Internal Events Research Articles

Operational Risk Assessment and Its Role in Mitigating Damages in Commercial Banks: An Analytical Study of Expert Opinions in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq.

The aim of this study is to measure and analyze operational risks and identify the most important causes of operational risks in banks in the Kurdistan Region, based on the opinions of experts in this field. Operational risks affect all banking services and operations, such as internal systems, external events and human factors, which can cause significant losses for banks. Therefore, banks need to adopt evolutionary approaches to competition and risk management. To conduct the research, a selection of banks operating in the Kurdistan region was chosen as a case study area to identify the most significant causes of risks in banks.
 In order to achieve the aim of the study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology was used, relying on (SPSS.V.22) software as one of the standard economic methods for analyzing information obtained from a questionnaire administered to selected banks operating in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq.
 The study found a significant inverse relationship between operational risk assessment and the reduction of harm in commercial banks. This means that the higher the operational risk standards adopted, the lower the likelihood of injury in banks. Additionally, most banks have a plan for identifying and defining operational risks, and that many of the respondents confirmed the presence of operational risk definition and identified in the bank's approved plan for managing operational risks by the board of directors. This indicates that banks recognize the importance of identifying and managing operational risks as part of overall risk management. Data analytics and results should help increase this awareness and improve business risk management processes and procedures.

Autonomy and Coping with Stress in Persons with ASD

This article presents empirical analysis of selected issues related to autonomy of persons with ASD, along with the psychosocial conditions of its development. This analysis is an attempt to determine direct causes and particular types of conditions necessary for the development of autonomy in people with autism, manifested in the capacity of coping with stress. The theoretical basis for the research is the three-component model of autonomy, under which autonomy is an internal attribute of each person, manifesting itself in the qualities of authorship (the person feels to be the author of his/her own behaviour), interest-taking (reflection on internal and external events), and absence of the perceived sense of pressure or control.
 The research problems in this study concern the level of autonomy in people with ASD, the level of their psychosocial functioning in the dimension of coping with stress, and the potential correlations between the two parameters.
 A diagnostic survey method was used to obtain the research material, which employed the following research tools: Index of Autonomous Functioning, The Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Coping Inventory, the author’s own Interview Questionnaire, developed for the purposes of our study regarding age, gender, marital status, residence, education, income, past therapy and current health conditions.

Modeling Competitive Reaction Heat Sources and Variable Cooling Rates Applicable to Thermal Runaway Onset in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Two main types of exothermic processes are known to initiate thermal runaway in Lithium-Ion batteries. If mechanical failure of the separator causes an electrical short circuit, the cell’s energy can be released through electrochemical discharge reactions. The full stored energy can be released as heat within the cell for internal short circuits, raising the cell temperature by several hundred degrees Celsius. Different thermochemical reactions occur when Lithium-Ion cells are heated; the anode and cathode materials decomposing with the electrolyte can result in similarly large temperature rises. Our work shows that thermodynamics constrain key reactant species for both decomposition paths to be in common. Interactions and competition between these chemical pathways for heat release are considered in this modeling study, including relative magnitudes of thermal contributions from each reaction pathway and limiting reactant effects. An effective oven temperature concept is defined, which allows thermal runaway initiation via internal short circuits versus external heating to be compared. Temperature and reaction inhomogeneities occurring in the presence of internal localized internal short circuits lead to variations in the balance between electrochemical and thermochemical reactions across the domain of the cell. A simple homogeneous analysis is compared to a higher-dimensional inhomogeneous analysis. The effectiveness external cooling strategies to mitigate an internal short circuit event is investigated. Acknowledgements: This article has been authored by an employee of National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC under Contract No. DE-NA0003525 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The employee owns all right, title and interest in and to the article and is solely responsible for its contents. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this article or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan https://www.energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan. This abstract has been approved for release as SAND2023-01585A.

Standardization of facial electromyographic responses

In behavioral studies, facial electromyographic (EMG) responses to external stimuli or internal events are usually quantified relative to the resting state, presumed to represent a neutral baseline condition. In the large majority of recent studies, EMG responses were expressed as a difference score in terms of microvolts with the resting state. We argue that since EMG activity is measured on a ratio scale rather than on an interval scale, percentage scores should be used instead of difference scores. Reanalyzing results from an earlier study on the relationships between facial EMG responses and affective empathic responses to emotional video clips, we found that the two different types of EMG response quantification were differently related to affective empathy. Relationships between EMG responses and affective empathy were more consistent or stronger for percentage scores than for difference scores. In another study, facial EMG mimicry responses to pictures of emotional facial expressions were stronger for percentage scores than for difference scores. The adequacy of percentage scores relative to difference scores as indices of psychological variables may be simply checked by comparing both types of scores

Could sleep quality in pregnant women be related to developmental defects of enamel in children?

