Internal Circuit Research Articles

Functional segregation and dynamic integration of the corticotectal descending signal in rat

The superior colliculus (SC) receives inputs from various brain regions in a layer- and radial subregion-specific manner, but whether the SC exhibits subregion-specific dynamics remains unclear. To address this issue, we recorded the spiking activity of single SC neurons while photoactivating cortical areas in awake head-fixed Thy1-ChR2 rats. We classified 309 neurons that responded significantly into 8 clusters according to the response dynamics. Among them, neurons with monophasic excitatory responses (7–12 ms latency) that returned to baseline within 20 ms were commonly observed in the optic and intermediate gray layers of centromedial and centrolateral SC. In contrast, neurons with complex polyphasic responses were commonly observed in the deep layers of the anterolateral SC. Cross-correlation analysis suggested that the complex pattern could be only partly explained by an internal circuit of the deep gray layer. Our results indicate that medial to centrolateral SC neurons simply relay cortical activity, whereas neurons in the deep layers of the anterolateral SC dynamically integrate inputs from the cortex, SNr, CN, and local circuits. These findings suggest a spatial gradient in SC integration, with a division of labor between simple relay circuits and those integrating complex dynamics.

Fun with electricity: A novel ballistics gelatin model with LED tracking for ultrasound needle guidance.

Use of ultrasound (US) for procedural needle guidance can improve success rates, safety, and accuracy. Often, training is performed on task trainers, which can be prohibitively expensive. Determining undesired needle placement is difficult when the needle is poorly visualized with US. Currently available simulation phantoms cannot provide real-time feedback on the location of needle placement. The primary objective was to develop and determine feasibility of a low-cost simulation phantom with an internal circuit and LED light system to determine when a needle contacts internal structures. We also aimed to determine whether its use was associated with increased comfort level. Emergency medicine (EM) residents (PGY-1 to PGY-3) performed in-plane and out-of-plane US needle guidance using homemade phantoms. Comfort levels were assessed by pre- and post intervention survey. Outcomes were measured on Likert scale (minimum = 1, maximum = 5). The primary outcome was change in confidence markers before and after the simulation task. Secondary outcomes were survey results of comparisons of these models to prior training experiences on simulators and humans. All EM residents (30) in our program were invited to participate. Twenty participants enrolled and completed the study. In the primary outcome, median comfort with out-of-plane and in-plane guidance increased after using the model but was more pronounced for out-of-plane guidance. On a posttest survey, residents rated the models overall very similar to prior experience on simulators (median 5/5 [IQR 4.0-5.0]) and moderately similar to humans (median 3/5 [IQR 3.0-4.0]). We created a low-cost ballistic gelatin phantom with an internal electric needle guidance system. Use of the phantom for training was associated with increased learner comfort with the procedure. Learners rated the characteristics of the phantom as similar to higher-cost commercial equipment and humans.

Investigation of a newly developed shear built-in valve type MR damper with high damping: Theories and experiments

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are widely used as semi-active energy-dissipation devices in structural vibration control. Traditional MR dampers, particularly their working mode, often struggle to achieve a high damping force output and sometimes fail to meet the needs of practical engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to study MR dampers that can provide a high damping force. This study proposes an MR damper that combines a built-in shear valve with various working modes of shear extrusion. The damper generates a higher damping force by applying a current to the coils at different positions and altering its working mode. First, the ANSYS Maxwell software simulates the internal magnetic circuit of the damper to assess whether the magnetic field intensity distribution and circuit direction meet the design requirements. Analysis revealed that the internal magnetic circuit distribution was reasonable and satisfied the operating requirements of the damper. Furthermore, the mechanical models of the two working modes were derived based on the Bingham and double-viscous models. Finally, the accuracies of the mechanical models were verified experimentally. The experimental results showed that the simulation values closely matched the experimental values under all the working conditions. Therefore, the proposed mechanical models are reasonable, and can provide significant reference values for practical engineering applications.

