Internal Courtyard Research Articles

Rear Window di Alfred Hitchcock e Mademoiselle Cœur Solitaire di Sébastien Ortiz. Dallo schermo alla pagina: un regolamento di sguardi

Rear Window (1954), one of Alfred Hicthcock’s most successful films, is a constant object not only of critical reflection but also of creative manipulations and proliferations that go beyond the original medium. The film forms the backbone to Sebastien Ortiz’s novel Mademoiselle Coeur Solitaire (2005), which takes up and re-elaborates one of the secondary characters living in the internal courtyard onto which the apartment of the film’s protagonist faces. The article shows how, through a clever and amusing change of perspective, the novel tries to sabotage the Hitchcockian hypotext – and more generally the role of cinema –highlighting at the same time the themes and motives represented, thus reactivating the vision and confirming the fame of the master of suspense.

Satisfaction of Residents Towards Internal Courtyard Buildings

Residential buildings that were designed with internal courtyards offer a comfortable and pleasant indoor environment. Past research on the benefits of internal courtyards have been scientifically proven, however, the results seemed disreputable in terms of its satisfaction by occupants of a building. A survey using a set of questionnaire was conducted at two selected residential colleges in the University of Malaya to gauge the satisfaction level of residents towards an existing internal courtyard. It is evident that the majority of respondents at both colleges have given positive feedback on the satisfaction of the building layout quality, comfort level in terms of the natural daylighting, thermal comfort and indoor air quality as well as the degree of their work productivity. These findings indicate that the internal courtyard is relevant to be applied when designing a building, particularly low-rise residential buildings in the equatorial climate region.

Parametric Modelling and Traditional Architecture: Improving the thermal comfort of the traditional courtyard house in Morocco

The traditional courtyard house of the Mediterranean Basin has been viewed as a complex regulating system that creates a microclimate which historically worked, and still works, in a passive way to provide acceptable thermal comfort in summer. The internal courtyard is generally described as a positive factor that can moderate extreme outdoor climatic conditions. However, some researches have shown that the courtyard could become a negative factor from the energy efficiency point of view. For this purpose, this paper is based on a research study exploring sustainable characteristics of Moroccan traditional housing and its climatic adaptation, delving into the Rabat-Salé case study. A traditional courtyard model is used as a case study to analyze the indoor thermal comfort without using mechanical heating and cooling systems. The thermal behavior of the rooms surrounding the courtyard is analyzed under a temperate and humid climate of Rabat-Salé medina. The simulation modelling is carried out to analyze the effectiveness of different parameters to improve the indoor climate during summer and winter, including the façade orientation, the air infiltration, the surroundings, the ceiling height, the walls and roof/ceiling insulation and the shading devices. Tools for climatic design, Mahoney’s tables, Givoni and Szokolay bio climatic diagrams have been also used to improve design strategies in terms of thermal comfort.

The ideological effect in the in Interior space structure

Design system often generated relationship within the frame work of their concept of interior design a system or more can be created between design relationships within this concept in the structure of its internal space product. Through the division of all to it parts to reveal the hidden places and stages of composition and their relationship and interdependence between them. And then re- composition of all its parts, doth in the deign process at the initial stages or in the processes of treatments that are necessary after the completion of design and circulation. To be able to use other events close to the first events designed for them. In terms of idea logical in fluency and its social, economic, cultural and political dimension. As well as the surrounding environmental environment, which imposes a system of distribution of these spaces and their shape and size and then determine the pieces of pieces of furniture to the smallest detail. And the extent of the impact of these molecules in the college and absorption of the latter and the type of those particles which makes it adapted to the variables of development and regeneration within the limits of its structure according to time and place variables. Therefore, the researcher chose to select title of his research which is marked by ((the ideological effect in the in Interior space structure)). It is interested in studying the structure of the central courtyard in the old Damascus – Arab house. Which is witnessing today a shift in its functional structure by tourism investment in the city. Accordingly the study focused on four chapters, the first chapter dealt with the method logical frame work in presenting the problem which included know ledge of the ideological impact and its role in the functional. Transformation of the inner courtyard ,and its role in preserving its original heritage from the die appearing with the help of structure system of designs , and its importance and objectives and limits and then define the terms used in the research and definition. The second chapter included the theoretical framework dealing with the structure and relations in the concept of internal and relations in the particle of the college space from the particles of the roots of the review of the historical roots of the references of the central system which is characterized by the internal courtyard as well as the ideological impact in the transformation and carrier of the. old Damascus house for other events. In this chapter a set of indicators was adopted which was adopted in the analysis process for the field research procedures. The third chapter included the research procedures in terms of methodology. The descriptive approach was adopted in the case study for the analysis of the sample and the research society represented by the old Damascus houses and its intentional sample . The three axes then describe the sample and analysis it.