Anatomical, physiological and hormonal changes occur in women during pregnancy. These phenomena can affect sleep quality, exerting a negative impact on health. Studies suggest that sleep disorders in this period can also affect the health of the fetus. Sleep disorders may interfere with the expression of genes associated with amelogenesis in the fetus. Clock genes are the basis of internal time keeping (circadian rhythm) and are involved in the formation of mineralized dental tissues. Fetal tooth formation is a complex physiological process that begins during intrauterine life, extending to around eight years of age, and can be affected by numerous internal, external, natal and postnatal events. Abnormalities in any stage of development of the dental enamel may have repercussions in the form of permanent defects and marks clinically represented by the presence of grooves, depressions and diffuse or demarcated opacities, which can compromise function and esthetics. Thus, changes in the awake/sleep pattern can affect the tooth formation process. The hypothesis proposed in this paper is that changes in sleep and the circadian rhythm can affect the molecular bases involved in enamel formation either during the intrauterine period or in the first years of life, causing enamel anomalies. This is because the maternal circadian rhythm has a relationship with the circadian clock of their offspring, demonstrating numerous consequences of the imbalance in this relationship on the child's systemic and oral health. New perspectives with regards to oral outcomes may arise from this discussion, such as a greater importance placed on sleep quality in pregnant women and infants.

Bahasa Indonesia

Risk management is a series of procedures and methodologies used to identify, measure, monitor and control risks arising from bank business activities. However, however, risk remains a barrier to an activity or activities that we plan, because risk is also the possibility of causing unexpected or unwanted losses. This research discusses operational risk and how to implement operational risk management at the head office of BCA Syariah. The results of the discussion show that operational risk is caused by inadequate or non-functioning internal processes, human errors, system failures or external events that have an impact on operational activities. The implementation of operational risk management at BCA Syariah seeks to raise risk awareness for each work unit at BCA Syariah in order to foster a strong and risk-aware culture to mitigate potential risks.

Отражение проблемы рабства на страницах каталонских журналов республиканских взглядов в годы Демократического шестилетия (1868-1874)

This article explores the portrayal of the slavery issue and the Ten Years' War (1868-1878) in the cartoons of Catalan republican journals La Flaca, La Carcajada, and La Madeja dur-ing the Democratic Sexennium (1868-1874). The analysis reveals that Thomas Padró's cartoons delve into the complex socio-political processes of the mid-19th century, associated with the abolitionist movement in Spain and its impact on colonial territories. While the journal's editorial stance supported the abolition of slavery, it opposed the separation of Cuba from Spain, envisioning prosperity for the territory only with-in the unity of Spain. Following the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic, the editorial focus shifted away from the colonies, emphasizing internal events.

Surveying three-dimensional perspectives of the flow structure around the bridge pile depending on the vegetation pattern distribution

Modeling techniques have enabled us to understand how to protect vital infrastructures using nature-based solutions. In this research, we demonstrated that by selecting a specific vegetation pattern distribution upstream of the pile as a nature-based solution, we could reduce the amount of scouring around the bridge piles. This is essential to avoid the negative impacts that occur after landslides, flash floods, or mudflows close to populated areas. This solution can mitigate the global problem of bridge failure. To achieve this goal, an Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry device (ADV) was used to measure the velocity components in an experimental channel with a 90 cm width, 15 meters long, and 60 cm high. Two different widths of vegetation were used: the overall vegetation, with a 90 cm width, and the patched one, with a 10 cm width, positioned upstream of the bridge pile. In the case of using patched vegetation, a 36% reduction was observed in the amount of scouring around the bridge pile compared to the free-vegetation case, showing the positive effect of using vegetation to reduce scouring. In both cases, the amount of negative Reynolds shear stresses decreased when the presence of vegetation was registered. Using octant analysis, the overall vegetation was shown to convert internal events into external ones in front of the pile. However, in the case of using patched vegetation, internal events were also observed in addition to external events. Patchy vegetation changed the transverse direction of outward vortices from internal to external. In the presence of patchy vegetation, the dominance of the inward event decreased sharply. The presence of vegetation in the flow path affected some bursting events and, as a result, reduced scouring. The results showed that each of the used vegetation models has a different effect on bursting events, and these events can affect the amount of scouring hole depth.