Accurate transformer equivalent circuit for percentage differential protection simulation under DC bias

Percentage differential protection (PDP) is one of the main protections of the transformer. The traditional transformer T equivalent circuit is insufficient to simulate the uneven saturation characteristics of the core for PDP under DC bias. Therefore, the transformer π equivalent circuit with three-segment component saturation is proposed for transformer PDP circuit simulation. FEM simulation is carried out to analyze the performance of transformer. The simulation and the experiment on PDP operation and restraint currents are conducted. Compared to the experiment, the errors of operation and restraint currents are significantly reduced using the proposed circuit under DC bias. The circuit simulations of transformer internal and external faults are implemented. The electromagnetic field analysis verifies the limitation of T equivalent circuit for PDP. The proposed method can achieve better performance in both transformer internal and external fault circuit simulation than the traditional method.

Vertical field‐effect transistor using c‐axis aligned crystal indium–gallium–zinc oxide on glass substrate and prototype organic light‐emitting diode display

AbstractThis study developed a technology for a vertical field‐effect transistor (VFET) incorporating c‐axis aligned crystal oxide semiconductor on a Gen 3.5 glass substrate. VFETs, with a channel length of 0.5 μm, demonstrated stable characteristics with minimal variation, higher on‐state current compared with low‐temperature polysilicon FETs, and extremely low off‐state leakage current. A prototype 513‐ppi organic light‐emitting diode display that features a red, green, and blue stripe arrangement and includes an internal compensation circuit with a configuration of six transistors and two capacitors was fabricated by harnessing the advantageous features of VFETs. Such a display was previously unattainable with planar FETs. Thus, the developed VFET technology presents a viable pathway for achieving ultrahigh‐resolution panels on glass substrates.

Design and Multi-Objective Optimization for Improving Torque Performance of a Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor

Permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMA-SynRMs) are widely used in various industries as a relatively inexpensive and high-performance energy conversion device. The model proposed in this article relies on a magnetic pole-biased permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor with a magnetic focusing effect. Two types of models with Halbach array and magnetic focusing effect have been proposed, which increase excitation and make the internal magnetic circuit of the rotor more saturated, thereby achieving higher electromagnetic torque. Through finite element simulation analysis and verification, the motor characteristics of the basic and proposed permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor were calculated, including the air gap flux density and back electromotive force (EMF) in no-load analysis, as well as the average torque, torque ripple, and efficiency in load analysis. In addition, multi-objective optimization was also conducted on the rotor topology structure of proposed model two, using the uniform Latin hypercube sampling method to uniformly sample the data samples and the Pearson correlation coefficients to perform a sensitivity analysis on the data. The pilOPT multi-objective autonomous optimization algorithm was used to perform multi-objective autonomous optimization on parameters with high correlation, and the best-found solution based on the Pareto front was selected. Compared with proposed model two, the average torque of the optimized model increased by 18.14%, the efficiency increased by 1.05% and the torque ripple decreased by 5.22%. Finally, the anti-demagnetization performance of the optimized model’s permanent magnet was analyzed.

Impedance Characteristics of Berea Sandstone Cores in the Process of CO<sub>2</sub> Injection Displacement with Saturated Brine