Microclimatic Performance of Courtyards in Residential Buildings in Kafanchan-Nigeria

Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the courtyard microclimate to the building and the need for a comparative study on their typology in other to ascertain the best alternative. Also emphasizing that the architect choice of the courtyard typology to be adopted in his architectural design schemes should be based on performance rather than his mere intuitive choice. Therefore, an investigational study of two different courtyard forms with the same perimeter, and material finished -the fully enclosed internal central courtyard and the semi-enclosed courtyard has been carried out in two existing residential buildings, in the city of Kafanchan-Nigeria. The main purpose of the study is to compare their climatic performances in other to ascertain the best option. The study employed the experimental methodology. Three Hobo Weather Data Loggers (HWDL) were used to collect data in the courtyards, and the third one was positioned in the outdoor area as a benchmark. Only two climatic variables, namely air temperature, and relative humidity were examined as these variables have not been investigated in a single research on the courtyard in Nigeria. The results showed a definite difference in the microclimatic conditions of the two courtyards. The fully enclosed internal courtyard is seen to have a better air temperature difference of 1oc to 3oc at the time intervals, and the relative humidity difference of 1% to 6%. In conclusion, the fully enclosed internal courtyard has demonstrated a more favorable microclimatic performance than the semi-enclosed, and future simulation studies towards its optimization are recommended.

Performance of electricity usage at residential college buildings in the University of Malaya campus

A critical analysis of characteristic and building design was done through scaled drawing and observation from a site visit of twelve residential college buildings in the University of Malaya campus. The elements of passive mode were implemented as matrixes or criteria for the recent practice of bioclimatic design strategies. The performance of electricity usage was audited based on the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) in kWh/m2/year unit of each residential college building for the duration of nine years. As a result, the average electricity usage varied from 24 to 120kWh/m2/year. The residential colleges that have appropriate practices of passive mode particularly internal courtyard and balconies that encourage daylighting and natural ventilation were found to achieve a desired efficient use of electricity, in the range of 24 to 34kWh/m2/year.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OTTOMAN TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN THE LIBYAN OLD CITY OF GHADAMES: CASE STUDY OF DA BABANEI HOUSE

Ghadames, lies in an oasis, is located at the most western Libyan populated city near the bounders with Tunisia and Algeria. Now it is known as the city of Ghadames, of which the old walled city represents a unique example of the covered pre-Sahran cities in the world. This paper aims to study the ottoman domestic architecture in Ghadames in the light of author’s visit in 2014, with special focus on the house of DA BABANI, or Hadji Abdul Salam Shemila house (the current owner), as a case study. It is dates back before the 12th A.H./18th century C.E. The exterior of the houses of Ghadames is simple and non-adorned while few of them have small and high windows. Foundations and walls, upmost one meter high, are constructed of sandstone, while the rest of the walls are of mud bricks. Palm wood is used extensively in Ghadames houses for both construction and decoration. Ghadames houses are characterized by a vertical division of functions: the ground floor (or level), used to store supplies; then the main floor for the family, and, at the top, there is an open-air terrace comprising the cooking-place (kitchen). Ghadames house includes, from the architectural spaces point of view, stores, main reception hall, living places, a kebba (a small room with a specific use, only on two occasions, by the lady of the house), a toilet, a kitchen and passageways and stairways as well. The most characteristic features of the traditional Ghadames house that there is no an open-air internal courtyard; which gives the houses of Ghadames those main features comprising the vertical division. Also there is a unique use of the open-air terraces, at the top of the houses, which reserved for the women, and used as a network of passageways connecting all the houses of the old walled city of Ghadames. Also, the form and content of the decoration characterize the Ghadames house. Furthermore, this paper discusses the influences of the Sharia (Islamic rules or Fiqh) on the design of the Ghadames house, and illustrates the precise features of the pre-Sahran traditional domestic architecture of Ghadames in the light of its comparison with more alike settlements clarifying the similarities and differences as well.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OTTOMAN TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN THE LIBYAN OLD CITY OF GHADAMES: CASE STUDY OF DA BABANEI HOUSE

