Internal Counter Research Articles

Assessing the Scientific Relevance of Content in Open Access Repositories

The results of monitoring 106 universities — participants of the Priority-2030 programme to determine the popularity and scientific significance of the content of domestic repositories are presented. Among them only 40 institutional repositories of universities were found, it was revealed that 20 of them are closed for a remote user. In 12 repositories, statistical information about the use of their content was found and the following indicators were searched and analyzed: number of views, downloads, citations, evaluations, mentions in social networks. It was found that domestic repositories do not use altmetrics services from commercial aggregators. Half of the repositories provide information on the number of views and downloads of internal repository counters. In six repositories, some information could be found through links to external sources where the full text of the publication is available: journal and conference websites, and scientometric databases. However, these sources, with the exception of publications in foreign periodicals, provide only internal statistics. The study of quantitative indicators of internal counters of repositories and scientometric databases gave uneven results.More complete data on the demand for some repository objects could be established on publications posted on the websites of foreign journals, since most of them use Altmetric or PlumX altmetric services that aggregate information from various sources. However, the quantitative indicators of this data show an inactive utilization of domestic publications abroad.The study reveals that altmetric metrics are poorly represented in repositories. Internal counters do not provide complete information on the demand for materials from institutional repositories, and altmetric services from commercial aggregators are hardly used. At the same time, the use of altmetric services PlumX and Altmetric provides more complete information for evaluating and adjusting the strategy of research promotion by universities.

Assessing the Scientific Relevance of Content in Open Access Repositories

The results of monitoring 106 universities — participants of the Priority-2030 programme to determine the popularity and scientific significance of the content of domestic repositories are presented. Among them only 40 institutional repositories of universities were found, it was revealed that 20 of them are closed for a remote user. In 12 repositories, statistical information about the use of their content was found and the following indicators were searched and analyzed: number of views, downloads, citations, evaluations, mentions in social networks. It was found that domestic repositories do not use altmetrics services from commercial aggregators. Half of the repositories provide information on the number of views and downloads of internal repository counters. In six repositories, some information could be found through links to external sources where the full text of the publication is available: journal and conference websites, and scientometric databases. However, these sources, with the exception of publications in foreign periodicals, provide only internal statistics. The study of quantitative indicators of internal counters of repositories and scientometric databases gave uneven results.More complete data on the demand for some repository objects could be established on publications posted on the websites of foreign journals, since most of them use Altmetric or PlumX altmetric services that aggregate information from various sources. However, the quantitative indicators of this data show an inactive utilization of domestic publications abroad.The study reveals that altmetric metrics are poorly represented in repositories. Internal counters do not provide complete information on the demand for materials from institutional repositories, and altmetric services from commercial aggregators are hardly used. At the same time, the use of altmetric services PlumX and Altmetric provides more complete information for evaluating and adjusting the strategy of research promotion by universities.

Steady-state currents of planar interdigitated electrode arrays in shallow cells

Analytical equations for the steady-state current at shallow electrochemical cells with embedded interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays were found by solving the diffusion equation in steady state using conformal transformations. These equations consider the cases where the IDE is used with an external counter electrode (four-electrode configuration) and where one of its arrays is used as internal counter electrode (three- and two-electrode configuration). Since the expressions for the current depend on Jacobian elliptic functions, we found approximations which depend only on trigonometric and hyperbolic functions which can ease the calculations at the expense of an error below 5%. Additionally, we provide expressions for steady-state voltammograms for the case of Nernstian (reversible) electrode reactions. The obtained theoretical results agree with theoretical and simulation results from the literature and with our own experiments. These results can be useful as criteria for designing electrochemical cells based on IDEs, and as benchmarks for assessing their performance, especially for polymer- or paper-based microfluidics.

Evaluation of a bioelectrochemical reductive/oxidative sequential process for chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) removal from a real contaminated groundwater