As an important means of CO<sub>2</sub> geological storage leakage monitoring, resistivity monitoring technology is of great significance to the safety and stability of CCUS project. In order to study the electrical signal response rule of the evolution of CO<sub>2</sub> saturation in the reservoir, a joint core displacement experiment system of electrochemical impedance analysis and microfocus X-ray CT was designed and constructed to simulate the process of CO<sub>2</sub> displacement of brine in Berea sandstone cores under stratigraphic temperature and pressure conditions. The electrochemical impedance characteristics of the core-fluid system are analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results show that at lower temperature and pressure, it is more difficult for CO<sub>2</sub> to invade the pore space occupied by the brine in situ, resulting in drastic changes in CO<sub>2</sub> plane saturation along the displacement direction. With the increase of temperature and pressure, the CO<sub>2</sub> saturation curve becomes smoother and the migration and displacement front becomes even. The Cole equivalent circuit model is used to describe the conduction mode of AC electrical signals inside the core, and the electrochemical impedance characteristic analysis focusing on the high frequency region shows that the system impedance increases with the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> saturation, and decreases with the increase of scanning frequency. In addition, the changes of impedance characteristics in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy not only reflect the pore structure characteristics of the core, but also reveal the evolution law of CO<sub>2</sub> saturation in the porous medium. With the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> saturation, the low pore space is gradually occupied by CO<sub>2</sub>, and the residual brine connectivity of the pore space as a conductive component decreases. The decrease of the internal conductive circuit leads to the rapid increase of the impedance, which is consistent with the change of resistance and capacitance when fitting the Cole equivalent circuit model.

P‐221: All Inkjet‐Printed Inverted Electroluminescent Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diode Display Based on Metal Oxide Thin Film Transistors

A 12.4‐inch inverted cadmium‐free electroluminescent quantum dot (QD) light emitting diode (LED) display panel based on metal oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) is demonstrated. The backplane of our panel is fabricated by using multiple steps of photolithography processes, and pixel/scan driver circuits are composed by n‐type indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide TFTs. Especially, each sub‐pixel has internal compensation circuit which compensates the threshold voltage of its own driving TFT. Different from the conventional structure, since our QD LEDs have inverted structures, electroluminescent layers from the electron injection layer to the hole injection layer are constructed by sequential inkjet‐printing processes. Our inverted electroluminescent QD LED display based on metal oxide TFTs is very promising structure for premium large‐format displays for the next generation due to its superb performance and cost‐effectiveness.

Presodiation Architected Robust Surface Enables Packaging Optimal Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Presodiation has shown great promise in compensating sodium storage losses. In the absence of a mechanistic understanding of how presodiation affects the surface of an electrode material, packaging optimization is restricted. Focusing on interfaces, we illustrate the working principle of presodiation in virtue of short-circuiting internal circuits. The presodiated carbon nanotubes (PS-CNTs) provide a thin, denser, and more robust solid electrolyte interfacial layer, enabling a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), high power density, and cycling stability with the merits of uniformly distributed NaF. As a result, our assembled sodium-ion battery (SIB) full cell with PS-CNT has an ICE of 91.6% and an energy density of 226 Wh kg-1, which was superior to the pristine CNT control electrode (ICE of 42.9% and energy density of 163 Wh kg-1). The gained insights can be practically applied to directly promote the commercial uses of carbon-based materials in sodium-ion batteries.

Researching the Influence of Preload on Vibration Characteristics in the Ballistic Recorder Vibration Damping System

In this study, the vibration characteristics of a bullet-loaded recorder’s vibration damping system under various preload conditions are investigated through theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experimental verification. The findings indicate that the inclusion of a polyurethane elastomer vibration damping buffer layer between the cartridge and the recorder, along with the application of a specific preload, significantly reduces the amplitude of vibration acceleration transmitted to the recorder’s interior. This, in turn, enhances the overload resistance of the cartridge’s internal circuit. Numerical simulation results and theoretical analysis suggest that increasing the preload on the buffer material between the elastomer and the recorder reduces both the frequency ratio and damping ratio of the damping system. This reduction further decreases the amplitude of vibration transmitted to the recorder. However, excessively high preload generates substantial compressive stress within the recorder under static conditions, intensifying during the projectile’s accelerated movement. As a consequence, deformation and damage occur to the internal circuitry. Therefore, ensuring that the recorder possesses the structural strength necessary to withstand increased preload is crucial. This balancing act improves the recorder’s resistance to shock, vibration, and overload, while also preventing excessive stress-induced damage.

