Internal Field Research Articles

Enhanced Charge Transfer in Poly(Heptazine Imide) Synergistically Induced by Donor-Acceptor Motifs and Ohmic Junctions for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) has received widely interest in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to its good crystallinity and complete in-plane structure. However, its poor photo-induced carrier separation and migration efficiency and insufficient active sites results in undesirable photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Herein, we designed and constructed a novel ohmic junction photocatalyst by integrating melamine edge-modified PHI (mel-PHI) with extended π-conjugated system with TiN (TiN/mel-PHI) for enhancing the photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity. Strikingly, the photocayalytic CO2 reduction yield of the optimal TiN/mel-PHI is 62.64 µmol·g-1·h-1, which is 5.6 and 2.8 times higher than PHI (11.26 µmol·g-1·h-1) and mel-PHI (22.32 µmol·g-1·h-1), respectively. The superior photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity is attributed not only to the formation of D-A structure by the introduction of melamine, which extends the π-conjugation system, alters the electronic structure of PHI, and accelerates the charge separation and migration, but also to the induced internal electric field by ohmic junction further enhances the charge separation and migration efficiency. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of mel-PHI and TiN enriched the electron number of TiN, reducing the CO2 reduction potential. This work highlights the synergistic enhancement of charge transfer between D-A motifs and ohmic junctions, confirming their potential in optimizing photocatalysts.

Impact of Ion Migration on the Performance and Stability of Perovskite‐Based Tandem Solar Cells

AbstractThe stability of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells (TSCs) is the last major scientific/technical challenge to be overcome before commercialization. Understanding the impact of mobile ions on the TSC performance is key to minimizing degradation. Here, a comprehensive study that combines an experimental analysis of ionic losses in Si/perovskite and all‐perovskite TSCs using scan‐rate‐dependent current–voltage (J–V) measurements with drift‐diffusion simulations is presented. The findings demonstrate that mobile ions have a significant influence on the tandem cell performance lowering the ion‐freeze power conversion efficiency from >31% for Si/perovskite and >30% for all‐perovskite tandems to ≈28% in steady‐state. Moreover, the ions cause a substantial hysteresis in Si/perovskite TSCs at high scan speeds (400 s−1), and significantly influence the performance degradation of both devices through internal field screening. Additionally, for all‐perovskite tandems, subcell‐dominated J–V characterization reveals more pronounced ionic losses in the wide‐bandgap subcell during aging, which is attributed to its tendency for halide segregation. This work provides valuable insights into ionic losses in perovskite‐based TSCs which helps to separate ion migration‐related degradation modes from other degradation mechanisms and guides targeted interventions for enhanced subcell efficiency and stability.

Three-Dimensional Semiconductor Network as Regulators of Energy Metabolism Drives Angiogenesis in Bone Regeneration.

Insufficient vascularization is a primary cause of bone implantation failure. The management of energy metabolism is crucial for the achievement of vascularized osseointegration. In light of the bone semiconductor property and the electric property of semiconductor heterojunctions, a three-dimensional semiconductor heterojunction network (3D-NTBH) implant has been devised with the objective of regulating cellular energy metabolism, thereby driving angiogenesis for bone regeneration. The three-dimensional heterojunction interfaces facilitate electron transfer and establish internal electric fields at the nanoscale interfaces. The 3D-NTBH was found to noticeably accelerate glycolysis in endothelial cells, thereby rapidly providing energy to support cellular metabolic activities and ultimately driving angiogenesis within the bone tissue. Molecular dynamic simulations have demonstrated that the 3D-NTBH facilitates the exposure of fibronectin's Arg-Gly-Asp peptide binding site, thereby regulating the glycolysis of endothelial cells. Further evidence suggests that 3D-NTBH promotes early vascular network reconstruction and bone regeneration in vivo. The findings of this research offer a promising research perspective for the design of vascularizing implants.

