Internal Consistency Reliability Coefficients Research Articles

Pedestrians’ Urban Space Preference Scale: A Study on Reliability and Validity

ABSTRACT This study develops a valid and reliable scale for the spatial preferences of pedestrians in public spaces. The study was conducted in 2023 and includes the development of a model based on survey results. With the help of random sampling method, the research was carried out with 401 random participants who were currently walking in the urban space. The scale development process started with an initial pool of 34 items determined from the literature on the subject. The data obtained from the applied scale were subjected to total item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analyses. According to the results of the analyses, it was found that the scale consisted of 19 items and 5 factors, the variance rate explaining the whole scale was 62.8%, and the fit index values were acceptable. Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.813.

Technical Adequacy of the Data-Based Instruction Knowledge and Skills Assessment in Writing

Technical Adequacy of the Data-Based Instruction Knowledge and Skills Assessment in Writing

Translation and Adaptation of the Reinjury Anxiety Inventory, the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale, and the Athletic Injury Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Into Turkish.

Psychological difficulties can adversely affect rehabilitation outcomes and make return to sport more difficult. Identifying psychological difficulties is possible with valid and reliable measurement tools. The purpose of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the Reinjury Anxiety Inventory (RIAI), the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (SIRAS), and the Athletic Injury Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (AISEQ) into Turkish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions. Cross-sectional study. The instruments were forward- and back-translated, culturally adapted, and validated on 248 athletes and 34 physical therapists. The physical therapists of the athletes completed the SIRAS to evaluate the athletes. Statistical analysis included reliability tests (Cronbach alpha and test-retest), exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlational analysis. Floor and ceiling effects (<15%) were also assessed. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed a satisfactory model fit for the RIAI and the AISEQ, and exploratory factor analysis revealed the 1-factor structure for the SIRAS as in the original. All 3 instruments displayed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .84 to .88) and test-retest reliability (coefficients ranged from .81 to .93). Convergent validity of the instruments was supported by significant correlations between the AISEQ and both the RIAI and the SIRAS. Our results suggest that the Turkish versions of the instruments were valid, consistent, and reliable in athletes who have serious injuries. Scores on these instruments could be useful for evaluating the contributions of psychological factors to return to sport following serious injuries. Clinicians are encouraged to use RIAI-Turkish (RIAI-TR), SIRAS-Turkish (SIRAS-TR), and AISEQ-Turkish (AISEQ-TR) together to make decisions about the treatment and rehabilitation plans of injured athletes.

Uskudar Emotional Wisdom Scale (USEWS) validity and reliability studies and examining psychometric properties

Without emotions, people cannot express themselves. In our age, Wisdom Psychology has gained importance as a methodology that reveals the importance of meaning and inquiry skills. It is evident that emotions should be reconsidered from a multidimensional existential perspective. Emotional Wisdom brought about the questioning of some new skills and created the need for a new measurement tool to obtain concrete data. In this study, it was aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure emotional wisdom and to contribute to the related literature by performing its first psychometric analysis. Quantitative methodology was used in this study. The research sample consisted of 1300 volunteer participants from across Turkey. As a result of the validity and reliability studies, a 6-factor scale named Uskudar Emotional Wisdom Scale (USEWS) emerged. The internal consistency reliability coefficient Cronbach Alpha value of the scale, which explained 51.87% of the total variance, was found to be .88. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale resulted in acceptable goodness-of-fit values. In the criterion validity study, it was found to be related to the Revised Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (r=.60). In the first psychometric examinations conducted with effect analyzes, men’s emotional wisdom scores were found to be high and of medium effect (d=0.38; &gt;0.2

Development of the Tendency of Lying in Digital Environments Scale (TOLDES) and Investigation of Psychometric Properties