The potential for water recovery from urban waste water - The perspective of urban waste water treatment plant operators in Poland

Water recovery from waste water has become an essential element of the circular economy in the Baltic Sea region. However, there is little data on the possibility of using water recovered from urban waste water. A survey was conducted to learn the opinions of Poland waste water treatment plant operators. They were asked whether they recovered water for internal or external needs. Respondents indicated opportunities and barriers in this activity. The opinions of 107 operators show that work is underway on closing internal circuits in urban WWTPs. These solutions are technically relatively easy to implement and show measurable benefits (i.e., saving drinking water). However, water recovery for external purposes is rare and is at a very early stage. Despite this, the potential is significant, although many financial, organizational, technical, and mental barriers exist. The most critical challenge is the safe use of reclaimed water and the cost-effectiveness of the solutions. The survey also shows a need for education and involvement of the public.

A study on the high power microwave effects of PIN diode limiter based on deep learning algorithm.

PIN diodes, due to their simple structure and variable resistance characteristics under high-frequency high-power excitation, are often used in radar front-end as limiters to filter high power microwaves (HPM) to prevent its power from entering the internal circuit and causing damage. This paper carries out theoretical derivation and research on the HPM effects of PIN diodes, and then uses an optimized neural network algorithm to replace traditional physical modeling to calculate and predict two types of HPM limiting indicators of PIN diode limiters. We proposes a neural network model for each of the following two prediction scenarios: in the scenario of time-junction temperature curves under different HPM irradiation, the weighted mean squared error (MSE) between the predicted values from the test dataset and the simulated values is below 0.004. While in predicting PIN limiter's power limitation threshold, insertion loss, and maximum isolation under different HPM irradiation, the MSE of the test set prediction values and simulation values are all less than 0.03. The method proposed in this research, which applies an optimized neural network algorithm to replace traditional physical modeling algorithms for studying the high-power microwave effects of PIN diode limiters, significantly improves the computational and simulation speed, reduces the calculation cost, and provides a new method for studying the high-power microwave effects of PIN diode limiters.

Quantitative identification of causes of instrumental acoustic signal distortion in Global Navigation Satellite System-Acoustics Combination observations.

The Seafloor Geodetic Observation-Array (SGO-A), operated by the Japan Coast Guard, relies on the Global Navigation Satellite System-Acoustics combination (GNSS-A) technique, which integrates satellite positioning systems and undersea acoustic ranging to determine seafloor crustal deformation at the centimeter level for earthquake disaster prevention. Recently, we found distortion in the SGO-A 10-kHz carrier wave that degraded the accuracy. Carrier wave distortion can cause errors on the scale of several centimeters to twenty centimeters, which greatly impedes centimeter-level observations. This study investigated this carrier wave degradation by an underwater acoustic communication experiment conducted in 2022, using a transducer similar to that used by SGO-A. Also, we reproduced degraded waveforms through a grid search-like method for quantitatively evaluating the extent to which the interior of the equipment contributed to deterioration. Our results underscore the importance of careful consideration in signal processing, as the observed waveform degradation is not solely attributed to hardware structures but also to internal electrical circuits. The findings suggest that conventional signal identification methods may lead to errors, providing motivation for a shift towards experimental and experiential timing-based waveform identification approaches to enhance accuracy in GNSS-A systems.

Analysis of Problems in the State of Heat Supply to Residential Buildings Using Heat Pump Circuits

Currently, the energy-efficient use of heat exchangers such as heat pumps is difficult in most regions of the Russian Federation. Most of the modern heat supply problems of built-in heat pump systems can be solved by organizational and technical means. First of all, it is necessary to streamline and compare foreign and domestic experience in the processes of design, production and installation work in the construction industry. The regulatory documentation also needs to take into account the climatic specifics of the regions and, accordingly, the modern building materials used in Russia. All the indicated points will directly affect the composition of the project documentation and will affect such sections as PPR and PIC. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main problems that hinder the formation of efficient production of thermal energy by heat pumps. The article uses general theoretical methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, analogy, generalization, comparison), etc. As a result of the study, the problems of using heat pump devices on the territory of the Russian Federation are identified and formulated. These include gaps in regulatory documentation, the lack of incentive government programs, the lack of service support from most device manufacturers and the lack of a real physical and mathematical model of the software of the internal circuit of a heat pump system, on the basis of which it would be possible to predict the performance of the device within the life cycle of a construction project. The main organizational and technological solutions for the effective use of heat pump devices within the life cycle of low-rise buildings and structures are formulated.

