Internal Consistency Reliability Research Articles

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Quality of Life Index Among Hausa-Speaking People with Spinal Cord Injury in Northwest Nigeria.

Background: Quality of life (QoL) is an important outcome that is used to measure the success of healthcare interventions. Valid and reliable instruments are required to assess QoL. Hence, we conducted this study to adapt and validate the QoL Index (QLI) among Hausa-speaking people with spinal cord injury (SCI) in northwest Nigeria. Method: Using the International Society for Pharmacoeconomic and Outcome Research principles of good practice and the consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments guidelines, the QLI-SCI version was translated into Hausa language and tested for content validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability among people with SCI in northwest Nigeria. Result: The Hausa QLI (HQLI) demonstrated good content validity (CVI = 92.18%), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.855), and test-retest reliability (ICC =0.949 [95% CI, 0.916-0.969]). Conclusion: The HQLI can be deployed to assess QoL among Hausa-speaking people with SCI, thus promoting robust measurement of QoL in an SCI population.

ADAPTATION OF THE BASIC NEED SATISFACTION IN RELATIONSHIPS SCALE INTO TURKISH: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDIES

This study was carried out in order to adapt the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction İn Relationships Scale, which was developed by La Guardia et al. to measure the level of need satisfaction of individuals in their relationships into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. 187 university students in the evaluation of language validity in the translation of the scale into Turkish, and the study group consisted of 241 university students in the examination of psychometric properties. The scale was determined by construct validity confirmatory factor analysis (χ2 /sd=2.45, GFI= .97, CFI=.90, RMSEA=.065). Criterion-related validity was tested with the Job Satisfaction Scale (r=.65). The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated as .71 for the total score, .78 for the autonomy sub-dimension, .68 for the competence sub-dimension and .66 for the relatedness sub-dimension. When the findings are evaluated in general, it can be said that the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction İn Relationships Scale is a valid and reliable measure for the Turkish sample. As a result of the study, family and couple counseling and close relationships psychology have gained a valid and reliable measure that can be used in the domestic literature.

Design, validation and reliability of an instrument for measuring transmedia literacy in undergraduate communication students

Given the lack of standardized instruments to measure transmedia literacy in communication university students, a questionnaire was designed to analyze these skills. This text describes the procedure developed for the design, validation and reliability of an instrument that measures this type of literacy through three dimensions: cognitive, pragmatic and emotional. We applied the Delphi method to validate the theoretical construct and applied the questionnaire to 208 communication students from four universities in the Midwest Region of Mexico. The results indicate that the instrument showed a high internal consistency between the dimensions studied and the items that compose it; therefore, it has the reliability of internal consistency and the necessary validity to be applied when required with stable results.

Validation of the Chinese version of the 'caring ability of family caregivers of patients with cancer scale (CAFCPCS)' in family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer: A study protocol.

This study aims to translate the English version of the 'caring ability of family caregivers of patients with cancer scale (CAFCPCS)' into Chinese and validate its psychometric properties in the family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer. A methodological study. Based on the Brislin translation model, the original scale will be translated and back-translated, the Delphi expert consultation method will be adopted for cross-cultural adaptation, and the pilot will be carried out in 20-30 family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer. Then, a dual-centre prospective study will be conducted by recruiting 371-542 family caregivers of elderly patients with cancer to validate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of CAFCPCS. The scale's content validity will be evaluated using the Delphi expert inquiry method, and the face validity will be evaluated using a pre-experiment. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) will be used to assess structural validity, while internal consistency reliability and split-half reliability will be used to assess reliability. Public involvement is of great significance for this study. Participants will be used in a pre-test to give feedback on whether the contents of the clinical pilot version of CAFCPCS after expert consultation can reflect real problems and whether the sentences can be well understood. Based on their opinions, the research group will further refine the scale.

Validating the Ontario Child Health Study Emotional Behavioural Scales-Brief Version (OCHS-EBS-B) in children with chronic physical illness.