Lying is a multidimensional problem that occurs due to cognitive and social factors and harms the person in many ways. With the widespread use of digital technologies, lying behavior has become increasingly easier and more common. Revising existing measurement tools in the literature by incorporating digital media is a need of the digital age. This study aims to develop a valid and reliable scale to reveal individuals’ Tendency to lie in the digital environment and to examine the psychometric properties of this scale according to some variables. The sample was created with 495 participants from across Turkey. The scale named ‘Tendency of Lying in Digital Environments Scale’ (TOLDES) consists of 30 items and 5 factors (Unrealistic sharing, Romantic deception, Exaggeration, Gossip, Anonymity) and explains 69.83% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale resulted in acceptable goodness-of-fit values. Internal consistency reliability coefficient Cronbach Alpha value was found to be .95. According to Cohen’s d calculations, the use of unrealistic sharing, romantic deception, and exaggeration in the TOLDES creates a difference with a medium effect size in men. It was concluded that the TOLDES was valid and reliable and it could be used in the next studies.

Development of Flood Preparedness Behavior Scale: A Methodological Validity and Reliability Study.

Floods are the most frequent natural disasters with a significant share of their mortality. Preparedness is capable of decreasing the mortality of floods by at least 50%. This paper aims to present the psychometric properties of a scale developed to evaluate the behavior of preparedness to floods in Sudan and similar settings. In this methodological scale development study, experts assessed the content validity of the items of the developed scale. Data were collected from key persons of 413 households living in neighborhoods affected by the 2018 floods in Kassala City in Sudan. A pre-tested questionnaire of sociodemographic data and the Flood Preparedness Behavior Scale (FPBS) were distributed to the participants' houses and recollected. Construct validity of the scale was checked using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency of the scale was checked using Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Item analyses and tests of significance of the difference in the mean scores of the highest and lowest score groups were carried out to ensure discriminatory power of the scale items. Experts agreed on the scale items. Construct validity of the scale was achieved using EFA by removing 34 items and retaining 25 items that were structured in three factors, named as: measures to be done before, during, and after a flood. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct obtained by EFA. The loadings of the items on their factors in both EFA and CFA were all > 0.3 with significant associations and acceptable fit indices obtained from CFA. The three factors were found to be reliable in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all factors were > 0.7) and test-retest reliability coefficient. In item analysis, the corrected total item correlations for all the items were > 0.3, and significant differences in the means of the highest and lowest score groups indicated good item discrimination power. The developed 25 items scale is an instrument which produces valid and reliable measures of preparedness behavior for floods in Sudan and similar settings.

EXPLORING THE PSYCHO-SOCIAL DYNAMICS: EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF ASSERTIVENESS TECHNIQUE ON LOW ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

This study explored the psycho-social dynamics by examining the effect of assertiveness technique on low academic self-concept among secondary school students in the Onitsha education zone. Two research questions guided the study, and two null hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The study design was quasi-experimental, non-randomised pre-test and post-test, control group research. The population of the study was composed of 988 senior secondary school students in the Onitsha education zone, and a sample of 70 students was selected through purposive sampling. The data was collected using the Academic Self-Concept Survey (ASS) questionnaire, and the internal consistency reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.84. The questionnaires were administered through direct delivery. Mean scores were used to answer the research questions, and the null hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA). The instrument norm of 72.50 was used to make decisions when answering the research questions. The findings of the study showed that assertiveness training was effective in improving the low academic self-concepts of secondary school students. Furthermore, it was revealed that the assertiveness training technique was more effective in improving the academic self-concepts of female secondary school students. Based on the findings and implications of the study, it was suggested that counsellors and therapists should use modelling and assertiveness training techniques in counselling sessions to enhance the academic self-concepts of secondary school students. KEYWORDS: Psycho-social dynamics, assertiveness, technique, academic self-concept

ASSESSING STAFF PERCEPTIONS OF WORKPLACE SAFETY IN NURSING HOMES: ITEM SET DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING

Abstract Workplace safety is important for advancing resident safety and eliminating harm to both nursing home staff and residents. The goal of this study was to develop and test survey items to assess how the organizational culture in nursing homes supports workplace safety for staff. After conducting a literature review and background interviews with nursing home staff and workplace safety experts, we identified important areas of workplace safety culture (i.e., workplace hazards; moving/transferring/lifting residents; inappropriate resident behavior toward staff; interactions among staff; supervisor/management support for workplace safety; workplace safety reporting; and, work stress/burnout) and drafted survey items to assess each area. These draft items were administered with the AHRQ Surveys on Patient Safety Culture (SOPS) Nursing Home Survey to staff in 48 U.S. nursing homes. We conducted psychometric analysis on data from 2,468 respondents. Confirmatory factor analysis results and internal consistency and site-level reliability coefficients were acceptable for the 18 survey items grouped into 6 composite measures. All composite measures were significantly correlated (p&amp;lt; 0.05) with each other and with the overall rating on workplace safety, indicating adequate conceptual convergence among survey measures. On average, 33% of respondents reported symptoms of burnout. Higher burnout was significantly correlated with lower job satisfaction (rs=-0.42) and greater intent to leave the nursing home (rs=0.37). Nursing homes and researchers can use the Workplace Safety Supplemental Item Set to assess nursing home staff burnout and the dimensions of organizational culture that support staff safety, and to identify both strengths and areas for improvement.

An inventory of human light exposure behaviour

Light exposure is an essential driver of health and well-being, and individual behaviours during rest and activity modulate physiologically relevant aspects of light exposure. Further understanding the behaviours that influence individual photic exposure patterns may provide insight into the volitional contributions to the physiological effects of light and guide behavioural points of intervention. Here, we present a novel, self-reported and psychometrically validated inventory to capture light exposure-related behaviour, the Light Exposure Behaviour Assessment (LEBA). An expert panel prepared the initial 48-item pool spanning different light exposure-related behaviours. Responses, consisting of rating the frequency of engaging in the per-item behaviour on a five-point Likert-type scale, were collected in an online survey yielding responses from a geographically unconstrained sample (690 completed responses, 74 countries, 28 time zones). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on an initial subsample (n = 428) rendered a five-factor solution with 25 items (wearing blue light filters, spending time outdoors, using a phone and smartwatch in bed, using light before bedtime, using light in the morning and during daytime). In a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed on an independent subset of participants (n = 262), we removed two additional items to attain the best fit for the five-factor solution (CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06). The internal consistency reliability coefficient for the total instrument yielded McDonald’s Omega = 0.68. Measurement model invariance analysis between native and non-native English speakers showed our model attained the highest level of invariance (residual invariance CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05). Lastly, a short form of the LEBA (n = 18 items) was developed using Item Response Theory on the complete sample (n = 690). The psychometric properties of the LEBA indicate the usability for measuring light exposure-related behaviours. The instrument may offer a scalable solution to characterise behaviours that influence individual photic exposure patterns in remote samples. The LEBA inventory is available under the open-access CC-BY license. Instrument webpage: https://leba-instrument.org/ GitHub repository containing this manuscript: https://github.com/leba-instrument/leba-manuscript.

Business Education Skills Needed for Job Creation in the Era of Covid-19 Pandemic in Polytechnics in Rivers State

The study investigated business education skills needed for job creation in the era of Covid-19 pandemic in polytechnics in Rivers state. Two research questions were answered while three null hypotheses were tested. The study adopted an analytic descriptive research design with a population of 573 lecturers in the two polytechnics in Rivers state. The sample size of the 287 was drawn through stratified random sampling technique representing 50% of the population. Business Education Skills for Job Creation Scale (BESJCS) was used for data collection. The instrument was face validated by three experts. The internal consistency reliability coefficient of 0.89 was computed through Cronbach alpha. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The researcher found that proper inculcation of entrepreneurship skills and communications are needed for job creation. The researcher recommended that the lecturers should fully support every unit of instruction in business education with the requisite practical section in order to enhance students’ skill acquisition thereof. There should be communication practice in the areas of verbal, non-verbal, written and listening demonstration in the business education classes for job creation.