In the present study, the sequential reductive/oxidative bioelectrochemical process has been tested with real groundwater from a contaminated site in Northern Italy for chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) removal. The sequential system was developed by connecting in series two membrane-less microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) equipped with an internal graphite counter electrode. The first MEC aimed at the CAHs reductive dechlorination (RD) and was constituted of a granular graphite working electrode. In the second MEC, a mixed metal oxide working electrode stimulated the oxidative dechlorination of the low chlorinated RD's by-products through oxygen production. The sequential process allowed complete mineralization of the CAHs contained in the real groundwater. A complete reduction of the perchloroethylene into vinyl chloride (VC) was observed in the first MEC polarized at −450 mV vs SHE, while the resulting VC was oxidized with a 92 ± 2 % efficiency in the second MEC due to the HRT increment from 0.7 to 1.7 days. Biomarkers of the reductive (Dehalococcoides mccartyi 16S rRNA and reductive dehalogenase genes) and oxidative (etnE, etnC genes) dechlorination have been monitored in the two MECs along with the ecotoxicity tests. Overall, they provide information on the efficiency of the applied technology and allow to assess the potential adverse effects. According to the Tetrahymena pyriformis reproduction inhibition test and Panagrellus redivivus mortality tests, showed a significant ecotoxicity reduction with respect its initial inhibitory effect at the tested concentrations.

RASCv2: Enabling Remote Access to Side-Channels for Mission Critical and IoT Systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) and smart devices are currently being deployed in systems such as autonomous vehicles and medical monitoring devices. The introduction of IoT devices into these systems enables network connectivity for data transfer, cloud support, and more, but can also lead to malware injection. Since many IoT devices operate in remote environments, it is also difficult to protect them from physical tampering. Conventional protection approaches rely on software. However, these can be circumvented by the moving target nature of malware or through hardware attacks. Alternatively, insertion of the internal monitoring circuits into IoT chips requires a design trade-off, balancing the requirements of the monitoring circuit and the main circuit. A very promising approach to detecting anomalous behavior in the IoT and other embedded systems is side-channel analysis. To date, however, this can be performed only before deployment due to the cost and size of side-channel setups (e.g., and oscilloscopes, probes) or by internal performance counters. Here, we introduce an external monitoring printed circuit board (PCB) named RASC to provide r emote a ccess to s ide- c hannels. RASC reduces the complete side-channel analysis system into two small PCBs (2 \( \times \) 2 cm), providing the ability to monitor power and electromagnetic (EM) traces of the target device. Additionally, RASC can transmit data and/or alerts of anomalous activities detected to a remote host through Bluetooth. To demonstrate RASCs capabilities, we extract keys from encryption modules such as AES implemented on Arduino and FPGA boards. To illustrate RASC’s defensive capabilities, we also use it to perform malware detection. RASC’s success in power analysis is comparable to an oscilloscope/probe setup but is lightweight and two orders of magnitude cheaper.

Structure and ion-release mechanism of PIB-4-type ATPases.

Transition metals, such as zinc, are essential micronutrients in all organisms, but also highly toxic in excessive amounts. Heavy-metal transporting P-type (PIB) ATPases are crucial for homeostasis, conferring cellular detoxification and redistribution through transport of these ions across cellular membranes. No structural information is available for the PIB-4-ATPases, the subclass with the broadest cargo scope, and hence even their topology remains elusive. Here, we present structures and complementary functional analyses of an archetypal PIB-4-ATPase, sCoaT from Sulfitobacter sp. NAS14-1. The data disclose the architecture, devoid of classical so-called heavy-metal-binding domains (HMBDs), and provide fundamentally new insights into the mechanism and diversity of heavy-metal transporters. We reveal several novel P-type ATPase features, including a dual role in heavy-metal release and as an internal counter ion of an invariant histidine. We also establish that the turnover of PIB-ATPases is potassium independent, contrasting to many other P-type ATPases. Combined with new inhibitory compounds, our results open up for efforts in for example drug discovery, since PIB-4-ATPases function as virulence factors in many pathogens.

Development of a well-type phoswich detector for low concentration Krypton-85 measurement

The measurement of low-level Krypton-85 (85Kr) in low-volume influent samples from nuclear power station is required nowadays. We present the development of an original internal gas scintillator detector along with Low-level Automated 85Kr Analyzing System (LAKAS) for that purpose. The designed phoswich detector is consist of a thin BC404 cell in the inner side for the detection of 85Kr beta rays, and a well-type NaI(Tl) in the outer side for the reduction of background with anti-coincidence method, and a single photomultiplier tube is used for the fluorescence collecting make it very compact. Moreover, a lightweight shield and a high-speed digital pulses analyzer are constructed. The preliminary test with 85Kr gas shows that the typical Minimal Detection Activity of the detector is as low as 0.012 Bq, and the Minimal Detection Concentration of LAKAS system is about 5 Bq/m3, which indicate that the detection efficiency to 85Kr is comparable with the traditional liquid scintillation spectrometry and internal gas proportional counters.

