Internal Checks Research Articles

Dynamic GPS-based LEO orbit determination with 1 cm precision using the Bernese GNSS Software

The Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) has been performing GPS-based Precise Orbit Determination (POD) for a large variety of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites since two decades. Traditionally, LEO orbits have been generated by a reduced-dynamic POD strategy using the Bernese GNSS Software, replacing an explicit modeling of non-gravitational forces by dedicated empirical orbit parametrizations. This LEO POD strategy can be advanced by two main developments: on the one hand, use is made of the GNSS Observation-Specific Bias (OSB) and clock products provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), allowing for the resolution of single-receiver GNSS carrier-phase ambiguities. On the other hand, the main focus of this article, a refined satellite non-gravitational force modeling strategy is constructed to reduce the amount of empirical parameters used to compensate for force modeling deficiencies. LEO POD is first performed for Sentinel-3, a satellite formation currently consists of two identical satellites −3A and −3B, which experience a similar in-flight environment and allow for direct POD performance comparisons. A third satellite Swarm-C, which flies at a lower altitude and has a more sophisticated surface geometry, is selected to validate the robustness of the new POD strategy. As a result, both the internal consistency checks and external orbit validations suggest superior orbit quality obtained for the three satellites for a time span of 1.5 years (7 June, 2018 to 31 December, 2019). The ambiguity resolution adds strong constraints to the orbits and the satellite non-gravitational force modeling leads to more tightly constrained (towards zero) pseudo-stochastic empirical parameters. The final orbit solutions agree with external orbit solutions and independent satellite laser ranging measurements at levels of sub-cm, indicating approximately 20% improvement w.r.t. the nominal reduced-dynamic orbit solutions. This suggests potential benefits to the space geodesy community that always pursues best-possible satellite orbits.

Modelling and predicting the spatio-temporal spread of COVID-19 in Italy

BackgroundThe Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in China at the end of 2019 and it has since spread in few months all over the World. Italy was one of the first Western countries who faced the health emergency and is one of the countries most severely affected by the pandemic. The diffusion of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy has followed a peculiar spatial pattern, however the attention of the scientific community has so far focussed almost exclusively on the prediction of the evolution of the disease over time.MethodsOfficial freely available data about the number of infected at the finest possible level of spatial areal aggregation (Italian provinces) are used to model the spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 infections at local level. An endemic-epidemic time-series mixed-effects generalized linear model for areal disease counts has been implemented to understand and predict spatio-temporal diffusion of the phenomenon.ResultsThree subcomponents characterize the fitted model. The first describes the transmission of the illness within provinces; the second accounts for the transmission between nearby provinces; the third is related to the evolution of the disease over time. At the local level, the provinces first concerned by containment measures are those that are not affected by the effects of spatial neighbours. On the other hand, the component accounting for the spatial interaction with surrounding areas is prevalent for provinces that are strongly involved by contagions. Moreover, the proposed model provides good forecasts for the number of infections at local level while controlling for delayed reporting.ConclusionsA strong evidence is found that strict control measures implemented in some provinces efficiently break contagions and limit the spread to nearby areas. While containment policies may potentially be more effective if planned considering the peculiarities of local territories, the effective and homogeneous enforcement of control measures at national level is needed to prevent the disease control being delayed or missed as a whole. This may also apply at international level where, as it is for the European Union or the United States, the internal border checks among states have largely been abolished.

Refining the Joint 3D Processing of Terrestrial and UAV Images Using Quality Measures

The paper presents an efficient photogrammetric workflow to improve the 3D reconstruction of scenes surveyed by integrating terrestrial and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images. In the last years, the integration of this kind of images has shown clear advantages for the complete and detailed 3D representation of large and complex scenarios. Nevertheless, their photogrammetric integration often raises several issues in the image orientation and dense 3D reconstruction processes. Noisy and erroneous 3D reconstructions are the typical result of inaccurate orientation results. In this work, we propose an automatic filtering procedure which works at the sparse point cloud level and takes advantage of photogrammetric quality features. The filtering step removes low-quality 3D tie points before refining the image orientation in a new adjustment and generating the final dense point cloud. Our method generalizes to many datasets, as it employs statistical analyses of quality feature distributions to identify suitable filtering thresholds. Reported results show the effectiveness and reliability of the method verified using both internal and external quality checks, as well as visual qualitative comparisons. We made the filtering tool publicly available on GitHub.

Forensic accounting and fraud detection: evidence from manufacturing industry in Nigeria

The increasing demand for forensic accounting is a certain defining feature of most businesses in the world. Forensic accounting occurs from the reason and result of fraud and technical errors invented by humans. It became relevant that forensic accounting is introduced and practiced, and forensic accountant to provide litigation support and investigative accounting. Therefore, this paper critically examined the effect of forensic accounting on fraud detection in the manufacturing industry in Nigeria. This study employed the survey design and data were collected using primary data and this was achieved via a structured questionnaire. The population of the study consists of all the employees of PZ Nigeria Limited. The target population of the study was the employees in the accounting department of PZ Nigeria Limited. Regression analysis was used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable. The study found out there is a significant effect of forensic accounting on fraud detection. The study, therefore, recommended that industry in the manufacturing industry should build a continuous improvement in the internal control system and ensure effective and efficient internal checks. Also, the company should choose a sound accounting system and effective forensic accounting practices.

Schengen: Quo Vadis?