A substantial proportion of children have a physical illness; these children commonly experience physical-mental comorbidity. To assess child mental health, brief scales that can be used in clinical and research settings are needed. This study assessed the validity and reliability of parent-reported Ontario Child Health Study Emotional Behavioural Scale-Brief Version (OCHS-EBS-B) scores. Data come from a longitudinal study of children aged 2-16 years with a physical illness recruited from outpatient clinics at a pediatric hospital. Confirmatory factor analysis and McDonald's coefficient assessed the factor structure and internal consistency reliability of the OCHS-EBS-B, respectively. Point biserial correlations assessed agreement between the OCHS-EBS-B and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), a structured diagnostic interview. The Wilcoxon rank sum test compared OCHS-EBS-B scores between children with versus without physical-mental comorbidity (known-group validity). The three-factor structure of the OCHS-EBS-B was replicated in this sample of children with physical illness (χ2 = 196.23(272), p < 0.001; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; SRMR = 0.06; RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.034 [0.027, 0.044]). It had excellent internal consistency reliability (ω = 0.86-0.92) and was moderately correlated with the MINI-KID (baseline: rpb = 0.43-0.51; 6 months: rpb = 0.55-0.65). OCHS-EBS-B scores were significantly higher among children with versus without physical-mental comorbidity. Findings confirm psychometric evidence that the OCHS-EBS-B is a valid and reliable measure of mental health in children with chronic physical illness. Its brevity and robust psychometric properties make the OCHS-EBS-B a strong candidate for routine use in integrated pediatric physical and mental health services.

Development and validation of gestational diabetes mellitus health literacy scale

ObjectiveWhile there are various health literacy scales that exist, none of health literacy scale suitable for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). To address this gap, this study aimed to develop GDM health literacy scale and evaluate its psychometric properties. MethodsBased on the Delphi expert consultation, we developed the initial GDM health literacy scale. Item analysis was taken using a sample (n = 299) recruited in China to form formal scale. Additional participants (n = 395) completed survey to assess the internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity and criterion correlation validity of scale. ResultsThe scale performed well in terms of internal consistency reliability, content validity, construct validity and criterion correlation validity. Test-retest reliability indicated that the instrument was effective at measuring health literacy of GDM over time. ConclusionThe scale is a reliable and valid measure of six domains of health literacy for GDM. Practice implicationsThe scale can be used to effectively evaluate the level of health literacy of pregnant women with GDM. The information can provide targeted health support for pregnant women with GDM to improve their health literacy and self-management ability.

Anterior cruciate ligament-Return to sport after injury scale brief version after ACL reconstruction: Persian translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the short anterior cruciate ligament return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) (Persian) version's cultural adaption and validity. To assess test-retest reliability, 102 participants were filled out the short ACL-RSI(Per) scale 6 months or more after ACLR surgery. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients), construct validity (Pearson's r) and sensitivity (floor/ceiling effect) were determined. In addition, patient completed other relevant measures such as Lysholm scores, the hospital for special surgery ACL satisfaction survey (HSS ACL-SS), the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain and patient's satisfaction, the Tegner activity score (TAS), the single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) and the Cincinnati Knee Rating System (CKRS). The short ACL-RSI(Per) scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.923). Significant correlations between short ACL-RSI(Per) and other scales supported validity. There was a statistically significant connection between the short ACL-RSI(Per) and the following outcomes: HSS ACL-SS (r = 0.698, p < 0.001), VAS pain (r = 0.356, p < 0.001), CKRS (r = 0.644, p < 0.001), TAS (r = 0414, p < 0.001), Lysholm score (r = 0.467, p < 0.001) and SANE score (r = 0.536; p < 0.001). In addition to a satisfactory ceiling impact (15%), a sizeable floor effect (16.7%) was also seen. The short ACL-RSI(Per) scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing psychological readiness for return to sport after ACL reconstruction in Persian. III.

Development and validation of a health literacy scale for family caregivers of older people with chronic illness