Development and Performance of ZnO/MoS2 Gas Sensors for NO2 Monitoring and Protection in Library Environments

The presence of harmful oxidizing gases accelerates the oxidation of cellulose fibers in paper, resulting in reduced strength and fading ink. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive NO2 gas sensors for monitoring and protecting books holds significant practical value. In this manuscript, ZnO/MoS2 composites were synthesized using sodium molybdate and thiourea as raw materials through a hydrothermal method. The morphology and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ZnO/MoS2 composite exhibited a flower-like structure, with ZnO nanoparticles uniformly attached to the surface of MoS2, demonstrating advantages such as high specific surface area and good uniformity. The gas sensitivity of the ZnO/MoS2 nanocomposites reached its peak at 260 °C, with a sensitivity value around 3.5, which represents an improvement compared to pure ZnO, while also enhancing sensitivity. The resistance of the ZnO/MoS2 gas sensor remained relatively stable in air, exhibiting short response times during transitions between air and NO2 environments while consistently returning to a stable state. In addition to increasing adsorption capacity and improving light utilization efficiency, the formation of hetero-junctions at the ZnO-MoS2 interface creates an internal electric field that effectively promotes the rapid separation of photo-generated charge carriers within ZnO, thereby extending carrier lifetime.

Equilibrium reconstruction method for self-organized plasmas on reversed field pinches with polarimeter-interferometer

In the reversed field pinch (RFP), plasmas exhibit various self-organized states. Among these, the three-dimensional (3D) helical state known as the “quasi-single-helical” (QSH) state enhances RFP confinement. However, accurately describing the equilibrium is challenging due to the presence of 3D structures, magnetic islands, and chaotic regions. It is difficult to obtain a balance between the available diagnostic and the real equilibrium structure. To address this issue, we introduce KTX3DFit, a new 3D equilibrium reconstruction code specifically designed for the Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX) RFP. KTX3DFit utilizes the stepped-pressure equilibrium code (SPEC) to compute 3D equilibria and uses polarimetric interferometer signals from experiments. KTX3DFit is able to reconstruct equilibria in various states, including axisymmetric, double-axis helical (DAx), and single-helical-axis (SHAx) states. Notably, this study marks the first integration of the SPEC code with internal magnetic field data for equilibrium reconstruction and could be used for other 3D configurations.

Construction of 2D/2D Pd Metallene/COFs System with Strong Internal Electric Field for Outstanding Solar Energy Photocatalysis.

Due to the severe recombination of charge carriers, the photocatalytic activity of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) materials is limited. Herein, through simple ultrasound and stirring processes, the Pd metallene (Pde) is successfully combined with 2D COFs to form Pde/TpPa-1-COF (Pde/TPC) composites. Obviously, a strong internal electric field (IEF) is successfully formed in Pde/TPC hybrid materials, which significantly boosts the separation of photogenerated charges. In addition, the matched 2D structure of the two materials can also lead to electronic coupling effects, plentiful active sites, and shortened carrier migration paths. Thus, the Pde/TPC hybrid materials own extraordinary carrier separation ability with a longer carriers lifetime (3.3 ns for Pde/TPC and 2.7 ns for TPC), which can be proved series of photoelectrochemical and spectroscopic tests. Benefiting from the formation of IEF and the matched 2D structure, the 8% Pde/TPC demonstrates the highest photocatalytic H2 evolution efficiency, with H2 production rate reaching up to 5.85 mmolg-1h-1, which is over 25 times greater than that of pristine COFs, also exceeding that of many reported COFs-based photocatalysts. This research provides new perspectives and innovative approaches to further research on enhancing the internal electric field of COFs to promote their photocatalytic performance.

A superlattice interface and S-scheme heterojunction for ultrafast charge separation and transfer in photocatalytic H2 evolution

The rapid recombination of photoinduced charge carriers in semiconductors fundamentally limits their application in photocatalysis. Herein, we report that a superlattice interface and S-scheme heterojunction based on Mn0.5Cd0.5S nanorods can significantly promote ultrafast charge separation and transfer. Specifically, the axially distributed zinc blende/wurtzite superlattice interfaces in Mn0.5Cd0.5S nanorods can redistribute photoinduced charge carriers more effectively when boosted by homogeneous internal electric fields and promotes bulk separation. Accordingly, S-scheme heterojunctions between the Mn0.5Cd0.5S nanorods and MnWO4 nanoparticles can further accelerate the surface separation of charge carriers via a heterogeneous internal electric field. Subsequent capture of the photoelectrons by adsorbed H2O is as fast as several picoseconds which results in a photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 54.4 mmol·g−1·h−1 without any cocatalyst under simulated solar irradiation. The yields are increased by a factor of ~5 times relative to control samples and an apparent quantum efficiency of 63.1% at 420 nm is measured. This work provides a protocol for designing synergistic interface structure for efficient photocatalysis.