Sequential Reductive/oxidative Bioelectrochemical Process for Groundwater Perchloroethylene Removal

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) are common groundwater contaminants, microbial communities naturally present in groundwater can reduce CAHs as perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) to ethylene through reductive dechlorination (RD) reaction while low chlorinated CAHs like cis-dichloroethylene (cis DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) can be oxidized by aerobic pathways. A combination of reductive and oxidative dechlorination results an effective strategy for the complete mineralization of CAHs. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are innovative processes which can be adopted to stimulate both reductive and oxidative dechlorination biomass through polarized electrodes. The present study describes the performances of a an oxidative bioelectrochemical reactor composed by a membrane-less microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) equipped with an internal graphite counterelectrode. In the oxidative reactor the oxygen provided by a mixed metal oxides (MMO) anode stimulated the oxidative dechlorination of the cisDCE contained in synthetic groundwater. Throughout the experimental period, both reductive and oxidative dechlorination pathways were identified due to presence of an internal counter electrode that acted as electron donor. Reductive and oxidative bioelectrochemical reactions, including anions reduction were determined and their relative contribution to the overall flowing current has been quantified in terms of oxidative and reductive coulombic efficiencies.

CYBER SECURITY AND PRIVACY INTERNAL ATTACKS MEASUREMENTS THROUGH BLOCK CHAIN

Cyber Security plays critical role in privacy and now a day’s its assumesanimportanttask in the field of data security. Security concern Block chain gives best fruitful results to overcome unauthorized access and internal counter attacks operations| we propose new technique to reduce and identify internal privacy leaks and attack to measure with efficient manner. These technique very useful to cyber internal avoid attacks with accountability way and real-time environment operations.

Droplet entrainment within the evaporator to the suitable volume-filling ratio of a vertical two-phase closed thermosyphon

The present study on vertical two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) is aimed to determine the suitable volume-filling ratio, as a function of geometries, heat flux and vapor temperature, in order to avoid the potential local dryout in the evaporator section and hence to maximize the performance. In the study, the droplet entrainment, which is caused by the internal counter flow during the nucleate boiling within the falling liquid film in the evaporator section, is introduced to improve the existing TPCT model, so a comprehensive model with considering all three heat transfer regimes in the evaporator is further established. The suggested lower and upper limits of volume-filling ratio (CFR and EFR) are then determined by utilizing the criterias for local dryout, flooding limit and boiling limit. Furthermore, the effects of geometries, heat flux and vapor temperature on the range of volume-filling ratio are analyzed in details, a simplified correlation of CFR is then proposed based on the numerical modeling results. Particularly, the predictions of the distribution of falling film thickness and onset of flooding are validated with the published experimental data and other numerical simulation results. It is also found that the droplet entrainment significantly influences the thickness and distribution of the falling film. Increasing vapor temperature and inner diameter and decreasing the evaporator length significantly enlarge the volume-filling ratio range (between CFR and EFR), operation envelope (corresponding to boiling limit and flooding limit) of TPCT. Increasing the condenser length increases the volume-filling ratio range and operation envelope to a small extent. The influence mechanisms of the optimum filling ratio by the heat flux and geometries are complicated; however, a correlation of CFR can be obtained in a good agreement with the numerical modeling results within ±30% deviation for the whole limited scope.

Standardization of krypton-85 and its calibration on HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer

In this paper, standardization of the activity concentration of gaseous beta-emitting radionuclide 85Kr is introduced. The measurement was performed at the recent-established primary standard at the National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM), which consists of a set of internal gas proportional counters of different length. Samples suitable for High Purity Germanium gamma-ray spectrometry measurement were also prepared, and efficiency calibration at an energy of Eγ = 514 keV with standardized 85Kr source in a given geometrical container is presented.

Dynamical Analysis and Model Predictive Control of an Auto-Thermal Reactor

This manuscript addresses the design of a model predictive controller for the autothermal reactor with internal counter current heat exchanger (ARICHE) modeled by the system of quasilinear hyperbol...

Moth-inspired navigation algorithm in a turbulent odor plume from a pulsating source.