BackgroundFamily caregivers (FCs) encounter a variety of health problems in older people with chronic illness, necessitating a certain level of health literacy to access, understand, appraise and apply health information and services. This study aimed to develop and validate a scale for measuring health literacy among FCs of older people with chronic illness.MethodsConcept mapping was first employed to develop a conceptual model of health literacy of FCs. Scale domains were derived from the conceptual model, and item generation was performed using deductive and inductive methods. Quantitative methods, including merging scale dimensions and items, expert reviews, cognitive interviews, and item reduction analysis, were used to refine the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the scale’s structure. Concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were also examined.ResultsA 20-dimension conceptual model was developed, and 60 items were generated for the scale. Expert review (content validity index > 0.85) and cognitive interview with FCs confirmed the relevance and clarity of the majority of the generated scale items. Confirmatory factor analysis with 451 FCs of older people with chronic illness supported a 5-factor structure (symptom management, daily personal care and household tasks, care coordination, communication and relationship with the care recipient, and self-care of caregivers) with 42 finalized scale items, including four levels of health literacy skills (accessing, understanding, appraising and applying health information). Concurrent validity with the European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47) was satisfactory (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale was 0.96, with subscales ranging from 0.84 to 0.91. The two-week test-retest reliability was 0.77 (p < 0.01).ConclusionThis study developed a conceptual model explaining the concept and factors of health literacy among FCs of older people with chronic illness that could provide the groundwork for future studies in developing relevant evidence-based interventions. A new Health Literacy Scale-Family Caregiver (HLS-FC) with satisfactory psychometric properties was developed in this study, which can be utilized to identify caregivers with insufficient health literacy and facilitate timely interventions by healthcare professionals.

Validation of the Arabic Linguistic Version of the Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Questionnaire.

Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs), significantly impacting women's quality of life, are often underdiscussed owing to misconceptions and limited understanding of treatment options. This study is aimed at validating an Arabic version of the Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Questionnaire (PIKQ) to assess knowledge of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and urinary incontinence (UI) among Arabic-speaking women, addressing knowledge gaps in these areas. The study obtained ethical approval and followed a two-stage process, including a pilot study for preliminary validation and a larger study involving 300 participants. The PIKQ, a self-administered tool with two scales focusing on UI and POP, was translated into Arabic with cultural and linguistic adaptations. The study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Arabic PIKQ, employing Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Spearman's rho for reliability assessments, as well as factor analysis for construct validity. The Arabic PIKQ demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.8) and test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.79) for both the UI and the POP scales. The questionnaire also showed significant construct validity. Among the 300 participants, knowledge gaps were evident, influenced by educational and professional backgrounds. Notably, 22% reported UI and 14.7% reported pelvic organ prolapse, with less than half seeking treatment. The Arabic PIKQ has been validated as a reliable tool for improving knowledge and addressing misconceptions regarding PFDs among Arabic-speaking women. The study underscores the importance of culturally sensitive educational tools in enhancing awareness and facilitating access to medical care for pelvic floor disorders.

Development and validation of a new satisfaction scale for objective structured clinical assessments (S-OSCA): A multicenter cross-sectional study

BackgroundNursing clinical competence assessment has acquired a special relevance at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in recent years. In this context, the Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (OSCA) has emerged as a valid and feasible method of assessing nursing competence. The Satisfaction with Nursing Skill Examination: Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (SINE-OSCA) scale is a valid and reliable 10-item measure that has been developed to evaluate nursing students' satisfaction with the OSCA in the Australian context. Given the importance that OSCA has gained in Spain, it is necessary to validate this tool to be used in one of the most spoken languages in the world. ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to carry out a modification of the SINE-OSCA, cross-cultural adaptation and a psychometric analysis of the new S-OSCA with Spanish nursing students. DesignA multicenter study of questionnaire development and validation was carried out in 2023 in four Spanish university nursing centers. The study was carried out in 3 phases: design, pilot implementation, and construct validation. Participants/settingThe total population of students from these centers amounted to 1350 students. The final sample consisted of 364 nursing students, selected by convenience sampling. MethodsThe process of translation and cultural adaptation of SINE-OSCA to the Spanish population was carried out following the guidelines proposed by Beaton et al. Content validation, Internal consistency and temporal reliability were evaluated. ResultsThe S-OSCA presents values in the psychometric indicators (V AIKEN, Bland-Altman diagram, and IVC Lawshe) that exceed the cut-off values established even considering the lower limit of the confidence intervals. This spanish version of the SINE-OSCA has a Cronbach's alpha value that is slightly higher than that reported for that original version (0.928 CI 95 % (0.913–0.94)). Regarding temporal reliability, the S-OSCA scale was completed in 40 nursing students at two times separated by an interval of 15 days. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) obtained was 0.974 CI 95 % (0.952–0.986). ConclusionsThe S-OSCA instrument proves to be robust enough to guarantee the quality of its results up to 15 days post-OSCA.