Numerical simulation for spray spatial distribution of swirl nozzle and its target dustfall area prediction.

The droplet breakup and distribution of the internal flow field and external spray field of a nozzle were obtained under different pressures. The thickness of the liquid film increased with pressure as a quadratic function. The maximum value of 0.281mm at 2MPa decreased to 0.172mm at 10MPa, equivalent to 38.8% decrease. The MATLAB was used to obtain the particle size distribution characteristics of the droplets under different pressures. At 2MPa, droplet breakup dominated the axial interval [0-700mm]. With the increase of pressure, D50 distribution as a whole continues to decrease, 2-6MPa change, the particle size reduction is larger, every increase of 2MPa reduced by about 15%. 6-10MPa change, the particle size reduction is smaller, every increase of 2MPa reduced by about 8%. A model to predict the optimal dust reduction areas under varying pressures was developed. The prediction results indicate that at pressures of 5MPa and 9MPa, the target dust removal areas were [344mm, 710mm] and [424mm, 942mm] along the axial direction, respectively.

Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Internal Electric Fields Generated by the Rational Design and Synthesis of ZIF-Derived Co3O4/ZnIn2S4 with Z-Scheme Heterojunctions

Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Internal Electric Fields Generated by the Rational Design and Synthesis of ZIF-Derived Co₃O₄/ZnIn₂S₄ with Z-Scheme Heterojunctions

Action potential threshold variability for different electrostimulation models and its potential impact on occupational exposure limit values.

Occupational exposure limit values (ELVs) for body internal electric fields can be derived from thresholds for action potential generation. These thresholds can be calculated with electrostimulation models. The spatially extended nonlinear node model (SENN) is often used to determine such thresholds. Important parameters of these models are the membrane channel dynamics describing the ionic transmembrane currents as well as the temperature at which the models operate. This work compares action potential thresholds for five different membrane channel dynamics used with the SENN model. Furthermore, two more detailed double-cable models by Gaines et al. (MRG-Sensory and MRG-Motor) are also considered in this work. Thresholds calculated with the SENN model and the MRG models are compared for frequencies between 1 Hz and 100 kHz and temperatures at 22°C and 37°C. Results show that MRG thresholds are lower than SENN thresholds. Deriving alternative ELVs from these thresholds shows that the alternative ELVs can change significantly with different ion channel dynamics (up to a factor of 22). Using the double cable model could lead to approximately ten times lower alternative exposure limit values. On the contrary, using the SENN model with different membrane channel dynamics could also lead to higher alternative exposure limit values. Therefore, future exposure guidelines should take the influence of different electrostimulation models into account when deriving ELVs.

Numerical determination of the threshold magnetic field in superconducting strips and coils triggering dynamic resistance

Abstract The threshold magnetic field is a key parameter for evaluating the current decay caused by dynamic resistance in superconducting windings and magnets. For a DC-carrying superconducting slab under an AC parallel magnetic field, the analytical theory clearly shows that there is only one electric central line (ECL) across the slab width at the onset of dynamic-resistance. However, threshold magnetic fields in superconducting strips and coils have not been fully investigated. Based onthe one-ECL criterion, this paper first presents a method for numerically determining the threshold magnetic field via the evolving internal magnetic field in superconducting strips and coils. By probing transient electromagnetic behaviours, interestingly, we found a distinctive feature of superconducting strips in which a wide region of zero electrical field is observed when dynamic resistance/loss initially occurs. With increasing magnetic fields, this region gradually shrinks and eventually become the ECL. More importantly, this numerical method can analyse the local threshold magnetic field in a targeted coil turn. The ability to quantify threshold magnetic field provides a clear guidance on the acceptable level of ripple and harmonic magnetic fields for coil windings in superconducting maglev trains and field windings of superconducting machines operating at persistent current mode.