Marital System Justification Scale: Scale Development, Validity and Reliability Study

The aim of this study is to develop a measurement tool for the legitimation of marriage, which can be considered as an institution. In the study conducted to determine how legitimate and fair the institution of marriage is perceived and with what motivations marriage is legitimized, the Marriage System Legitimization Scale, İnönü Marriage Attitude Scale and Demographic Information Form were applied to the participants. A total of 326 university students, 249 females (76.4%) and 77 males (23.6%) aged between 17 and 59, participated in the study. Of the participants, 138 (42.3%) stated that they had a romantic relationship, and 188 (57.7) stated that they were not. The duration of relationship ranged from 1 to 360 months (Mean = 20.61; S = 40.20). The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale exhibited a single factor structure and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that this single factor and this structure consisting of 21 items had acceptable values. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale is .94. The factor loads of the items also vary between .60 and .79. The two-half test reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be .88, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be .90. All findings revealed that the Marriage System Justification Scale is a valid and reliable instrument to be used in the literature. Keywords: Marriage, system justification theory, marital system justification, scale development, validity, reliability

Validity and reliability of the hypoglycemia confidence scale for patients with type 1 diabetes

Background: This study aims to assess the validation and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the Hypoglycemic Confident Scale and to investigate its relationship between the Hypoglycemia Fear survey, WHO Well-Being Index, Hba1c, sociodemographic characteristics and variables.&#x0D; Methods: The survey consists of a total of 81 questions concerning the sociodemographic status, clinic status variables, and the Hypoglycemic Confidence Scale formed by 35 standard questions and 46 scale questions. &#x0D; Result: In this study, assessment of the reliability of the scale was achieved by internal consistency and test-retest methods, and the Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficients were 0.814 in the first test and 0.885 in the second test. It was observed that the responses given to the items of the Hypoglycemic Confidence Scale at two separate times were consistent with one another. The overall correlation of the scale (r = 0.927, p &lt; 0.0001) was positive and highly significant (p &lt; 0001). A significant, inverse, and moderate correlation was found between HbA1c values and Hypoglycemic Confidence Scale total scores (p &lt; 0,0001, r = -0,479). Similarly, a higher hypoglycemic confidence score was observed to be associated with higher WHO Well-Being Index score and lower hypoglycemic fear. &#x0D; Conclusion: This study shows that the Hypoglycemia Confidence Scale created by Polonsky et al. is a valid and reliable scale that can be put into use in our country.1 The Hypoglycemic Confidence Scale may be beneficial in diabetic patient follow-up and achieving treatment goals in diabetic patients.

Evaluation of cerebrovascular disease risk with carotid ultrasonography imaging in artificial intelligence framework

Carotid plaque is a biomarker of generalized atherosclerosis, and may predict ischemic stroke. Carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) measurement with ultrasonography imaging could capture the condition of carotid plaque. However, manual measurement of C-IMT is observer- dependent, resulting in observer bias and low reproducibility. In this study, we develop artificial intelligence (AI) framework that could automatically measure the C-IMT, and compared it with C-IMT measured by board of expert. This is a retrospective study done in Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia. Carotid B-mode ultrasonography images were measured by panel of expert and by AI. After annotation process on Neurabot platform, AI could detect region of interest (ROI), and would do segmentation on the area to measure C-IMT autonomously. Dependent T-test was used to evaluate validity, and Cronbach’s alpha was used to find the reliability of C-IMT measured by panel of expert and AI. There was strong correlation (r=0.874; p=0.014) on dependent t-test for C-IMT measured by AI with C-IMT measured by board of expert. The internal consistency reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha) were 0.938 and 0.909, for pretest and posttest, respectively. We also analyzed the test-retest reliability by comparing pretest and posttest score with dependent t-test, and we observed strong correlation with r=0.871 (p=0.000). AI developed on Neurabot platform are valid and reliable to measure C-IMT.

Validation of the Korean Version of Patient-Centered Care Tool: For Outpatients.