Leadership constructs and artificial intelligence: Introducing a novel organizational assessment survey

This theoretical paper presents a novel "Kinematic Model" of leadership, designed to capture the dynamic nature of leadership within organizations considering the environments in which they arise amidst the context of continuous change. At the core of every organization are three fundamental components: people, processes, and resources. The leadership landscape consists of 34 distinct constructs, from traditional styles such as transformational and transactional to newer ones like digital and neuroleadership. Leadership operates within varied environments, influenced by internal and external events, as well as the nature and experiences of the individuals and groups comprising organizations. The Kinematic Model integrates these elements into ten domains, emphasizing the need for continuous assessment, adaptability, and balancing people, processes, and resources. Taken together this review provides an orientation and reference to a separate comprehensive survey developed in parallel that provides a framework for any leadership assessment in various organizational settings. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), its integration into organizations significantly affects leadership dynamics. AI enhances decision-making by analyzing vast data sets, but also risks over-reliance, potentially sidelining human judgment. AI's insights into employee performance might overlook intangible leadership qualities. Additionally, ethical concerns arise with AI in leadership, including workplace surveillance and algorithmic biases. As AI takes on more leadership roles, leaders must adapt, emphasizing vision-setting, relationship-building, and fostering innovation. Leaders must stay updated and adaptable as AI evolves, balancing its capabilities with human insight, ethics, and emotional intelligence.

Diagnostics analysis of partial discharge events of the power cables at various voltage levels using ramping behavior analysis method

Partial discharge events can occur in high-voltage cables. It can be caused by defects in the cable insulation, contamination, or a combination of both. Partial discharge in cables can lead to insulation failure and cable failure. This investigation aims to identify the trends and patterns in the internal partial discharge (PD) occurrences in the power cables when exposed to different voltage levels - 6.4, 7.4, 9.4, and 11.3 kV. For pattern extraction, a well-established method, ramping behavior analysis, is implemented to extract and classify PD occurrences into sets of significant and stationary events. In this investigation, significant events correspond to an absolute peak (the discharge pulse) and subsequent oscillations from the measurement sensor. The stationary events represent a collection of noise that is recorded during the measurement. These noise signals are essentially small variations within a pre-determined threshold range. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is performed for each voltage level and for the voltage levels.This investigation brings new knowledge on how internal partial discharge pulses occur at various voltage stress levels. Specifically, the emerging patterns and trends of internal partial discharge events. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the number of PD events and the increase in stress levels. Furthermore, negative PD peaks are more frequent at lower stress levels.

Fourteen Internal Event Evaluation Questions

Fourteen Internal Event Evaluation Questions

Pelatihan Manajemen Risiko Bisnis Pada UMKM Teluk Pucung Bekasi

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the biggest supporter of the creative economy for the Indonesian economy. MSME players must be able to develop their business to be able to carry out this. The digital era has the potential to create opportunities and risks for business people and organizations. In every business, risks will always be faced by business actors because of uncertainty which results in losses. Internal and external events that have an impact on achieving the goals of MSMEs must be identified, and risks and opportunities must be differentiated. In the business world, knowledge about risk management is an important element in business management. With good management, a business organization will be able to avoid losses and even bankruptcy. Likewise, small, micro and medium enterprises that do not have sufficient capital and whose operations are not optimal are very vulnerable to changes in risk. Events that cause losses, which are usually called peril, can occur unexpectedly and can arise from various sources. The problem is how to overcome these risks so that business operations are not disrupted. Risks are analyzed by considering likelihood and impact as a basis for determining how they can be managed. Therefore, by providing an understanding of risk management, it is hoped that MSMEs will be able to know how to implement risk management in business to avoid losses. PM activities are held offline or face to face on holidays so as not to disturb the work time of the Teluk Pucung MSMEs, while the output of PM activities is in the form of press releases in online print media and also publications in community service journals

Valorization of Air-Cooled EAF Manganese Slag in Comminution Processes: an Investigation into the Breakage Characterization

In recent years, slag, a residue from pyrometallurgical processes, has become more attractive in circular economy frameworks to increase the efficient use of resources throughout the life cycle of steel products and help in the reduction of carbon emissions. Its applicability is strongly dependent on the particle size, and therefore, the optimization of breaking processes should be approached by increasing the knowledge of the dynamics of slag to promote fracture. Increasing the knowledge on the mechanical response of manganese slag opens up the potential for the development of cost-effective numerical models, e.g., constitutive models based on inverse engineering calibration frameworks or digital twins. In this study, rate-dependent tests of manganese slag have been performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar device for testing its dynamic mechanical response. In order to obtain information about the crack initiation and fracture process, 2D ultra-high speed imaging was implemented with a sampling frequency of 663,200 fps for diametrically loaded specimens. Full-field deformation measurements using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques showed a staggered fracture process where failure points on mechanical response curves vary due to the internal events happening in the material. Localized frictional occurrences and inertial effects acting inside the pre-cracked matrix have a strong effect on the global mechanical response, and therefore, a great variability of strengths was obtained.