A new approach in generating stable crack propagation at twisted bi-layer Graphene/hBN heterostructures under the external and internal fields

A new approach in generating stable crack propagation at twisted bi-layer Graphene/hBN heterostructures under the external and internal fields

Rational design of ZnO/SrTiO3 S-scheme heterojunction for photo-enhanced piezocatalytic hydrogen production

Photopiezocatalysis have been frequently investigated for hydrogen evolution reactions in recent years. Herein, ZnO, SrTiO3 and ZnO/SrTiO3 S-scheme heterojunction were investigated for photo/piezocatalytic hydrogen production. Piezocatalytic hydrogen production under ultrasonic vibration by using ZnO, SrTiO3 and ZnO/SrTiO3 was obtained as 270 µmol g-1h−1, 200 µmol g-1h−1 and 1265 µmol g-1h−1, respectively. In addition, ZnO/SrTiO3 S-scheme heterojunction showed 2200 µmol g-1h−1 photopiezocatalytic hydrogen production under simultaneous exposure to white LED light and ultrasonic sound. ZnO/SrTiO3 heterojunction displayed significantly higher hydrogen production rate due to the decreased charge recombination, increased charge transfer with strong piezoelectric polarization and internal electrical field. The piezoelectric effect of ZnO/SrTiO3 heterojunction is also confirmed by piezoresponse force microscope technique with butterfly and phase hysteresis loops. Also, piezoelectric coefficient of ZnO/SrTiO3 found about 2-folds higher than those of their pristine forms. Electron transfer and reaction mechanism of ZnO/SrTiO3 and activity differences are confirmed by advanced optical and electrochemical techniques such as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electronic impedance spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky calculation and chronoamperometry. The whole electrochemical measurements have been performed with or without mechanical stress and light irradiation, which signify their band bending properties, electron transfer mechanism and catalytic activities.

Transient resonant triads: An examination of turbulent patches injected into finite-width internal wave fields

This article presents an experimental investigation into the interaction of a freely evolving turbulent structure with a steadily forced, finite-width internal gravity wave beam. Specifically, a vortex ring is used as the simplified prototype for a propagating turbulent structure and we present an exploration into how it's passage affects the linear stability of the imposed (or forced) wave field. We use the term "vortex ring" to describe an initially axisymmetric, toroidal fluid structure with azimuthal vorticity. We first examine both the vortex ring and the imposed internal gravity wave beam separately and present how they develop in a quiescent, stratified environment. In the absence of any vortex ring, we find—in agreement with many previous studies—there is an amplitude threshold that the wave beam must surpass before it becomes linearly unstable by a process known as triadic resonance instability (TRI). In the absence of an imposed wave field, we present the propagation and collapse of a coherent vortex ring into a turbulent patch, and measure the transient spectrum of internal waves produced. We then combine these two phenomena and investigate how each impacts the other. While we find that the preexisting internal wave beam has no significant influence on the evolution of the incident vortex ring, we do find that the propagation and subsequent collapse of the ring provokes a response from the internal wave beam. This response allows us to demonstrate two key findings relating to the internal wave beams pathway to triadic resonance. First, the passage of a vortex ring propagating through a forced wave field can provide a nonlinear trigger for the transition to a triadic state when the amplitude of the imposed wave field is itself too small for the spontaneous growth of such a triadic state through TRI. Second, we find that in some cases the triadic states induced by this interaction are not self-sustaining and eventually decay, prompting the terminology "transient triads." These surprising findings are further confirmed by the unintentional release of trapped air arising from under our "magic carpet" wavemaker. These air bubbles turbulently propagate vertically through the imposed beam and, in some cases, induce similar triadic state transitions to those of the vortex ring. Our analysis leads to a discussion on the beam's pathway to instability and to question the structure of the underlying dynamical system arising from the distribution of spectral power in a finite-width beam. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Cooperative S-S coupling and H2 production from photocatalytic dehydrogenation of thiols over ReSe2/ZnIn2S4 heterostructure

