Internal Evolution Research Articles

Communal Spaces and Buildings in the Making: Pistoia’s Piazza del Duomo (14th-18th Centuries)

This paper deals with the relationship between continuity and change in architectural history, or, to be more precise, with the relationship between the continuity of built structures and the changes in their uses and meanings, using as a case study the Piazza del Duomo in Pistoia. The piazza is a kind of fossil of the communal age, surrounded as it is by the main public buildings of the late medieval city whose physical appearance has not been radically altered over time and whose functions have even remained largely stable. And yet the buildings are at the same time characterized by a history of continuous change, as a result of the Florentine conquest and the loss of political autonomy, as well as the internal evolution of the local ruling class. The paper focuses on these transformations, which adapted the public buildings to functions quite different from those for which they were originally built, all while preserving their external appearance, in order to ideologically exalt the ancient roots of civic identity as the main cornerstone — fictitious but credible — of Pistoia’s urban image.

Double red giant branch and red clump features of Galactic disc stellar populations with Gaia gspspec

The bimodality of the Milky Way disc, in the form of a thick short disc and a thinner more radially extended one, encrypts the complex internal evolution of our Galaxy and its interaction with the environment. To disentangle the different competing physical processes at play in Galactic evolution, a detailed chrono-chemical-kinematical and dynamical characterisation of the disc bimodality is necessary, including high number statistics. Here, we make use of an extremely precise sub-sample of the Gaia DR3 catalogue of stellar chemo-physical parameters. The selected database is composed of 408 800 stars with a median uncertainty of 10 K, 0.03, and 0.01 dex in and respectively. The stellar parameter precision allows us to break the age-metallicity degeneracy of disc stars. For the first time, the disc bimodality in the Kiel diagram of giant stars is observed, getting rid of interstellar absortion issues. This bimodality produces double red giant branch sequences and red clump features for mono-metallicity populations. A comparison with BaSTI isochrones allows us to demonstrate that an age gap is needed to explain the evolutionary sequence separation, in agreement with previous age-metallicity relations obtained using sub-giant stars. A bimodal distribution in the stellar mass- plane is observed at constant metallicity. Finally, a selection of stars with 0.03 dex shows that the most metal-rich population in the Milky Way disc presents an important proportion of stars with ages in the range of 5-13 Gyr, in agreement with previous literature findings. This old, extremely metal-rich population is possibly a mix of migrated stars from the internal Galactic regions, and old disc stars formed before the last major merger of the Milky Way. The Gaia Kiel diagrams of disc mono-abundance stellar populations reveal a complex, non-linear age-metallicity relation crafted by internal and external processes of Galactic evolution. Their detailed analysis opens new opportunities to reconstruct the puzzle of the Milky Way disc bimodality.

Internal shear damage evolution of CFRP laminates ranging from −100 °C to 100 °C using in-situ X-ray computed tomography

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites have been widely used in aerospace due to their high specific stiffness, strength, and fatigue properties. However, the ambient temperature significantly influences CFRP's mechanical properties and damage evolution, deriving from the temperature effect on the microstructural behavior and the mesoscopic damage evolution. In this study, the temperature-dependent in-plane shear failure behavior of CFRP composites was investigated. In-situ X-ray Computed tomography (CT) tensile experiments of laminates ([45°/-45°]2s) at RT, −100 °C, and 100 °C were carried out to study the in-plane shear failure mechanisms. The 3D fracture morphology was extracted with internal damage evolution process estimated and quantified. The in-situ 3D deformation fields of critical regions were acquired using the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) method. The effect of temperature on strain field and the correlation between the high-strain region and the fracture location were analyzed. The results revealed the temperature correlations and failure mechanisms of CFRP's mechanical characteristics and internal damage evolution process. Compared to room temperature (RT), the delamination damage area of the sample increased by 80 % at 100 °C. Meanwhile, the shear modulus of CFRP decreases by 78.4 % from −100 °C to 100 °C, and the fracture strain increases by 95 % from RT to 100 °C. The DVC results indicated a dispersion of high-strain regions at −100 °C, reflecting the brittle damage characteristics, while an extensive ductile deformation region was captured at 100 °C. Fiber-matrix debonding is the dominant failure mode of composites under shear loading, whereas significant matrix cracking was observed at −100 °C and partial fiber pullout occurred at 100 °C.