Ghadames, lies in an oasis, is located at the most western Libyan populated city near the bounders with Tunisia and Algeria. Now it is known as the city of Ghadames, of which the old walled city represents a unique example of the covered pre-Sahran cities in the world. This paper aims to study the ottoman domestic architecture in Ghadames in the light of author’s visit in 2014, with special focus on the house of DA BABANI, or Hadji Abdul Salam Shemila house (the current owner), as a case study. It is dates back before the 12th A.H./18th century C.E. The exterior of the houses of Ghadames is simple and non-adorned while few of them have small and high windows. Foundations and walls, upmost one meter high, are constructed of sandstone, while the rest of the walls are of mud bricks. Palm wood is used extensively in Ghadames houses for both construction and decoration. Ghadames houses are characterized by a vertical division of functions: the ground floor (or level), used to store supplies; then the main floor for the family, and, at the top, there is an open-air terrace comprising the cooking-place (kitchen). Ghadames house includes, from the architectural spaces point of view, stores, main reception hall, living places, a kebba (a small room with a specific use, only on two occasions, by the lady of the house), a toilet, a kitchen and passageways and stairways as well. The most characteristic features of the traditional Ghadames house that there is no an open-air internal courtyard; which gives the houses of Ghadames those main features comprising the vertical division. Also there is a unique use of the open-air terraces, at the top of the houses, which reserved for the women, and used as a network of passageways connecting all the houses of the old walled city of Ghadames. Also, the form and content of the decoration characterize the Ghadames house. Furthermore, this paper discusses the influences of the Sharia (Islamic rules or Fiqh) on the design of the Ghadames house, and illustrates the precise features of the pre-Sahran traditional domestic architecture of Ghadames in the light of its comparison with more alike settlements clarifying the similarities and differences as well.

Thermal functions of internal courtyards in traditional Chinese shophouses in the hot-humid climate of Malaysia

The main purpose of this study was to identify the thermal functions of internal courtyards in traditional Chinese shophouses (CSHs) located in the hot-humid climate of Malaysia with the aim of providing useful passive cooling strategies for modern urban houses. The CSHs are deep-plan brick row houses that are located in relatively dense urban areas. First, this paper empirically analyses the effects of courtyard forms on their indoor thermal environments based on the results of field experiments conducted in 16 CSHs in the city of Malacca in 2011 and 2014. Second, this paper investigates the detailed thermal environments of the selected two traditional CSHs with different courtyard types to discuss the thermal functions of courtyards. It was determined that air temperatures in internal courtyards can be explained using the sky view factor, the height of the courtyard and the difference in the heights of the building and walls that form the courtyard. The courtyard forms that characterized their thermal environments were classified into five types and the different types of courtyards performed different functions with respect to improving the indoor thermal comfort in the CSHs. It was suggested that closed, cross ventilated courtyards be embedded to achieve indoor thermal comfort and avoid excessive humidity in hot-humid climates. Meanwhile, it was also recommended that a staggered form courtyard with V-shaped roofs should be designed as a nocturnal cooling source.