Selective Endocytic Uptake of Targeted Liposomes Occurs within a Narrow Range of Liposome Diameters.

Cell surface receptors facilitate signaling and nutrient uptake. These processes are dynamic, requiring receptors to be actively recycled by endocytosis. Due to their differential expression in disease states, receptors are often the target of drug-carrier particles, which are adorned with ligands that bind specifically to receptors. These targeted particles are taken into the cell by multiple routes of internalization, where the best-characterized pathway is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Most studies of particle uptake have utilized bulk assays rather than observing individual endocytic events. As a result, the detailed mechanisms of particle uptake remain obscure. To address this gap, we employed a live-cell imaging approach to study the uptake of individual liposomes as they interact with clathrin-coated structures. By tracking individual internalization events, we find that the size of liposomes rather than the density of the ligands on their surfaces primarily determines their probability of uptake. Interestingly, targeting has the greatest impact on endocytosis of liposomes of intermediate diameters, with the smallest and largest liposomes being internalized or excluded, respectively, regardless of whether they are targeted. These findings, which highlight a previously unexplored limitation of targeted delivery, can be used to design more effective drug carriers.

Emotional Tendency Analysis of Twitter Data Streams

The web now seems to be an alive and dynamic arena in which billions of people across the globe connect, share, publish, and engage in a broad range of everyday activities. Using social media, individuals may connect and communicate with each other at any time and from any location. More than 500 million individuals across the globe post their thoughts and opinions on the internet every day. There is a huge amount of information created from a variety of social media platforms in a variety of formats and languages throughout the globe. Individuals define emotions as powerful feelings directed toward something or someone as a result of internal or external events that have a personal meaning. Emotional recognition in text has several applications in human-computer interface and natural language processing (NLP). Emotion classification has previously been studied using bag-of words classifiers or deep learning methods on static Twitter data. For real-time textual emotion identification, the proposed model combines a mix of keyword-based and learning-based models, as well as a real-time Emotional Tendency Analysis

Risk reduction by means of FLEX strategies in pressurized water reactors

One of the key lessons learned from the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident was the importance of the challenge presented by the loss of safety-related systems after a Beyond Design-Basis External Event (BDBEE). In particular, Extended Loss of AC Power (ELAP) or Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink (LUHS) can severely compromise key safety functions associated with core cooling and containment, ultimately leading to reactor core damage. Because of that the so-called Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategies (FLEX) were designed.These aforementioned FLEX strategies are also useful to avoid core damage in sequences due to internal events. Therefore, these FLEX strategies should be incorporated in the Level 1 Probabilistic Safety Assessment (L1PSA) to analyse their impact on core damage frequency (CDF). This work quantifies the impact of FLEX strategies by using a generic model (3 loops, PWR-WEC) developed by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) in collaboration with the Spanish Nuclear Regulatory Body (CSN). As a result, a decrease of the CDF at power for internal events is observed and, therefore, indicates that these FLEX strategies have a positive impact on the plant safety not only for BDBEE but also for other accidental conditions.

Enhancing Observability in Distributed Systems-A Comprehensive Review

Observability augmentation in distributed systems deals with making it more feasible to grasp and satisfy all the internal states and behaviors of complicated software structures spanning many interconnected machines. Distributed systems communicate asynchronously, are appetitive to localized control, and have a vast number of failure points. Unpredictable problems are an inherent feature of their complexity, which makes them intrinsically complex. Observability stands for the provision of instrumentation for systems in order to log, monitor, and trace internal events so that operators can deduce the system’s state without invasive probing. Extended visibility allows for quick identification, elaboration, and rectification of issues in large-scale software systems before they cause much impact. Methods such as distributed tracing, unified monitoring, and metrics monitoring are the tools that allow engineers to identify root causes of system-wide failure by correlating events across components. Both the ew development processes and procedures are based on the new overheads; they improve productivity and reliability, thus justifying more engineering efforts for critical distributed systems. However, when this is correctly implemented, we are able to improve the operability, efficiency, and development speed of mission-critical and complex business software.