Experimental study on the internal pressure evolution of large-format LiFePO4 battery during thermal runaway

The safety problems of lithium-ion batteries, such as fire and explosion, have become the main issues constraining the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage. This paper proposes a new method to obtain the internal pressure and gas components of battery under adiabatic condition. Subsequently, the internal pressure evolution of a fully charged 300 Ah LiFePO4 (LFP) cell during thermal runaway (TR) are analyzed. At the temperature of safety venting (SV), the internal peak pressure recorded is 412 kPa and the gas release of H2 and CO are 35.2 % and 23.7 %, respectively. Basing on the analysis, the gas release temperature calculated by internal pressure is about 5 K lower than self-generated heat temperature. Before SV, the electrolyte volatilization and gas releasing are decoupled, and the gas release is about 0.009 mol. The internal pressure evolution of battery can be divided into three stages. At stage C, the gas release which cause SV account for 43.97 % of the gas volume and the reactions releasing H2 and CO gas are the prime chemical reason for SV. These results are of great significance to the setting of early warning system and the emergency response to TR.

Experimental and numerical investigation of seepage erosion in sandy cobbles under coupling hydraulic and dynamic load

The internal structure of sandy cobbles strata is sensitive to disturbances in the urban underground environment, but the structural evolution process under coupling hydraulic and dynamic loads remains unexplored. This paper presents a detailed investigation into the migration patterns and mechanisms of fine particles in sandy cobbles induced by coupled hydraulic and dynamic loading. A sandy cobble specimen with a typical particle size distribution (PSD) was designed and tested using an apparatus that included a constant inlet water head control system and an eccentric-vibrator-based dynamic loading system. Based on physical modeling tests, a numerical model was constructed to replicate the internal structural evolution under hydraulic and dynamic loading by calibrating the time history of local permeability. The test results indicate that the application of dynamic load can instantly disrupt the stable internal structure of sandy cobbles under static seepage, imparting kinetic energy to fine particles that detach from the skeleton structure and migrate along the seepage direction. Significant fine particle loss occurs near the seepage outlet, but due to energy loss during migration, fine particles far from the seepage outlet are recaptured by the skeleton pore throats and clogged again in the migration path. As the intensity of the dynamic loading increases, the migration path for fine particles becomes longer, and the amount and size of fine particles lost significantly increase. The changes in the internal structure of the soil are reflected in hydraulic parameters as a transient increase in local flow velocity, an increase in local pore water pressure due to clogging, and a decrease in the overall permeability coefficient with the loss of fine particles. The findings of this study will be useful for future geotechnical engineering design and analysis.

CZ Aqr: An Oscillating Eclipsing Algol-type System Composed of a δ Sct Primary Star and a Subgiant Star in a Quadruple System

Eclipsing Algol-type systems containing a δ Scuti (hereafter δ Sct) star enable precise determination of physical parameters and the investigation of stellar internal structure and evolution. We present the absolute parameters of CZ Aquarius (hereafter CZ Aqr) based on TESS data. CZ Aqr has an orbital period of 0.86275209 day, a mass ratio of 0.489 (6), and the secondary component nearly fills its Roche lobe. O − C analysis reveals a downward parabolic trend and a cyclical variation with a period of 88.2 yr. The downward parabola suggests a long-term decrease in the orbital period with Ṗ = −3.09 × 10−8 days yr−1. The mass loss rate is estimated to be 4.54 × 10−9 M ⊙ yr−1, which is possibly due to magnetic stellar wind or a hot spot. The cyclical variation might be caused by the light travel time effect via the presence of a third body with a minimum mass of M3min = 0.312 (21) M ⊙. Additionally, there are two possible celestial bodies in a 2:7 resonance orbit around CZ Aqr. The asymmetric light curve is explained by adding a hot spot on the surface of the primary star. After removing the binary model, 26 frequencies were extracted from TESS data. Two radial modes were newly identified among three possible independent frequencies. Our results show that the eclipsing Algol-type system is composed of a δ Sct primary star and a subgiant star in a quadruple system.