Some female moths attract male moths by emitting series of pulses of pheromone filaments propagating downwind. The turbulent nature of the wind creates a complex flow environment, and causes the filaments to propagate in the form of patches with varying concentration distributions. Inspired by moth navigation capabilities, we propose a navigation strategy that enables a flier to locate an upwind pulsating odor source in a windy environment using a single threshold-based detection sensor. This optomotor anemotaxis strategy is constructed based on the physical properties of the turbulent flow carrying discrete puffs of odor and does not involve learning, memory, complex decision making or statistical methods. We suggest that in turbulent plumes from a pulsating point source, an instantaneously measurable quantity referred as a “puff crossing time”, improves the success rate as compared to the navigation strategies based on temporally regular zigzags due to intermittent contact, or an “internal counter”, that do not use this information. Using computer simulations of fliers navigating in turbulent plumes of the pulsating point source for varying flow parameters such as turbulent intensities, plume meandering and wind gusts, we obtained statistics of navigation paths towards the pheromone sources. We quantified the probability of a successful navigation as well as the flight parameters such as the time spent searching and the total flight time, with respect to different turbulent intensities, meandering or gusts. The concepts learned using this model may help to design odor-based navigation of miniature airborne autonomous vehicles.

Data Rate Assessment on L2–L3 CPU Bus and Bus between CPU and RAM in Modern CPUs

In this paper, modern CPU architecture with several different cache levels is described and current CPU performance limitations such as frequency increase bounds are discussed. As changes to the currently existing architecture are usually proposed as a way of increasing CPU performance, data rates of the internal and external CPU interfaces must be known. This information would help to assess the applicability of proposed solutions and to optimize them. This paper is aimed at obtaining real values of traffic on an L2–L3 cache interface inside a CPU and a CPU–RAM bus load, as well as showing the dependences of the total traffic on the studied interfaces on the number of active cores, CPU frequency, and test type. A measurement methodology using an Intel Performance Counter Monitor is provided and the equations used to obtain data rates from the internal CPU counters are explained. Both real-life and synthetic tests are described. The dependence of total traffic on the number of active cores and the dependence of total traffic on CPU frequency are provided as plots. The dependence of total traffic on test type is provided as a bar plot for multiple CPU frequencies.

Design and performance assessment of building counter-walls integrating Moisture Buffering “active” devices

The use of building materials with high moisture buffering capacity is a well-recognized strategy to moderate the variation of indoor moisture loads. Many researchers investigated the ability and potential of finishing materials and furniture for the reduction of the amplitudes of indoor relative humidity by characterising their Moisture Buffering Value. Nevertheless, the recent and widespread building practice, which is increasingly trying to reduce the air permeability and thermal transmittance of the envelope, is likely to even worsening indoor humidity conditions, with consequences for durability of materials and inhabitants’ comfort and health. Very performing materials are then needed to act as buffering and quickly dampen high moisture loads.This paper proposes the design of a building internal counter wall equipped with an "active" moisture buffering device. This is able to measure the indoor relative humidity and consequently increase the adsorbing capacity of a porous material through an air-flow. Experimental activities were carried out on different prototypes with the combination of granular Sepiolite with two different pore structures and nonwoven fabrics.The devices effectiveness in terms of MBV has been dynamically tested in a climate chamber according to the DTU Nordtest method. Different “activation” times against several humidity levels were set in order to assess the best solution in different scenarios.

Controller area network node reliability assessment based on observable node information

Controller area network (CAN) based fieldbus technologies have been widely used in networked manufacturing systems. As the information channel of the system, the reliability of the network is crucial to the system throughput, product quality, and work crew safety. However, due to the inaccessibility of the nodes’ internal states, direct assessment of the reliability of CAN nodes using the nodes’ internal error counters is infeasible. In this paper, a novel CAN node reliability assessment method, which uses node’s time to bus-off as the reliability measure, is proposed. The method estimates the transmit error counter (TEC) of any node in the network based on the network error log and the information provided by the observable nodes whose error counters are accessible. First, a node TEC estimation model is established based on segmented Markov chains. It considers the sparseness of the distribution of the CAN network errors. Second, by learning the differences between the model estimates and the actual values from the observable node, a Bayesian network is developed for the estimation updating mechanism of the observable nodes. Then, this estimation updating mechanism is transferred to general CAN nodes with no TEC value accessibility to update the TEC estimation. Finally, a node reliability assessment method is developed to predict the time to reach bus-off state of the nodes. Case studies are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Experimental results show that the estimates using the proposed model agree well with actual observations.