Dynamical oceanographic processes impact on reef manta ray behaviour: Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole influence on local internal wave dynamics at a remote tropical atoll

Physical oceanographic observations were made with subsurface, taut-line moorings at Egmont Island, a tropical atoll within the Chagos Archipelago in the central Indian Ocean, to elucidate the dynamics of near-bed cold-water intrusions implicated in driving local aggregations of reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi). Manta have been previously shown to aggregate within ‘Manta Alley’, a lipped gully at 65 m depth along the north coast, at times when the surface to bottom temperature difference was highest. We here identify the dynamical processes driving these temperature differences and shaping the foraging landscape at Egmont, and equivalent small-scale atolls, improving our understanding of manta behavior at hotspots where they are most vulnerable to exploitation.The thermal regime within Manta Alley is shown to be governed at several spatiotemporal scales. The extreme 2019 Indian Ocean Dipole event drove a depression of the 26 °C isotherm to a depth of 115 m precluding the observation of cooling within the alley. As the thermocline shoaled with the change in phase of the IOD, near bed cold water flushing was seen with tidal periodicity within the gully. The internal tide is accompanied by high frequency internal waves with periods of O (5 min) which are shown to promote mixing through shear instability, evidenced by subcritical Richardson numbers, with surface-seabed temperature differences ∼4 °C observed throughout a tidal period.Our results highlight a level of heterogeneity in oceanographic dynamics at sub-atoll spatial scales within an environment in which these processes are rarely resolved. Whilst the physical mechanisms through which these dynamics drive foraging within the resident manta population remain unclear, the generation of turbulence by high frequency internal wave events as shown here may influence zooplankton distributions, improving feeding efficiency at discrete locations within atolls. Our results thus highlight the need to account for fine scale changes in oceanographic conditions when attempting to explain habitat utilization by mobile species.

Comparative analysis of the molecular and physiological consequences of constitutive SKN-1 activation.

Molecular homeostats play essential roles across all levels of biological organization to ensure a return to normal function after responding to abnormal internal and environmental events. SKN-1 is an evolutionarily conserved cytoprotective transcription factor that is integral for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon exposure to a variety of stress conditions. Despite the essentiality of turning on SKN-1/NRF2 in response to exogenous and endogenous stress, animals with chronic activation of SKN-1 display premature loss of health with age, and ultimately, diminished lifespan. Previous genetic models of constitutive SKN-1 activation include gain-of-function alleles of skn-1 and loss-of-function alleles of wdr-23 that impede the turnover of SKN-1 by the ubiquitin proteasome. Here, we define a novel gain-of-function mutation in the xrep-4 locus that results in constitutive activation of SKN-1 in the absence of stress. Although each of these genetic mutations results in continuously unregulated transcriptional output from SKN-1, the physiological consequences of each model on development, stress resistance, reproduction, lipid homeostasis, and lifespan are distinct. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the differential healthspan impacts across multiple models of constitutive SKN-1 activation. Although our results reveal the universal need to reign in the uncontrolled activity of cytoprotective transcription factors, we also define the unique signatures of each model of constitutive SKN-1 activation, which provides innovative solutions for the design of molecular "off-switches" of unregulated transcriptional homeostats.

Leadership constructs and artificial intelligence: Introducing a novel organizational assessment survey

This theoretical paper presents a novel "Kinematic Model" of leadership, designed to capture the dynamic nature of leadership within organizations considering the environments in which they arise amidst the context of continuous change. At the core of every organization are three fundamental components: people, processes, and resources. The leadership landscape consists of 34 distinct constructs, from traditional styles such as transformational and transactional to newer ones like digital and neuroleadership. Leadership operates within varied environments, influenced by internal and external events, as well as the nature and experiences of the individuals and groups comprising organizations. The Kinematic Model integrates these elements into ten domains, emphasizing the need for continuous assessment, adaptability, and balancing people, processes, and resources. Taken together this review provides an orientation and reference to a separate comprehensive survey developed in parallel that provides a framework for any leadership assessment in various organizational settings. In the context of artificial intelligence (AI), its integration into organizations significantly affects leadership dynamics. AI enhances decision-making by analyzing vast data sets, but also risks over-reliance, potentially sidelining human judgment. AI's insights into employee performance might overlook intangible leadership qualities. Additionally, ethical concerns arise with AI in leadership, including workplace surveillance and algorithmic biases. As AI takes on more leadership roles, leaders must adapt, emphasizing vision-setting, relationship-building, and fostering innovation. Leaders must stay updated and adaptable as AI evolves, balancing its capabilities with human insight, ethics, and emotional intelligence.