PREFERENCES OF STUDENT RESIDENTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY WITH THE CONCEPT OF BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

A satisfaction and perception survey was carried out at a residential college building in Kuala Lumpur. It was acknowledged as an energy efficient building due to the most considerate implementation of bioclimatic design concept. Currently, there is no specific preference studies were done in this type of building in the equatorial climate region. 266 respondents were received, relying on 95% confidence level and ±5% margin of error from the overall population. The satisfaction and perception levels of residents are found to be positive with the concept of bioclimatic design. A majority of them are at a comfort level in all performance indicators including the internal courtyard, thermal comfort and indoor air quality, day lighting and landscape features, which contributed to the increased work productivity. Indirectly, it shows that the bioclimatic design concept at an old residential building is still appropriate to meet the needs of contemporary life while increasing the efficiency of electricity usage. Nevertheless, the positions of the rooms should be highly considered in implementing the improvement measures for increasing the comfort level of the room when this aspect, rather than the gender aspect, considerably influences the satisfaction and perception levels of respondents.

PREFERENCES OF STUDENT RESIDENTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY WITH THE CONCEPT OF BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

A satisfaction and perception survey was carried out at a residential college building in Kuala Lumpur. It was acknowledged as an energy efficient building due to the most considerate implementation of bioclimatic design concept. Currently, there is no specific preference studies were done in this type of building in the equatorial climate region. 266 respondents were received, relying on 95% confidence level and ±5% margin of error from the overall population. The satisfaction and perception levels of residents are found to be positive with the concept of bioclimatic design. A majority of them are at a comfort level in all performance indicators including the internal courtyard, thermal comfort and indoor air quality, day lighting and landscape features, which contributed to the increased work productivity. Indirectly, it shows that the bioclimatic design concept at an old residential building is still appropriate to meet the needs of contemporary life while increasing the efficiency of electricity usage. Nevertheless, the positions of the rooms should be highly considered in implementing the improvement measures for increasing the comfort level of the room when this aspect, rather than the gender aspect, considerably influences the satisfaction and perception levels of respondents.

FROM ”SAPIENZA” TO “SAPIENZA, STATE ARCHIVES IN ROME”. A LOOPING EFFECT BRINGING BACK TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE COMUNICATION AND CULTURE BY INNOVATIVE AND LOW COST 3D SURVEYING, IMAGING SYSTEMS AND GIS APPLICATIONS

Abstract. High Quality survey models, realized by multiple Low Cost methods and technologies, as a container to sharing Cultural and Archival Heritage, this is the aim guiding our research, here described in its primary applications. The SAPIENZA building, a XVI century masterpiece that represented the first unified headquarters of University in Rome, plays since year 1936, when the University moved to its newly edified campus, the role of the main venue for the State Archives. By the collaboration of a group of students of the Architecture Faculty, some integrated survey methods were applied on the monument with success. The beginning was the topographic survey, creating a reference on ground and along the monument for the upcoming applications, a GNNS RTK survey followed georeferencing points on the internal courtyard. Dense stereo matching photogrammetry is nowadays an accepted method for generating 3D survey models, accurate and scalable; it often substitutes 3D laser scanning for its low cost, so that it became our choice. Some 360° shots were planned for creating panoramic views of the double portico from the courtyard, plus additional single shots of some lateral spans and of pillars facing the court, as a single operation with a double finality: to create linked panotours with hotspots to web-linked databases, and 3D textured and georeferenced surface models, allowing to study the harmonic proportions of the classical architectural order. The use of free web Gis platforms, to load the work in Google Earth and the realization of low cost 3D prototypes of some representative parts, has been even performed.

Resident’s acceptance of internal courtyard buildings

The internal courtyard of the residential building creates a micro-environment that provides a comfortable indoor environment. The acceptance of the courtyard by residents is disreputable even though its benefits have been scientifically proven. A survey using a set of questionnaire was carried out at two residential colleges to gauge the acceptance level of residents towards an existing internal courtyard. Results show that the majority of respondents of both residential colleges have given positive feedbacks, which include the perception on building and landscape designs in general, the quality of the landscape setting at the internal courtyard, the frequency of the time spent at the internal courtyard in a day, and the influence of the landscape setting at the internal courtyard on the quality of life. These feedbacks are not influenced by the gender aspect holistically. Indirectly, it indicates that the internal courtyard is positively relevant to be applied to the building design, particularly low-rise residential buildings.