Конструирование и психометрические характеристики методики «Склонность к крайним взглядам»

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The need to provide preventive strategies for maintaining the stability of modern society actualizes the issue of psychodiagnostics of a person&amp;rsquo;s tendency to extreme views. At the same time, there is a shortage of questionnaires in Russian psychological science that allow obtaining information about social risk groups that differ in extreme beliefs and attitudes. To measure the propensity of a person to extreme views of a national, political and religious nature, the author&amp;rsquo;s test was designed and tested. The study involved 335 respondents aged 18 to 22 years, including 197 boys and 138 girls. Correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach&amp;rsquo;s coefficient &amp;alpha; were used. t-criterion. The results of the approbation and psychometric analysis of the questionnaire are satisfactory, its verification using mathematical and statistical procedures shows compliance with the theoretical construct, indicators of internal consistency, substantive validity and retest reliability indicate the possibility of its use to measure the propensity to extreme views. The developed questionnaire can be useful in academic research and in preventing the spread of extreme views and ideas in modern society.&lt;/p&gt;

Measuring self-compassion in people living with dementia: investigating the validity of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short form (SCS-SF)

Objectives Self-compassion may be a psychological resource for living well with dementia, but research is limited by the lack of a validated self-compassion measure for people with dementia. This study aimed to explore the SCS-SF’s psychometric properties as well as correlates of self-compassion for people with dementia. Method A total of 207 people with dementia were recruited to a cross-sectional survey involving the SCS-SF and measures of well-being, self-esteem, and depression. Data analyses (n = 193) included internal consistency reliability, correlational analyses, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), plus ANOVAs and t-tests. Results Self-compassion significantly correlated positively with well-being and self-esteem, and negatively with depression. Reliability and preliminary construct validity of the SCS-SF was supported. EFA suggested two underlying factors formed by positive and negative components of self-compassion. The negative factor explained more variance and showed stronger correlations with total self-compassion, well-being, self-esteem, and depression compared to the positive factor. Self-compassion significantly differed based on age but not gender, dementia subtype or time since diagnosis. Conclusion The SCS-SF shows potential as a valid and reliable measure of self-compassion for people with dementia, but further research is needed. The SCS-SF may measure two distinct constructs, which possibly play different roles in relation to well-being in dementia: self-compassion and self-criticism. Clinicians and researchers may wish to interpret these factors separately.

Latent structure, measurement invariance, and further validation of an Arabic version of the brief experiential avoidance questionnaire

Experiential avoidance (EA) is a key construct in psychopathology research and practice. Thus, various measures were constructed to assess it, including the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ). Nevertheless, an Arabic version of the BEAQ has yet to be available, a demand that this study was conducted to fulfill. An Arabic version (BEAQ-A) was developed and tested psychometrically using data from 599 Saudi participants who completed the measures online (Mage = 28.93, ± 8.35, 65.9 % women). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses uncovered a 14-item hierarchical structure that comprised one second-order factor and three first-order factors: Perceived Avoidance (PA; 10 items), Procrastination (Proc.; 2 items), and Repression/Denial (RD; 2 items). Utilizing further data from a second sample that completed a paper and pencil (PP) version (N=324, Mage = 22.09, ± 3.92, 56.2 % women), this structure appeared to be partially invariant across modes of administration and gender. The Proc. and R/D loaded significantly, along with psychological distress and negative affectivity items, on the same factor in an EFA, thereby undermining their discriminant validity. All subscales demonstrated good internal consistency reliability. The R/D and BEAQ-A total scores were unique predictors of psychological inflexibility and negative affect. In contrast, depressive and anxiety symptoms, positive affect, and well-being were predicted by Proc. and R/D. In general, findings supported the psychometric suitability of BEAQ-A. However, further research is warranted to replicate findings in larger samples and examine the measure's clinical utility.