Data Rates Assessment on L2–L3 CPU Bus and Bus between CPU and RAM in Modern CPUs

In this paper, a modern CPU architecture with several different cache levels is described, and current CPU performance limitations such as silicone physical limitations or frequency increase bounds are mentioned. As usual, changes of the currently existing architecture are proposed as a way of increasing CPU performance, data rates on the internal and external CPU interfaces must be known. It would help to assess applicability of proposed solutions and allow to optimize them. This paper is aimed at getting real values of traffic on L2-L3 cache interface inside CPU and CPU-RAM bus load as well as show dependencies of total traffic on the interfaces of interest on the number of active cores, CPU frequency and test type. Measurements methodology using Intel Performance Counter Monitor by Intel is provided and equations that allow to get data rates from internal CPU counters are explained. Both real life and synthetic tests are described. Dependency of total traffic on the number of active cores and dependency of total traffic on CPU frequency are provided as plots. Dependency of total traffic on test type provided as bar plot for multiple CPU frequencies.

Flexible auto-refresh

DRAM cells require periodic refreshing to preserve data. In JEDEC DDRx devices, a refresh operation is performed via an auto-refresh command, which refreshes multiple rows in multiple banks simultaneously. The internal implementation of auto-refresh is completely opaque outside the DRAM --- all the memory controller can do is to instruct the DRAM to refresh itself --- the DRAM handles all else, in particular determining which rows in which banks are to be refreshed. This is in conflict with a large body of research on reducing the refresh overhead, in which the memory controller needs fine-grained control over which regions of the memory are refreshed. For example, prior works exploit the fact that a subset of DRAM rows can be refreshed at a slower rate than other rows due to access rate or retention period variations. However, such row-granularity approaches cannot use the standard auto-refresh command, which refreshes an entire batch of rows at once and does not permit skipping of rows. Consequently, prior schemes are forced to use explicit sequences of activate (ACT) and precharge (PRE) operations to mimic row-level refreshing. The drawback is that, compared to using JEDEC's auto-refresh mechanism, using explicit ACT and PRE commands is inefficient, both in terms of performance and power. In this paper, we show that even when skipping a high percentage of refresh operations, existing row-granurality refresh techniques are mostly ineffective due to the inherent efficiency disparity between ACT/PRE and the JEDEC auto-refresh mechanism. We propose a modification to the DRAM that extends its existing control-register access protocol to include the DRAM's internal refresh counter. We also introduce a new "dummy refresh" command that skips refresh operations and simply increments the internal counter. We show that these modifications allow a memory controller to reduce as many refreshes as in prior work, while achieving significant energy and performance advantages by using auto-refresh most of the time.

Influence of Prandtl number on the instability of natural convection flows within a square enclosure containing an embedded heated cylinder at moderate Rayleigh number

Influence of Prandtl number (0.07 ≤ Pr ≤ 7) on the buoyancy induced flow within a square domain containing an embedded heated cylinder is investigated numerically at moderate Rayleigh number (2 × 105 − 2 × 106). In general, reduction of Prandtl number thickens the thermal boundary layer, and hence, the decrease of predicted Nusselt number is observed. However, the dynamic boundary layer becomes thin and this leads to the increase of internal counter rotating vortex pairs and further to the breakdown of vortex symmetry and hence the eventual instability. In the unsteady regime, the Nusselt number oscillation frequency is as expected twice of other flow variables and increases with the reduction of Prandtl number. For the Rayleigh number investigated, the unsteady-regime is dominated by the growth of thermal boundary layer and hence the averaged Nusselt number decreases accordingly. Also, different scaling laws for the Nusselt number exist due to the change of vortex structures in the steady and unsteady regions. Rayleigh number and Boussinesq number are the proper scaling parameters in the respective steady and unsteady regions with higher and lower Prandtl numbers.

Empirical and analytical approaches for web server power modeling

Power-aware computing has emerged as a significant concern in data centers. In this work, we develop empirical models for estimating the power consumed by web servers. These models can be used by on-the-fly power-saving algorithms and are imperative for simulators that evaluate the power behavior of workloads. To apply power saving methodologies and algorithms at the data center level, we must first be able to measure or estimate the power and performance of individual servers running in the data centers. We show a novel method for developing full system web server power models that reduces non-linear relationships among performance measurements and system power and prunes model parameters. The web server power models use as parameters performance indicators read from the machine internal performance counters. We evaluate our approach on an AMD Opteron-based web server and on an Intel i7-based web sever. Our best model displays an average absolute error of 1.92 % for Intel i7 server and 1.46 % for AMD Opteron as compared to actual measurements, and 90th percentile for the absolute percent error equals to 2.66 % for Intel i7 and 2.08 % for AMD Opteron.