Characterization of microstructure and moisture distribution evolution of concrete using AC impedance spectroscopy

In this study, the AC impedance responses of concrete with different microstructures and water contents at elevated temperatures are examined. First, an equivalent circuit model of concrete is proposed. The simulation results of the equivalent circuit are in good agreement with the AC impedance spectrum. Then, semi-infinite, infinite, and barrier diffusion modes of water diffusion within concrete are proposed. The quantitative relationships between AC impedance parameters and moisture content of concrete are established. Finally, the equivalent porosity and thermal damage are characterized using AC impedance parameters. Both show linear relation with the total porosity obtained experimentally by porosity tests. Therefore, AC impedance spectroscopy can quantitatively characterize the internal microstructure and moisture content evolution, and further reveal the mechanism of the macro performance of concrete.

Extracting Meso- and Microscale Patterns of Urban Morphology Evolution: Evidence from Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China

Understanding and recognizing urban morphology evolution is a crucial issue in urban planning, with extensive research dedicated to detecting the extent of urban expansion. However, as urban development patterns shift from incremental expansion to stock optimization, related studies on meso- and microscale urban morphology evolution face limitations such as insufficient spatiotemporal data granularity, poor generalizability, and inability to extract internal evolution patterns. This study employs deep learning and meso-/microscopic urban form indicators to develop a generic framework for extracting and describing the evolution of meso-/microscale urban morphology. The framework includes three steps: constructing specific urban morphology datasets, semantic segmentation to extract urban form, and mapping urban form evolution using the Tile-based Urban Change (TUC) classification system. We applied this framework to conduct a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis of the internal urban morphology evolution of Binhai New Area from 2009 to 2022, with detailed visualizations of morphology evolution at each time point. The study identified that different locations in the area exhibited seven distinct evolution patterns: edge areal expansion, preservation of developmental potential, industrial land development pattern, rapid comprehensive demolition and construction pattern, linear development pattern, mixed evolution, and stable evolution. The results indicate that in the stock development phase, high-density urban areas exhibit multidimensional development characteristics by region, period, and function. Our work demonstrates the potential of using deep learning and grid classification indicators to study meso-/microscale urban morphology evolution, providing a scalable, cost-effective, quantitative, and portable approach for historical urban morphology understanding.

Experimental measurement and modeling of the internal pressure in cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells under abuse conditions

The internal pressure evolution of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells under abuse tests is evaluated in this work. The pressure evolution is recorded through a cavity at the center of the inner structure of the cylindrical cell. Understanding pressure buildup due to exothermic reactions aids in designing safety features, such as improved venting mechanisms. The pressure activation for the safety mechanism depends on both the venting cap design and the different abuse test conditions. This study focuses on two important parameters: the state of charge (SOC) and the overheating ramp. The SOC significantly influences the venting pressure activation at the overheating abuse tests. The 18650 cell exhibits a similar venting behavior as the 21700 cell, with pressure safety mechanisms activating sooner for the 18650 cell. The geometric structure of the battery and safety mechanisms significantly influence vent-activation thresholds. After the Current Interruptor Device (CID) breakdown, pressure rises exponentially until venting occurs, due to gas generation from the decomposition of internal components and electrolyte vaporization. With the experimental data for the overheating abuse test, a model that predicts the evolution of the pressure has been developed. For the overcharging abuse test, the pressure evolution has been measured with different current rates (C-rates) to simulate overcharge with standard charging current and fast charging current. However, the internal pressure inside the cell activates the current interrupt device, which avoids overcharging the cell, thus preventing the thermal runaway (TR) from occurring.

Crack evolution and fractal characteristics of fractured red sandstone based on acoustic emission parameters