Development and Validation of the Motivation for Healthy Eating Behavior Scale (MHEBS) in the Bengali-Speaking Adults

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate a scale to assess the motivation for healthy eating behavior in Bengali-speaking adults. Methodology: The study was cross-sectional in nature and was conducted online via Google Forms. A total of 220 Bengali-speaking adults participated in the study. A literature review was conducted to generate an item pool regarding motivation for healthy eating. The content validity of the items was evaluated by an expert panel from related fields. Based on their responses, the items were modified, and 15 items were assessed for face validity. The scale’s construct validity was assessed by performing an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The reliability of the scale was examined using the internal consistency reliability coefficient or Cronbach’s alpha. To establish the convergent and divergent validity of the scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) scale were used. Major Findings: The MHEBS showed good content and face validity. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was in the acceptable range with Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.820. The EFA suggested a three-factor scale structure, and the factors were “benefits of healthy eating”, “external regulation”, and “affordability”. The scale also showed acceptable convergent and divergent validity with SWLS and FCV-19S respectively. Implications: MHEBS — a 15-item 5-point Likert scale — is the first developed scale to measure the motivation for healthy eating behavior in the Bengali-speaking adult population. The scale would help identify what motivates Bengali adults to for maintaining healthy eating behavior. In addition, it would aid program planners to effectively design health promotion strategies as well as health practitioners and dietitians to counsel patients before applying dietary behavior change interventions. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1557-1564, 2024 (July)

Turkish cross-cultural adaptation of Pediatric Transition Experience Measure

Introduction and aim. The period immediately after leaving the hospital is known as the transition home, which presents a critical time for parents to take on all the responsibilities and care of a child without the support of the hospital environment. The purpose of this study is to culturally adapt the Pediatric Transition Experience Measure (P-TEM) instrument into Turkish and test its validity and reliability. Material and methods. We conducted this methodological study with parents of children who were discharged from the hospital between May 2021 and May 2022. We evaluated linguistic, content, construct, convergent validity, and internal consistency. Results. The P-TEM exhibited a two-factor structure and accounted for 65% of the overall variability. The internal consistency reliability for the transition preparation and transition support subdimensions was 0.779 and 0.793, respectively, while the total measure had a reliability of 0.831. The item-total correlations for the P-TEM ranged from 0.493 to 0.671. Parents who received the highest P-TEM scores experienced a 5.1-point improvement (95% confidence interval: 1.7 to 8.6) in their satisfaction with healthcare services, which was greater than that of parents who reported lower P-TEM scores. Conclusion. It is worth noting that the P-TEM has been validated and has high reliability in Türkiye.

Development and Validation of the Attitude Towards Surrogacy Scale in a Turkiye Sample

Bacground: Surrogacy is one of the options a lot of ethical, legal and psychological controversy. Surveying attitudes toward surrogacy plays an important role in building awareness of this phenomenon in the society. In this study authors aimed to develop and validate a scale to assess the attitudes towards surrogacy. Methods: In this study cross-sectional design was implemented. Development process of the Attitude towards Surrogacy Scale (ATSS) included items development based on literature reviews, other existing questionnaires, confrmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability analysis using internal consistence coefcients. A total of 272 people residing in Büyükçekmece and Beylikdüzü districts of Istanbul were included in the study. Firstly, conceptual structure and item pool were created for the draft scale created by the researchers. Then, the question pool was submitted to expert opinion. After the expert opinion, a pilot study was applied to the statements in the draft scale. After the test-retest reliability was performed, the data collection phase started. Participants who agreed to participate in the study were reached both face-to-face and online. Convenience sampling method was used to reach the participants. Results: IBM SPSS and IBM AMOS package programmes were used to analyse the data obtained within the scope of the study. In the data analysis, firstly, item analysis was performed for internal consistency reliability. After this stage, structural validity analysis was used. As a result of the analysis, a measurement tool consisting of 4 dimensions and 24 statements expressed as “positive impact, negative impact, legal impact and economic impact” was developed. It has been statistically determined that this measurement tool is valid and reliable. Conclusion: The results obtained show that the scale developed for the perception of surrogacy has validity and reliability. Therefore, the “scale developed for the perception of surrogacy” can be used to measure the perception of surrogacy of people in our country.