The Dynamics of Daylighting at a Residential College Building with the Internal Courtyard Arrangement

Dayasari residential college building was designed with the internal courtyard that allows for numerous implementations of bioclimatic design strategies, especially on daylighting. The field measurement was conducted at eight unoccupied student rooms, selected as samples to represent ten scenarios and orientations that concerned with the level of radiation and penetration of sunlight. This study reveals the contribution of the internal courtyard in the residential college which allows the daylight penetration at the corridor areas and interior of the rooms through the transom over the entrance door, up to ten hours daily. Different amounts of daylight were measured in specific room scenarios to suggest on the most comfortable indoor living space. The recorded mean value for indoor varied from 37 to 286 lux, while in the corridor area 192 to 3,848 lux. However, the use of the large overhangs over the windows, wall openings in the room and trees with large canopy in the landscape setting should critically justify when the adequacy of daylight was drastically reduced in certain rooms.

Influence of Internal Courtyards on the Energy Load and Hours of Illuminance in Row Houses in Toronto

Natural daylight is desirable in locations where winter days are short. With narrow front and long depth, interiors of row houses tend to be dark, as natural light cannot penetrate to the central portion of the house. This study examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of internal courtyards in houses in the cold climate and the implications of such design on the energy performance and natural light, while creating better space quality and adding to occupants’ delight, health and wellbeing. Focused in a Toronto setting, the main goals of this research project are to understand variables that affect the energy performance of row houses with internal courtyards, the influence of an internal courtyard in the hours of illuminance and to develop performance and design information applied for new construction and retrofits of existing row houses. The simulations showed that the window to wall ratio doesn’t have major influence on the hours of daylight inside the house. The main results also show significant improvement of the hours of illuminance in the interior, with higher increases in the shorter days of the year when light is more needed.

The Internal Courtyard's Daylighting For The Environmental Architecture Of MASJID In Cairo

The Internal Courtyard's Daylighting For The Environmental Architecture Of MASJID In Cairo

Comparative assessment of vernacular passive cooling techniques for improving indoor thermal comfort of modern terraced houses in hot–humid climate of Malaysia

The main objectives of this study were to investigate vernacular passive cooling techniques and their potential application for improving indoor thermal comfort of naturally ventilated, modern brick terraced houses in Malaysia. Field measurement was conducted in two traditional timber Malay houses and two traditional masonry Chinese shophouses to examine their indoor thermal environments. The results of the former showed that the indoor air temperatures were higher than the outdoor air temperatures by 1°C during daytime under open window conditions and 2°C at night under closed window conditions on average. The emphasis was on reducing the temperature of the outdoor air before entering the lightweight house for bodily cooling by cross ventilation. The outdoor air temperature at the Malay house sites was lower than that of the terraced house site by 1.7°C on average. The results of the latter revealed that indoor air temperatures in rooms that were adjacent to small internal courtyards were lower than the immediate outdoors by about 5°C on average at the peak period. At night, the indoor air temperatures maintained values that were similar to the outdoors. The small courtyards were effective to cool the high thermal mass structures through nocturnal ventilative and radiative cooling. When assessed using an adaptive thermal comfort equation for hot–humid climates, the periods of indoor operative temperatures exceeding the 80% comfortable upper limit in the Malay houses, Chinese shophouses, daytime ventilated and night ventilated terraced houses were 47%, 7–8%, 91% and 42%, respectively, on fair weather days. Potential passive cooling techniques for the existing terraced houses including night ventilation, roof or ceiling insulation, window and wall shading, small courtyard concept, and microclimate modification and/or urban heat island mitigation were discussed.