Rock is a widely used engineering material, and accurate understanding of its internal microcrack evolution process during loading can provide a theoretical basis for preventing instability and failure in rock engineering. The rock pressure test system and acoustic emission equipment were used to carry out uniaxial loading and acoustic emission monitoring tests on fractured red sandstone. Based on the RA and AF values of acoustic emission and the fractal theory, the internal crack patterns and evolution rules of red sandstone with different crack angles were explored. The results show that the compressive strength of red sandstone varies with the crack Angle in the shape of “U”, and there is an obvious stress drop after the elastic stage of 30° and 45° crack red sandstone, which has a good correspondence with the acoustic emission ringing count rate. During the loading process, the damage mainly caused by tension cracks first appears inside the rock, and then the tension cracks increase steadily and the shear cracks gradually increase, indicating that the rock enters the stage of fracture instability development. With the development of shear cracks, the peak strength is finally reached and the instability failure occurs. During the loading process of 30° fracture red sandstone, the corresponding stress drop phenomenon of “shear crack group” appears. According to the D/S statistical analysis of different crack samples based on acoustic emission ringing count, the fractal dimension presents a decreasing-rising-decreasing trend with the increase of crack inclination, which corresponds to the change of the complexity of crack development in rock.

Organizational Influence on Security Development in Open-Source Software Projects

Increasing technological complexity, intensified competition, and security requirements have driven open-source software (OSS) projects to become a crucial part of organizations' software development. This study focuses on the OSS project TensorFlow (TF) and uses a case study to examine how organizations and their associated developers collaborate to identify, fix and prevent security vulnerabilities. Social Network Analysis (SNA) of archived security data from software repositories is used to gain insight into security activities. The study examines the internal structure and evolution of security code collaboration, organizational networks, and top organizational contributors to TF. It also examines productivity, homophily, development diversity, and turnover rates among developers across various software releases. The in-depth insights from this research enhance our understanding of collaborative patterns in OSS communities within open software ecosystems, particularly in the security context.

Investigation on internal evolution process of slope under seismic loading: insights from a transparent soil test and shaking table test

Earthquakes are a primary factor in triggering slope instability and pose a serious threat to transportation. However, current research on the internal deformation of slopes under seismic loading remains limited. To investigate the effects of different seismic loadings on the evolution process and failure mode of slopes, a novel experiment combining transparent soil materials and shaking table tests was proposed in this study. Using a self-designed shaking table system, sine waves with amplitudes of 0.10 g, 0.15 g, and 0.20 g and frequencies of 3 Hz, 5 Hz, and 8 Hz were applied. Based on Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technology and non-intrusive monitoring techniques, displacement and velocity contour maps, whole-field average displacement and failure mechanism of the slope were analyzed. The results show that, as the vibration persists, the slope transitions from initial shallow linear sliding to overall circular arc sliding, exhibiting an obvious progressive traction failure mode. The evolution process of the slope could be divided into three phases: shallow low-speed sliding phase, overall rapid sliding phase, and overall low-speed sliding phase. Furthermore, the amplitude of seismic loading has a greater influence on slope deformation compared to its frequency. This novel experiment offers important insights into the internal evolution process of slopes under seismic loading.

Study on the thermal runaway behavior and mechanism of 18650 lithium-ion battery induced by external short circuit

This study investigated the external short circuit (ESC) characteristics of 18650-type NCM lithium-ion batteries under different states of charge (SOC) and short-circuit currents. The research includes the macroscopic electro-thermal characteristics, microscopic morphology, structural damage, and internal damage evolution mechanism of short-circuited batteries. The tests provided an in-depth study of external short circuit (ESC) failure and thermal runaway (TR) behavioral characteristics. The results indicate that all the temperature changes of the short-circuit batteries were found to be in an upward and then downward trend. The surface temperature rise rate of batteries with low SOC were faster, and the maximum surface temperature rise of batteries with high SOC were higher. And with the increase of short-circuit current rate, the temperature rise gradually increased. In particular, thermal runaway occurred at 25C and the maximum temperature exceeds 500 °C. Different SOC batteries showed different degree of voltage fluctuation. The voltage curve of low SOC batteries showed “falling-rising-falling” trend with a brief platform. High SOC batteries formed a distinct voltage platform near 2.75 V. As the short-circuit current increased, the voltage platform shortened, followed by the rapid drop to zero. X-ray CT and SEM test results showed that the deformation of the battery jelly roll was mainly due to the separator shrinkage and tearing. Major changes occurred in the cathode and separator, including secondary particle rupture and irreversible pore blockage in the separator. The damage mechanism of ESC and its evolution are revealed. The results of this study can provide support for the research work on the thermal safety design of lithium batteries.