Anatomical and Hemodynamic Characterization of Totally Artificial Hearts.

We characterize the anatomy and function of never before studied total artificial hearts (TAHs) using established methods for testing mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices. A historical review of TAHs is also presented to aid in benchmarking performance metrics. Six TAHs, ranging from spooky Halloween beating hearts to a cute colorful plush heart, were imaged, instrumented (mock flow loops) to measure their pressure, volume, and flow, and qualitatively evaluated by 3rd party cardiac surgeons for anatomical accuracy and surgical considerations. Imaging of Claw, Beating, and Frankenstein TAHs revealed internal motors, circuit boards, and speakers. Gummy TAH was ranked favorite TAH for tactile realism, while Frankenstein TAH had the most favorable audible/visual indicators, including an illuminated Jacob's Ladder. Beating TAH demonstrated superior pulsatile hemodynamic performance compared to Claw TAH (16mL vs 1.3mL stroke volume). Light Up TAH and Gummy TAH functioned only as passive compliance chambers. Cute TAH rapidly exsanguinated due to its porosity (-3.0 L/min flow). These TAHs demonstrated a wide range of anatomical accuracy, surgeon appeal, unique features, and hemodynamic performance. While Claw TAH and Beating TAH successfully generated a modicum of pulsatility, we recommend the clinical community continue to support pre-clinical development of emerging or use of clinically-approved TAHs.

Research on the high temperature calibration of the electromagnetic damping generator applied to the rotary steerable system

The Electromagnetic Damping Generator (EDG) used for petroleum exploration is faced with the problem of high local temperature during its downhole work. To avoid the damage to its internal circuit caused by high temperature, the key EDG circuit is required to be heat-resistant based on the electromagnetic induction principle and the current heating effect. First of all, the working condition with the maximum heating power was figured out after studying the heating power characteristics of EDG. Then the multi-field coupling model of the temperature field, electromagnetic field and structure of the damper, as well as its iterative analytic model were established to identify the relationship between the temperature rise of the key location of the damper part and its working time in the downhole environment and the room-temperature experimental environment, which provided data support for EDG optimization design. Finally, a EDG prototype was developed, and the test bench was set up by replacing the load with resistors to verify the accuracy of the iterative analytical model. The results showed that the temperature value calculated by the model well fit the experimental value. Therefore, the downhole operation reliability of the EDG and the safety of corresponding bench tests are guaranteed, which has certain guiding significance for EDG optimization design and its experimental study.

Development of the sociocyberphysical systems` multi-contour security methodology

The constant increase in the number of threats to the security of critical infrastructure objects, which include socio-cyberphysical systems, leads to a decrease in the quality of security services and the level of security of infrastructure elements. The object of research is the process of building a complex system of protection in socio-cyberphysical systems. The imperfection of the mechanisms for ensuring the security of critical infrastructure objects, which include socio-cyberphysical systems, the technological complexity of identifying new security threats necessitates an urgent need for a radical revision of the current approaches to its provision. So, it becomes clear that the development of a new approach to ensuring the security of information resources in socio-cyberphysical systems is needed. The article proposes a new approach to the methodological foundations of building multi-contour information protection systems with internal and external circuits on each of the platforms of socio-cyberphysical systems. This approach is based on a universal classifier of threats, which takes into account not the technical aspect of threats, but also their integration with social engineering methods, their synergy of hybridity. The sociopolitical influence on the realization of threats is taken into account, and practical mechanisms for providing basic security services based on post-quantum algorithms are also proposed. To provide basic security services in the proposed multi-contour protection system, it is proposed to use post-quantum algorithms – McEliece crypto-code constructions, which provide Perr=10-9–10-12, safe time Tsec=1025–1035 group operations. Within the framework of the proposed approach, the problem of increasing the level of information security has been formalized and further ways of solving it have been determined

