the Pogostemon cablin. The oil secretions from internal glands of stems and leaves contained lipids, flavones and terpenes. Our results indicated that endoplasmic reticulum and plastids and vacuoles are likely involved in the biosynthesis of oils in the internal glands and the synthesized oils are transported from endoplasmic reticulum to the cell wall via connecting endoplasmic reticulum membranes to the plasma membrane. And the comparative analysis of the development, distribution, histochemistry and ultrastructures of the internal and external glands in Pogostemon cablin leads us to propose that the internal gland may be a novel secretory structure which is different from external glands.

GLANDULAR TRICHOMES IN UTRICULARIA: A REVIEW OF THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

ABSTRACT The structure and function of glandular trichomes associated with the trap of the bladderwort Utricularia are reviewed. This is based on knowledge gained with the light microscope by early workers and the results of more recent studies using the electron microscope, correlated with new physiological concepts concerning the operation of the glands. Several different glandular trichomes occur on the trap. These include four-armed quadrifids and two-armed biflds on the inside of the trap, closely arranged pavement epithelium glands lining the threshold of the doorway, and squat dome-shaped external glands on the outside of the trap and other organs of the plant. The glands consist of a basal epidermal cell upon which rests a pedestal cell that, in turn, supports one to four terminal cells depending on the particular gland. The pedestal cell has an impermeable lateral wall and is differentiated as a transfer cell, the most developed being that of quadrifids and biflds. The internal glands function in...

A Silica Gel Based Method for Extracting Insect Surface Hydrocarbons

Here, we describe a novel method for the extraction of insect cuticular hydrocarbons using silica gel, herein referred to as "silica-rubbing". This method permits the selective sampling of external hydrocarbons from insect cuticle surfaces for subsequent analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cuticular hydrocarbons are first adsorbed to silica gel particles by rubbing the cuticle of insect specimens with the materials, and then are subsequently eluted using organic solvents. We compared the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles that resulted from extractions using silica-rubbing and solvent-soaking methods in four ant and one bee species: Linepithema humile, Azteca instabilis, Camponotus floridanus, Pogonomyrmex barbatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Euglossa dilemma (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We also compared the hydrocarbon profiles of Euglossa dilemma obtained via silica-rubbing and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Comparison of hydrocarbon profiles obtained by different extraction methods indicates that silica rubbing selectively extracts the hydrocarbons that are present on the surface of the cuticular wax layer, without extracting hydrocarbons from internal glands and tissues. Due to its surface specificity, efficiency, and low cost, this new method may be useful for studying the biology of insect cuticular hydrocarbons.

Relationship between implementation of the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for breast core-needle biopsies and delay in therapy for patients with breast cancer.

26 Background: Recently the ASCO/CAP suggested new guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical (IHC) testing of biomarkers in breast cancer. An algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance was proposed and preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical standards suggested. One such recommendation is to have appropriate internal controls when assessing hormone expression. In this retrospective study we evaluated 242 breast core biopsy specimens to assess the impact of the recently proposed ASCO/CAP guideline recommendations and its possible impact on routine daily practice. In addition, we explore the impact of blindly selecting a random core for potential future studies. Methods: A total 988 cores from 242 specimens corresponding to 224 patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2009 were examined. Each core was examined for the presence of normal glands, percentage of tumor involvement, biomarker status, and diagnostic adequacy. Results: Absence of normal glands was found on 61/242 specimens (25%). Of these, expression of ER, PR and HER2 was seen in 44 (72%), 28 (46%), and 21 specimens (35%) respectively. Negative staining for ER, PR and HER2 was observed in 7 specimens (12%). A total of 148 cores (15%) showed absence of tumor and 275 cores (28%) had <25% of tumor in them. 18 cores (2%) were insufficient for diagnosis due to either scant tumor present or crush artifact present. Conclusions: Although the presence of internal control glands is optimal, its presence may be unnecessary if proper IHC batch run controls are utilized and histologic/IHC concordance is performed. Tumor histology and IHC profile concordance is imperative specially in triple negative cases. The impact on patient health care of an “receptor uninterpretable” biopsy is yet to be determined, but likely would include assessment of the delay in care due to a repeat biopsy with procurement of additional tissue, additional heath care costs, and anxiety to the patient. Adequacy check using frozen section could be done to assess for the presence of tumor during the procedure.

Pharmacognosy of Indian substitutes of male fern. I. Dryopteris ramosa (Hope) C. Chr. and D. chrysocoma (Christ) C. Chr.

Abstract A taxonomic description, and the macroscopy and microscopy of the rhizome and leaf bases of Dryopteris ramosa (Hope) C. Chr. and D. chrysocoma (Christ) C. Chr. are given. Both the species compare very favourably in oleoresinous content and “crude filicin” with the official male fern. Because of their abundance in nature they could be commercially exploited. Like the official male fern, both the species possess schizogenous cavities in the ground tissue with internal glands. D. ramosa is devoid of sclerotic nests while a few of these are present in the other species both in the rhizome as well as in the leaf bases.

The oleoresin secretory system in seedlings and adult plants of copaíba ( Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae)

The ecological and economic importance of oleoresin produced by Copaifera langsdorffii is well established. This study aims to investigate the ontogeny, anatomy and ultrastructure of the internal glands of C. langsdorffii during plant development. Samples were processed for light and electron microscopy and a specific technique was applied to impregnate endomembranes. Internal secretory glands were observed in the hypocotyl, epicotyl and eophylls of seedlings, and in the primary stem, pulvinus, petiole, rachis and leaf blade of adult plants. Canals and cavities show differential distribution. They arise from ground meristem cells, and the lumen is first formed by schizogenesis followed by later schizolysigenous development. The dense cytoplasm of epithelial cells shows mitochondria, plastids without thylakoids, polyribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. A periplastidial reticulum was also observed. Secretion is released by eccrine, granulocrine and holocrine processes. Lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds were histochemically detected in both canals and cavities, whereas resin was detected only in canals. The presence of these substances has been associated with plants’ defences against dehydration, as well as against attacks from herbivores and pathogens, from seedling stage onwards.