In-situ synchrotron high energy X-ray diffraction study on the compressive creep behavior of an extruded Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2C alloy

Wrought high Nb containing (high Nb-TiAl) alloys are potential materials for low pressure turbine blades in aero-engines. The performance and microstructure evolution under high temperature creep condition is of importance to the service stability of these materials. In this study, the internal strain and FWHM evolution of an extruded TNB-based high Nb-TiAl alloy during compressive creep are characterized by in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) technique for the first time. The compressive creep test was conducted under a constant load of 300 MPa at 900 °C for 10 h in vacuum. The final creep strain is approximately 1.72 %. The microstructure and phase constitution after creep shows little difference from that before creep. Lattice strain analysis shows that γ phase is plastically deformed while the α2 phase deforms elastically due to the low creep strain. The lattice strain of α2 grains is dependent upon the deformation of surrounding γ grains. Creep induces dynamic recovery, exerting a softening effect. A high number of dislocations are visible in the γ lamellae while almost no dislocations exist within the α2 lamellae. α2 lamellae are partially decomposed and refined via the α2→γ transformation.

Internal damage evolution of C/SiC composites in air at 1650 °C studied by in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging

Carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) ceramic matrix composites have attracted considerable attention due to their exceptional properties and extensive potential applications as high-temperature structural materials. However, due to their complex structure and manufacturing defects, C/SiC composites exhibit intricate mechanical behaviour under thermal-mechanical-oxidative coupling environments. To date, systematic studies on the internal damage evolution and failure mechanisms of C/SiC composites under high-temperature oxidative environments are lacking. In this study, a combination of synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-μCT) and in-situ experiments under thermal-mechanical-oxidative coupling environments at room temperature and 1650 °C in air was used to characterize the internal microstructures and damage evolution processes of C/SiC composites at different loading levels. Additionally, the 3D strain fields during in-situ loading were quantitatively analysed using the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) method. The findings underscore the substantial impact of oxidative damage on the mechanical response of C/SiC composites, particularly concerning tensile properties and fracture modes. At room temperature, severe delamination, fibre bundle pull-out and interfacial debonding occurred internally. Whereas, under high-temperature atmospheric conditions, severe fibre oxidation reactions occurred at the specimen edges, resulting in rapid porosity escalation. Crack initiation from surface defects followed by rapid inward propagation is observed. Moreover, while the strain distribution remains relatively uniform until fracture, a pronounced concentration of strain is evident near the fracture zones at room temperature, with an even greater concentration observed at 1650 °C. Notably, the region of concentrated strain within the 3D deformation field corresponds closely to the final fracture location, as revealed by quantitative DVC analysis.

Study on the internal flow evolution mechanism and pressure pulsation characteristics of the transient process of variable speed regulation of centrifugal pump

Abstract In view of the fact that it is not possible to quantitatively analyze any change in the internal flow characteristics of traditional centrifugal pumps during variable speed regulation, numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out in this study to obtain the optimal adjustment range of variable speed regulation. A single-stage IS80-65-160 centrifugal pump is modeled in 3D using Pro/E and ICEM software, followed by CFD simulations. Results are compared with experimental data, showing good agreement. Variable speed adjustments ranging from 0.5-1.0 times the original values are applied to observe changes in internal flow characteristics, such as velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. Pressure and velocity variations in different parts of the pump are studied under varied working conditions. Pressure pulsation frequency domain characteristics are measured at monitoring points in the volute. Findings indicate that as flow rate decreases due to variable speed regulation, velocity decreases linearly, while turbulent kinetic energy decreases quadratically in a uniform distribution. Pressure fluctuations within the volute remain within 0.01 Cp range, but at the tongue, fluctuations can reach up to 0.6 Cp, suggesting an optimal adjustment range within 30% of the rated value.

Evolution of corporate carbon information disclosure considering the reward and punishment mechanism and new media environment

This study examines the internal logic and dynamic evolution of corporate carbon information disclosure decision making. Drawing on the game-theoretical relationship among enterprises, third-party carbon verification agencies, and local governments, we analyze the intrinsic mechanisms by which rewards, punishment, and media supervision influence corporate carbon information disclosure behavior. We further examine each participant's strategy selection process in the corporate carbon information disclosure decision making under different conditions and consider the impact of key factors on the process. The findings show that the best evolutionary stabilization strategy consists of true disclosure, compliance, and negative support. A stronger reward and punishment mechanism of carbon information disclosure helps achieve greater self-regulation and reduce false disclosure. Enterprises are increasingly choosing true disclosure as the probability of media exposure increases. Decision makers involved in the carbon information disclosure process are influenced by image loss, disclosure costs, and government regulatory costs.