The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the patient-centered care (K-PCC) instrument for outpatients. The study was conducted due to the absence of a measurement tool specifically designed to evaluate patient-centered care for outpatients. This study is a methodological study to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Patient-Centered Care (K-PCC) to measure patient-centeredness for outpatients. As a first step for the evaluation of the tool, the content validity was verified by expert panel. Then, a total of 400 outpatients were recruited, and construct validity was verified through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) as the second step for the evaluation of the tool. The convergent and discriminant validity of the tool was verified by calculating the standardized factor loads, construct reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE), and calculating the correlation square between the factors as the third and fourth steps for the evaluation of the tool. And as a fifth step for the evaluation of the tool, criterion validity was evaluated by comparing the correlation with the patient-centeredness measurement tool for inpatients (PEx-inpatient). In estimating reliability, internal consistency reliability coefficients were calculated. The confirmatory factor analysis supported good fit for the Korean patient-centered care instrument (K-PCC), and the eight-factor structure was validated. The scale comprises 21 items across eight factors: patient preferences (4 items), physical comfort (2 items), coordination of care (2 items), continuity and transition (3 items), emotional support (2 items), access to medical care (3 items), information and education (2 items), and family and friends (3 items). The Cronbach's alphas ranging between 0.73 and 0.88. The Korean patient-centered primary care instrument is a valid and reliable scale to measure patient-centered care for outpatients in the Korean medical environment.

Adaptation of Affinity for Technology Interaction Scale to Turkish Culture and Evaluation of Measurement Invariance: ATI-T

An important dimension of human-technology interaction is whether people approach actively interacting with technological systems or avoid intense interaction with them. This dimension is also important for an individual’s ability to cope with technological changes, necessitating the need to observe and comprehend individual differences. In this study, we aimed to adapt the Affinity for Technology Interaction (ATI) scale to Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties, including measurement invariance, in the target culture. A team of English and Turkish language linguists, psychometrists, and technology education experts carried out the process. Four applications were conducted in four different respondent groups to examine intelligibility, linguistic equivalence, reliability, validity, and measurement invariance. The one-dimensional and nine-item original scale structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability coefficients were calculated as 0.90 and 0.94, respectively. We also concluded that a strict level of measurement invariance was provided in the analysis of invariance between age and gender groups. These findings demonstrated that ATI-T is a measurement tool capable of measuring affinity for technology interaction in Turkish-speaking societies.

Translation and adaptation of the family climate for road safety scale to a Spanish speaking population using confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equational modeling

The Family Climate for Road Safety Scale (FCRSS) was originally developed and validated in Israel to assess young drivers’ perception of their family values, practices, and priorities regarding safe driving. The scale consists of seven factors representing various aspects of the parent-offspring relationship relating to safe driving: Modeling, Feedback, Communication, Monitoring, Messages, Limits, and Noncommitment to Safety. The present research aimed to adapt and validate a Spanish-language version of the FCRSS in Argentina via two separate studies. Study 1 (n = 1071) examined the FCRSS factor structure and internal consistency and the associations between FCRSS factors and sex, age, and self-reported traffic crashes. Study 2 (n = 487) provide further evidence of the factor structure and internal consistency in a second sample and examined the associations between FCRSS dimensions on the one hand, and measures of attitude towards traffic safety and reckless driving style on the other. The results indicate that a seven-factor model consistent with the original FCRSS provides the best representation of the scale dimensionality in both samples. All factors yielded good internal consistency reliability coefficients, and as predicted significant differences in FCRSS scores were found between women and men. Greater parental monitoring was negatively associated with traffic crash involvement. Finally, theoretically expected associations were found between FCRSS scores and attitude towards risky driving and the risky driving style. On the whole, the two studies present convincing evidence in support of the validity and reliability of the FCRSS in Argentina.