Photocatalytic anaerobic dehydrogenation provides a new avenue to cooperatively produce clean fuels and fine chemicals, while minimizing waste discharge and reducing environmental impact. Here, we demonstrate an efficient co-production of disulfides and H2 via photocatalytic S-S dehydrogenation of thiols using a two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure of ultrathin ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanosheets decorated with dispersed (1T phase) ReSe2 nanoparticles. Experimental characterizations and DFT calculations reveal that integrating ReSe2 with ZIS leads to the formation of a robust internal electric field (IEF) within the ReSe2/ZIS heterostructure. The distorted 1T phase ReSe2 with abundant active Se sites and a high Fermi level induces downward band bending of ZIS at the interface, which promotes charge separation and expedites H2 evolution. Moreover, the introduction of ReSe2 provides more adsorptive sites, increasing the concentration of reactants on the catalyst surface. This enhancement fosters surface interactions between the catalyst and p-toluenethiol (PTT), ultimately accelerating the reaction rate. The optimal H2 and S-S coupling p-tolyl disulfide (PTD) production rates of the 5 wt% ReSe2/ZIS composite reach 2275 and 2303 µmol g−1h−1, respectively, approximately 5 times greater than those of blank ZIS. Importantly, the selectivity of PTD reaches 98.4 %. This visible-light-driven dehydrogenation process aligns with the principles and objectives of green chemistry, realizing high atom economy without generating byproducts. It is anticipated to open new possibilities for sustainable and environmentally friendly routes for synthesizing high-value chemicals and producing clean energy.

Fast prediction of compressor flow field based on a deep attention symmetrical neural network

Accurate and rapid prediction of compressor performance and key flow characteristics is critical for digital design, digital twin modeling, and virtual–real interaction. However, the traditional methods of obtaining flow field parameters by solving the Navier–Stokes equations are computationally intensive and time-consuming. To establish a digital twin model of the flow field in a transonic three-stage axial compressor, this study proposes a novel data-driven deep attention symmetric neural network for fast reconstruction of the flow field at different blade rows and spanwise positions. The network integrates a vision transformer (ViT) and a symmetric convolutional neural network (SCNN). The ViT extracts geometric features from the blade passages. The SCNN is used for deeper extraction of input features such as boundary conditions and flow coordinates, enabling precise flow field predictions. Results indicate that the trained model can efficiently and accurately reconstruct the internal flow field of the compressor in 0.5 s, capturing phenomena such as flow separation and wake. Compared with traditional numerical simulations, the current model offers significant advantages in computational speed, delivering a three-order magnitude speedup compared to computational fluid dynamics simulations. It shows strong potential for engineering applications and provides robust support for building digital twin models in turbomachinery flow fields.

Comparative Planetology of Magnetic Effects in Ultrahot Jupiters: Trends in High-resolution Spectroscopy

Ultrahot Jupiters (UHJs), being the hottest class of exoplanets known, provide a unique laboratory for testing atmospheric interactions with internal planetary magnetic fields at a large range of temperatures. Thermal ionization of atmospheric species on the dayside of these planets results in charged particles becoming embedded in the planet’s mostly neutral wind. The charges will resist flow across magnetic field lines as they are dragged around the planet and ultimately alter the circulation pattern of the atmosphere. We model this process to study this effect on high-resolution emission and transmission spectra in order to identify observational signatures of the magnetic circulation regime that exist across multiple UHJs. Using a state-of-the-art kinematic MHD/active drag approach in a 3D atmospheric model, we simulate three different UHJs with and without magnetic effects. We postprocess these models to generate high-resolution emission and transmission spectra and explore trends in the net Doppler shift as a function of phase. In emission spectra, we find that the net Doppler shift before and after secondary eclipse can be influenced by the presence of magnetic drag and the wavelength choice. Trends in transmission spectra show our active drag models consistently produce a unique shape in their Doppler shift trends that differs from the models without active drag. This work is a critical theoretical step to understanding how magnetic fields shape the atmospheres of UHJs and provides some of the first predictions in high-resolution spectroscopy for observing these effects.