Experimental study of type-I crack propagation in rock monitored by fiber Bragg grating

The occurrence of rock mass engineering disasters can be reduced significantly by obtaining the key information in the process of rock internal fracture accumulation and evolution through advanced monitoring means and taking certain preventive measures. Through fiber Bragg grating monitoring tests of the type-I crack propagation in rock, the spectral characteristics of the fiber Bragg grating in the process of rock failure were analyzed, the bandwidth expansion was extracted to characterize the local tensile strain during the crack propagation process, and the damage variable based on the bandwidth expansion was calculated to describe the type-I crack propagation process. The research results showed the following: (1) The fiber Bragg grating generated a non-uniform local tensile strain during type-I crack propagation. The bandwidth expansion of the wave spectrum was positively correlated with the local tensile strain. The change in the characteristics of the wave spectrum could provide the local real strain in the process of crack propagation. (2) During the steady propagation of the type-I crack, the bandwidth increased obviously, while the number of acoustic emission events was relatively small, and most of them were in the process zone. The gentle increase in the bandwidth corresponded to the unstable growth stage of the type-I crack, which could be used as a precursor of rock sample instability. During loading, the maximum tensile strain of the type-I crack was 6 %, while the maximum shear strain reached 1.8 %, primarily attributed to tensile failure. The average value of fracture toughness KIC, based on the equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics model, was determined to be 1.21 MPa·m1/2, and the average value of fracture energy Gf was calculated as 57.7 N/m. The variation of peak reflectivity in fiber Bragg grating was associated with the closure of pre-existing defects and the propagation of microcracks in rocks, resulting in unstable shear strain at crack extension sites. (3) The damage variable D defined by the bandwidth broadening began to become concentrated and accumulated in the crack steady growth stage, and it increased slowly in the crack intensification and evolution stage. The grating was sensitive to changes when it was pasted to the surface at 90°, but it could easily fracture or become unable to capture spectral signals in time. Based on a comprehensive comparison, the monitoring effect was the best when the grating was pasted at 60° relative to the crack.

Effect of ZrSiO4 as additive on the mechanical properties of DLP printing porous mullite ceramics

In order to satisfy the demand for mullite porous ceramics with complex geometries in the engineering field, the digital light processing (DLP) technology is employed to prepare mullite porous ceramics in this study. However, the poor mechanical properties of the mullite porous ceramics prepared using the DLP technology limits its further application in engineering field. In this work, the microstructure of mullite crystals was regulated by adding the sintering aid ZrSiO4 to enhance the mechanical properties of the mullite ceramics, and the effects of sintering aid ZrSiO4 content and sintering temperature on the internal microstructure evolutions of mullite porous ceramics were investigated. Results showed that the decomposition of ZrSiO4 promoted the generation of the silica-rich liquid phase at high temperatures, which effectively promoted the nucleation and growth of needle-like mullite crystals. When the sintering temperature was 1600 °C and the ZrSiO4 content was 10 wt%, the well-developed elongated crystals formed an interlocking nonwoven structure. The corresponding mullite porous ceramics exhibited a compressive strength of 2.52 MPa and a porosity of 74.51%. The strategy of this study can be a feasible route for preparing lightweight and high-strength mullite porous ceramics via digital light processing.

Topological Protection of Oxygen Redox in Li-Rich Cathodes.

Lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation cathode materials because of their high energy density derived from anionic redox activity. Recent years have seen increasing efforts in promoting the cyclability of LRLO cathodes, at the core of which is the suppression of irreversible internal structural evolution during cycling. The present article aims to provide an informative perspective on the materials design strategies related to the issue of oxygen release. Emphasis is placed on the underlying chemistry of oxygen redox in LRLOs and the strategies based on material topology that can mitigate oxygen migration to the cathode surface. We speculate that these insights could guide researchers in developing high-capacity cathodes with intrinsically high reversibility of oxygen redox.