The Courtyard Inside and Out: a Brief History of an Architectural Ambiguity

Observing several advantages of architecture that incorporates an internal courtyard, this paper traces the history of the motif through the evidence of building archetypes and lexical and literary records. Despite the literal centrality of courtyards to so many traditions of urban construction, the motif proves quite weak in contemporary architecture. The article gives several reasons for this decline in popularity and proposes that the very words used to describe courtyards are partly to blame for the poor traction of this adorable feature. In the process of describing the many historical responses to courtyards, the article conducts a phenomenology of this remarkable 'void' in the middle of a building that has so much social presence.

A study on different natural ventilation approaches at a residential college building with the internal courtyard arrangement

Dayasari RC is an old low-rise multi residential building which was established in the year 1966 and is located in the University of Malaya (UM) campus in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. This building was designed with the internal courtyard that allows numerous implementations of bioclimatic design strategies, especially in regard of natural ventilation. Eight unoccupied student rooms were selected to represent ten different scenarios, where two from eight selected rooms had been chosen to represent two different scenarios. The scenarios are concerned with the level of radiation and penetration of sunlight that influence the values of temperature and relative humidity. Different natural ventilation approaches were introduced simultaneously in all selected rooms for four weeks. Initially, the effectiveness of different ventilation approaches is obviously influenced by the position/floor level rather than the orientation of the selected rooms. The night ventilation is the most effective approach due to the lower mean temperature and higher relative humidity values. The recorded mean temperature values were below than 30°C with the relative humidity values exceeding 70%. Other ventilation approaches namely; daytime, full-day, and no ventilation, were more than 30°C and had exceeded 32°C at certain rooms. The ranking of the effectiveness of the ventilation approaches was in the following order; night ventilation>daytime ventilation>full-day ventilation>no ventilation.

Architektura i wyposażenie kościoła i klasztoru Karmelitów bosych w Wiśniczu

Ufundowany w Wiśniczu przez Stanisława Lubomirskiego (1582–1649) kościół Chrystusa Salwatora i klasztor Karmelitów bosych był dziękczynnym votum za zwycięstwo odniesione pod Chocimiem oraz szczęśliwe zakończenie wojny polsko-tureckiej w 1621 roku. Założenie klasztorne zostało wzniesione opodal rodowego zamku Lubomirskich w Wiśniczu wg planów Macieja Trapoli w latach 1622–1635. Konsekrowany 1 lipca 1635 roku kościół klasztorny pod wezwaniem Chrystusa Salwatora otrzymał bardzo bogate wyposażenie, podobnie jak i sam klasztor. Kościół wzniesiony wg reguł zakonu karmelitańskiego był budowlą murowaną, na rzucie krzyża łacińskiego, o zwróconym na południe dwuprzęsłowym prezbiterium oraz jednonawowym, także dwuprzęsłowym korpusie, otoczonym po bokach rzędem kaplic bocznych, połączonych ze sobą wąskimi przejściami i otwartych do głównej nawy arkadami ujętymi w archiwolty, wspartymi na filarach. Wnętrze ozdobiono bogatą dekoracją stiukową, wykonaną przez Jana Chrzciciela Falconiego, skomponowaną między innymi z panopliów o motywach tureckich, co bezpośrednio nawiązywało do zwycięstwa chocimskiego. Pod ramionami transeptu urządzono rodowe mauzoleum Lubomirskich z ołtarzem Ukrzyżowania. Niestety w wyniku zawieruch dziejowych nie przetrwało ani bogate wyposażenie kościoła, ani sama świątynia, zburzona przez niemieckiego okupanta w latach 1940–1942. Przylegający do kościoła od strony południowej i zachodniej klasztor był budowlą podpiwniczoną i murowaną. Wzniesiono go w stylu wczesnobarokowym na planie regularnego czworoboku o wymiarach 61 × 62 m, z trzema dziedzińcami wewnętrznymi i wnętrzami sklepionymi kolebkowo i krzyżowo. Budynek klasztoru po kasacie zakonu przez cesarza Józefa II w 1783 roku został zamieniony na więzienie.