Large-area, untethered, metamorphic, and omnidirectionally stretchable multiplexing self-powered triboelectric skins

Large-area metamorphic stretchable sensor networks are desirable in haptic sensing and next-generation electronics. Triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered tactile sensors in single-electrode mode constitute one of the best solutions with ideal attributes. However, their large-area multiplexing utilizations are restricted by severe misrecognition between sensing nodes and high-density internal circuits. Here, we provide an electrical signal shielding strategy delivering a large-area multiplexing self-powered untethered triboelectric electronic skin (UTE-skin) with an ultralow misrecognition rate (0.20%). An omnidirectionally stretchable carbon black-Ecoflex composite-based shielding layer is developed to effectively attenuate electrostatic interference from wirings, guaranteeing low-level noise in sensing matrices. UTE-skin operates reliably under 100% uniaxial, 100% biaxial, and 400% isotropic strains, achieving high-quality pressure imaging and multi-touch real-time visualization. Smart gloves for tactile recognition, intelligent insoles for gait analysis, and deformable human-machine interfaces are demonstrated. This work signifies a substantial breakthrough in haptic sensing, offering solutions for the previously challenging issue of large-area multiplexing sensing arrays.

On the ability of standard and brain-constrained deep neural networks to support cognitive superposition: a position paper

AbstractThe ability to coactivate (or “superpose”) multiple conceptual representations is a fundamental function that we constantly rely upon; this is crucial in complex cognitive tasks requiring multi-item working memory, such as mental arithmetic, abstract reasoning, and language comprehension. As such, an artificial system aspiring to implement any of these aspects of general intelligence should be able to support this operation. I argue here that standard, feed-forward deep neural networks (DNNs) are unable to implement this function, whereas an alternative, fully brain-constrained class of neural architectures spontaneously exhibits it. On the basis of novel simulations, this proof-of-concept article shows that deep, brain-like networks trained with biologically realistic Hebbian learning mechanisms display the spontaneous emergence of internal circuits (cell assemblies) having features that make them natural candidates for supporting superposition. Building on previous computational modelling results, I also argue that, and offer an explanation as to why, in contrast, modern DNNs trained with gradient descent are generally unable to co-activate their internal representations. While deep brain-constrained neural architectures spontaneously develop the ability to support superposition as a result of (1) neurophysiologically accurate learning and (2) cortically realistic between-area connections, backpropagation-trained DNNs appear to be unsuited to implement this basic cognitive operation, arguably necessary for abstract thinking and general intelligence. The implications of this observation are briefly discussed in the larger context of existing and future artificial intelligence systems and neuro-realistic computational models.

Multi-Fault Diagnosis of Electric Vehicle Power Battery Based on Double Fault Window Location and Fast Classification

As energy supply units, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in the electric vehicle industry. However, the safety of lithium-ion batteries remains a significant factor limiting their development. To achieve rapid fault diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries, this paper presents a comprehensive fault diagnosis process. Firstly, an interleaved voltage sensor topology structure is utilized to acquire battery voltage data. An improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise method is introduced to process data. Then, the reconstructed voltage data sequence is used to eliminate the influence of noise. A fault location is performed using dichotomy correlation coefficient and time window correlation coefficient. Afterwards, principal component analysis is used to select the principal components with high contribution rate as classification features. The gray wolf optimization algorithm is used to find the parameters of the least squares support vector machine, constructing an optimal classifier for fault classification. A fault experiment platform is established to realize the physical triggering of faults such as external short circuit, internal circuit, and connection of experimental battery packs. Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the method are verified by the results of fault localization and fault type determination.