Urdu translation and cross-cultural validation of the stroke self-efficacy questionnaire

BackgroundThe Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) measures the self-confidence of the individual in functional activities after a stroke. The SSEQ is a self-report scale with 13 items that assess self-efficacy after a stroke in several functional domains.ObjectiveThe purpose was to translate the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire into Urdu Language and to find out the validity and reliability of Urdu SSEQ among stroke patients.MethodsThe cross-cultural validation study design was used. Following COSMIN guidelines, forward and backward translation protocols were adopted. After pilot testing on 10 stroke patients, the final Urdu version was drafted. A sample of 110 stroke patients was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SSEQ-U. Content and Concurrent validity were determined. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha were used to measure internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.ResultsThe final version was drafted after application on 10 stroke patients. Content validity was analyzed by a content validity index ranging from 0.87 to 1. The internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha (α > 0.80). Test-retest reliability was determined by the Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1=0.956). Concurrent validity was determined by correlations with other scales by using the Spearman correlation coefficient; moderate to strong correlations (positive and negative) were found with the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.76), Beck Depression Inventory (r=-0.54), Short Form of 12-item Scale (r = 0.68) and Fall Efficacy Scale (r = 0.82) with p < 0.05.ConclusionThe Urdu version was linguistically acceptable and accurate for stroke survivors for determining self-efficacy. It showed good content and concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Development of a new observer-rated measure to assess the real relationship in psychotherapy sessions

Objectives Real relationship (RR) refers to a genuine human relationship between client and therapist, that has been found to be positively related to treatment outcome, and to predict unique variance in outcome over and above the working alliance. However, thus far, the measurement of RR has been limited to self-report. We aimed to develop an observer-rated version of the RR measure (RR-O) to assess RR in therapy sessions. Methods We adapted items from the self-report measures to an observer rated measure, which was reviewed by RR experts. The final 24-item RR-O was rated in 540 session transcripts from 27 psychoanalytic treatments that already had existing process and outcome scores. Results The RR-O showed good internal consistency and good interrater reliability. In hierarchical EFA, items clustered into a general RR factor, and client realism, client genuineness, therapist genuineness, and therapist realism group factors. In addition, the RR-O was positively related to another RR measure and to the therapeutic alliance. Conclusion The RR-O shows initial reliability and validity as an observer-rated measure of the RR to be used in post-hoc psychotherapy research. Future research should clarify the relation between RR-O and treatment outcome.

Translating, adapting, and validating the medical student version of the patient care ownership scale for use in Japan

BackgroundPatient care ownership (PCO) among medical students is a growing area in the field of medical education. While PCO has received increasing attention, there are no instruments to assess PCO in the context of Japanese undergraduate medical education. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the PCO Scale – Medical students (PCOS-S) in the Japanese context.MethodsWe collected survey data from fifth- and sixth-grade medical students from five different universities varying in location and type. Structural validity, convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined.ResultsData from 122 respondents were analyzed. Factor analysis of the Japanese PCOS-S revealed three factors with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding the satisfactory criterion (0.70). A positive correlation was observed between the total Japanese PCOS-S scores and the global rating scores for the clinical department as a learning environment (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.61).ConclusionsWe conducted the translation of the PCOS-S into Japanese and assessed its psychometric properties. The Japanese version has good reliability and validity. This instrument has potential value in assessing the development of medical students’ PCO.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of &lt;i&gt;The Continuous Traumatic Stress Response Scale&lt;/i&gt;: Ukrainian version

Adapting and validating diagnostic tools aimed to evaluate the post-traumatic effects of war in low-income countries is essential for assessing needs and planning support programs. This paper will describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response (CTSR) Scale for war-affected Ukraine. The study includes Phase 1, Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Scale, and Phase 2, Psychometric validation of the Scale. Cross-cultural adaptation goes through four stages: forward translation, expert panel review and back translation (n=3), pretesting and cognitive interviewing mental health professionals (n=8), and final version. Psychometric validation includes exploratory (n=200) and confirmatory (n=219) factor analyses, internal consistency, construct validity and test-retest reliability. Findings from the current research indicate that the components identified through factor analyses differed from those in the original questionnaire. While all original items in the questionnaire were retained, they merged into two new factors: “Exhaustion and Rage” and “Fear and Betrayal”. The results show that the overall Cronbach’s Alpha is .858, indicating a high level of internal consistency. Significant correlations exist between the total CTSR Scale score, the subscale scores, PTSD (PCL-5), moral injury (MISS-C-SF), depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms, indicating construct validity. The findings demonstrate the test-retest reliability of the CTSR Scale and have practical implications for how it could be implemented in trauma-informed care. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest. * Corresponding author: Larysa Zasiekina, 0000-0001-8456-0774zasyekina.larisa@vnu.edu.ua