Sandstone wettability in supercritical CO2-brine-rock interactions evaluated with 13C and 1H magnetic resonance

During the first decades of geologic CO2 storage in saline formations and depleted reservoirs, structural trapping is the most important storage mechanism. The effectiveness of CO2 containment hinges on the assumption that the sealing formation remains water wet in the presence of dense CO2. In this work, multiple 13C and 1H magnetic resonance (MR) methodologies were employed for the first time to evaluate the interactions between supercritical CO2, brine, and the pore surface of a Berea sandstone core plug under reservoir conditions. These studies employed a novel variable field superconducting MR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instrument which permitted sequential 1H and 13C measurements of core plugs at high-pressure and high-temperature. To systematically study the wettability of rock core exposed to supercritical CO2, four experiments were designed including bulk CO2 in a high-pressure vessel, bulk CO2-brine, 13CO2 in dried rock core, and a 13CO2-brine-rock experiment.The measured 13C and 1H MR relaxation times in this work indicate that the Berea sandstone remained strongly water-wet when the brine saturated core plug was exposed to supercritical CO2 under reservoir conditions. For both 13C and 1H, T1 relaxation times provide more reliable wettability evaluation as compared to T2 due to the impact of molecular diffusion through internal magnetic field gradients. One-dimensional (1D) MRI was employed to spatially resolve 13CO2 and brine in the core plug. Two-dimensional (2D) MRI was able to image 13CO2 and brine in a PEEK vessel. The quantities of CO2 and brine in the core plug were determined from the MR signal intensities of 13CO2 and brine.

Enhanced Anticorrosion Mechanism of Photocathodic Protection Coatings with Zinc Indium Sulfide/Titanium Oxide Z-Scheme Heterojunctions

In order to develop novel anti-corrosion technologies of metals, the photoelectrochemical cathodic protection (PECCP) coating with zinc indium sulfide/titanium oxide (Zn2In2S5/TiO2) was successfully fabricated and its enhanced anticorrosion mechanism was explored in marine environment under light and dark condition, respectively. It found that the improvement of anticorrosion performance is due to the introduction of Zn2In2S5/TiO2 with Z-scheme heterojunctions, which has been verified systematically through theoretical calculations and electrochemical experiments. Under illumination, the photoelectrons generated by Zn2In2S5/TiO2 Z-scheme heterojunctions were accumulated on the conduction band (CB) of Zn2In2S5 at an internal electric field (IEF) pointing from Zn2In2S5 to TiO2, which endowed Zn2In2S5/TiO2 with strong oxidation-reduction ability to provide PECCP for Q235CS and 304SS in 3.5wt% NaCl. In the dark state, Zn2In2S5/TiO2 Z-scheme heterojunctions served as nanofills to enhance the maze effect, ensuring the remarkable anticorrosion performance of PECCP coating. Furthermore, the protective effect of Zn2In2S5/TiO2 coating was quantified as 74.23% and 98.91% for 304SS and Q235CS in 3.5wt% NaCl for 30 days, respectively.

Alkali-decorated carbon nitride enhances the removal of enrofloxacin by ferrihydrite-H2O2 system: Mechanistic insights and degradation pathways

Antibiotic pollution affects water quality. Based on the ferrihydrite-H2O2 (Fh-H2O2) photo-Fenton system, alkali-decorated carbon nitride was introduced, and KC3N4/Fh, with ·OH and ·O2− as the primary reactive oxygen species, was synthesized for the degradation of veterinary antibiotic enrofloxacin in water. The modification with KOH induced the formation of cyano groups and nitrogen vacancies in KC3N4/Fh. The presence of cyano groups altered the original charge distribution and energy band structure of the material, thereby establishing an internal electric field. Directed driving of nitrogen vacancies accelerated the transfer of photogenerated charges from the conduction band of KC3N4 to the surface of Fh, facilitating the cycle process of Fe(III) and Fe(II). Meanwhile, the nitrogen vacancies significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of KC3N4/Fh for H2O2 and accelerated the reaction between the generated Fe(II) and H2O2 to produce ·OH, which subsequently led to the efficient degradation and mineralization of enrofloxacin. The results demonstrated that the degradation rate of enrofloxacin by KC3N4/Fh reached 95.96 % within 30 min, highlighting its high efficiency and stability. Furthermore, KC3N4/Fh exhibited effective degradation of actual effluent under sunlight. This work proposes a novel approach to creating a Fh-H2O2-based photo-Fenton system for the efficient antibiotic degradation.