Psychometric Properties of the Traditional Chinese Version of the Venous Leg Ulcer Quality of Life Questionnaire

Symptoms and treatment of venous leg ulcers (VLUs) adversely impact patients' quality of life (QoL). There is no QoL tool that considers the linguistic and cultural specificities of patients with VLU in Taiwan. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese version of the Venous Leg Ulcer Quality of Life Questionnaire (VLU-QoL). The processes of translation and cultural adaptation of the VLU-QoL from English to traditional Chinese included forward translation, back translation, linguistic modification, and expert review. Using a sample of 167 patients with VLU from a hospital in southern Taiwan, the psychometric properties analyzed were internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and criterion-related. The traditional Chinese version of the VLU-QoL demonstrated good overall internal consistency (Cronbach α = .95) and overall test-retest reliability coefficient (r = 0.98). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the convergent validity of the scale; results showed that the Activity, Psychology, and Symptom Distress constructs had acceptable fit and a structure similar to that of the original scale. The scale had its criterion-related validity verified using the Taiwanese version of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, demonstrating a good correlation coefficient r that ranged from -0.7 to -0.2 (P < .001). The Chinese version of the VLU-QoL is valid and reliable for assessing the QoL in patients with VLU, delivering a tool that nurses can use to deliver timely and appropriate care to improve patients' QoL.

Reliability and validity of the problematic TikTok Use Scale among the general population.

This study aims to provide a scale for measuring problematic TikTok use levels by adapting items from the Instagram Addiction Scale. The 372 participants were determined by a convenience sampling method, and data were collected through Google online forms. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed for construct validity and criterion-related validity analysis. Criterion-related validity for the Problematic TikTok Use Scale (PTTUS) was tested using correlation analysis between the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and Social Media Use Disorder Scale. EFA indicated that a three-factor structure should be formed. The first factor is the sub-dimension of obsession and consists of 4 items, the second factor is the escapism sub-dimension and consists of 6 items, and the third factor is the lack of control sub-dimension and consists of 6 items. The model fit for adapting the PTTUS into Turkish was examined with first-level CFA, χ2/sd, RMSEA, CFI, GFI, AGFI, and SRMR, the obtained values show that the three-factor structure of the scale provides acceptable fit. Reliability analyses showed that Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient ranged from 0.83 to 0.90; McDonald's Omega reliability values was 0.84 to 0.90, and test-retest correlation coefficient ranged from 0.68 to 0.73, indicating sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Based on this information, PTTUS is a measurement tool with sufficient psychometric properties that can be applied to determine individuals' levels of problematic TikTok use.

PEER SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS, AS CORRELATE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS’ SEXUAL RISKY BEHAVIOURS IN ANAMBRA STATE

Adolescence is an important developmental period when they get involved in sexual activities with their peers, which have the tendency to expose the parties involved to risky sexual behaviours. This study investigated peer sexual behaviours as a correlate of secondary school adolescents’ sexually risky behaviours in Anambra State. One research question guided the study, while one null hypothesis was formulated and tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The design for the study was correlational survey research. The sample comprised 1,200 students drawn from a population of 19,048 SS2 adolescents in public secondary schools. A standard instrument, the "Adolescent Sexual Behaviour Index," developed by Hansen, Paskett, and Carter (1999), was used for data collection. The internal consistency reliability coefficient for the instrument was 0.86. Data was collected through direct delivery of the instrument to the respondents and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The research question was answered using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients, while the null hypothesis was tested using a t-test for significant correlation. The findings of the study revealed that there is a low positive relationship between sexual behaviour and sexual risk behaviours among public secondary school students in Anambra State. The findings further revealed that the relationship existing between peer sexual behaviour and sexual risk behaviours of secondary school adolescents in Anambra State is significant. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that school management set up school health programmes that can help young people adopt lifelong sexual behaviours that support their health and well-being, including behaviours that can reduce their risk for HIV and other STDs. KEYWORDS: peer, sexual behaviours, sexual risky behaviours, adolescents, correlate

Development and Validation of the Self-management of Dementia by Family Carers (SMDFC) Scale

To develop and validate a scale, the Self-management of Dementia by Carers (SMDC). Mixed-methods were used. First, the domains of the SMDC Scale were identified through a systematic literature review and interviews with expert professionals and carers. Then the following psychometrics were performed: content and face validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. The final scale had 36-item grouped into 6 factors. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability coefficients were excellent. This scale can be used to determine carers’ ability to assist the person living with dementia to self-manage this condition in clinical practice and research.