Abstract The EU’s Schengen zone has been in crisis for over four years. This article critically reviews three scenarios on the way forward for the Schengen area that are currently circulating in the EU policy sphere. These include, first, proposals to improve the current rules on internal border checks within the Schengen Borders Code, either through reform or through better implementation practices. A second scenario relates to ideas on increasing the use of police checks in border regions as alternatives for internal border controls. A third scenario links to proposals on making access to the Schengen zone conditional on cooperation and good governance in the CEAS. It is submitted that the proposals in this third scenario are unfeasible for both political as well as legal reasons. More merit can be found in the discussions around the first two scenarios, albeit bearing in mind a number of important caveats.

Unique Approach to Quality Assurance in Viscoelastic Testing.

The Quantra QPlus System is a novel viscoelastic testing (VET) device designed for the management of coagulation function in critical care settings. The system is indicated and approved for use at the point-of-care and designed for use by nonlaboratory personnel. We describe the comprehensive set of internal QC checks implemented in the Quantra and demonstrate the system's unique capabilities made possible by its ultrasound core technology. Single- and multisite precision testing were performed following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines and included multiple days of testing, multiple instruments, multiple lots of cartridges and controls, and multiple operators. Percent CVs for total imprecision were 3.6% to 8.0% for all measured parameters. CVs for replicate imprecision ("repeatability") were 2.7% to 7.7% for all measured parameters. Replicate imprecision was the largest component of variability for most parameters. The Quantra QPlus System is a new-generation cartridge-based VET device that can operate with reduced oversight from the central laboratory while easily integrating into the Individualized Quality Control Plan framework.

Effectiveness of Evaluation Evidence to Influence Change in Primary Education Sub-sector in Uganda

A well-designed impact evaluation study in the education sector is relevant in informing decision and policymaking based on high-quality evidence generated from the research. In this paper, we provide a chronology on how we developed and implemented an impact evaluation on school facilities grant (SFG) programme designed to support Government aided primary schools in Uganda – to construct classrooms, sanitation facilities as well as teacher houses. We describe the appropriate methodology, randomization designs implemented and the target groups. Results revealed that selecting a clear intervention with identified observable and unobservable characteristics is important for the robust results. Measuring attribution on outcomes may also require a balance on internal and external validity checks and analysis. The internal validity, in addition to statistical measures also requires stakeholders’ engagement in the impact study process as a way of promoting social audits of public programmes. Finally, a well-planned and designed evaluation often leads to increased public trust in the findings and evidence uptake hence informing policy decision in management of programmes and projects.

Estimating the incidence of abortion: a comparison of five approaches in Ghana

IntroductionInduced abortion estimates are critical for reproductive health programming. In countries like Ghana where abortion is somewhat legally restricted and highly stigmatised, official records are incomplete and different approaches are...

Modelling and Predicting the Spatio-Temporal Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has been firstly detected in China at the end of 2019 and it spread in few months all over the world. Italy is the second country in the world for number of cases. In this country, the diffusion of COVID-19 has followed a peculiar spatial pattern. However, the interest of scientific community has been devoted almost exclusively to the prediction of the disease evolution over time so far. Methods: Official freely available data about the number of infected at the finest possible level of spatial areal aggregation (Italian provinces) are used to model the spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 infections at local level. Data time horizon ranges from 20 February 2020, which is the date when the first case not directly connected with China has been discovered in northern Italy, to 18 March 2020. An endemic-epidemic multivariate time-series mixed-effects generalized linear model for areal disease counts has been implemented to understand and predict spatio-temporal diffusion of the phenomenon. Previous literature has shown that these class of models provide reliable predictions of infectious diseases in time and space. Findings: Three subcomponents characterize the estimated model. The first is related to the evolution of the disease over time; the second is characterized by transmission of the illness among inhabitants of the same province; the third remarks the effects of spatial neighbourhood and try to capture the contagion effects of nearby areas. Focusing on the aggregated time-series of the daily counts in Italy, the contribution of any of the three subcomponents do not dominate on the others and our predictions are excellent for the whole country, with an error of 3 ‰ compared to the late available data. At local level, instead, interesting distinct patterns emerge. In particular, the provinces first concerned by containment measures are those that are not affected by the effects of spatial neighbours. On the other hand, for the provinces the are currently strongly affected by contagions, the component accounting for the spatial interaction with surrounding areas is prevalent. Moreover, the proposed model provides good forecasts of the number of infections at local level while controlling for delayed reporting. Interpretation: Social and demographic aspects can explain the dramatic involvement of some provinces. A strong evidence is found that strict control measures implemented in some provinces efficiently break contagions and limit the spread to nearby areas. While policies to contain the 1 spreading of the disease may potentially be more effective if planned considering the peculiarities of local territories, the effective and homogeneous enforcement of control measures at national level is imperative to prevent the disease control being delayed or missed as a whole. This may also apply at international level where, as it is for the EU or the USA, the internal border checks among states have largely been abolished. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper. No competing interests are at stake and there is no conflict of interest with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper. Ethics Approval Statement: Data is publicly available.

Applicability of Continuous Process Using Saturated and Superheated Steam for Boxed Heart Square Timber Drying

This study aims to evaluate applicability for the continuous drying process using saturated and superheated steam for large-square timber. During drying of the boxed heart square timber, changes in moisture content were examined through the slices of the surface, inner and core layers. The results showed that there was a large moisture content difference between the surface and inner layers during saturated steam drying and between the inner and core layers during superheated steam drying. However, despite the moisture content difference between the layers, no surface check occurred, and an internal check occurred only near the pith or juvenile parts of the wood. The maximum value of the drying stress of the dried larch boxed heart square timber, calculated from the elastic strain of the slice and the tangential elastic modulus of the larch, was 1.30 MPa. The tangential tensile strength of the larch was estimated at 5.21 MPa under temperature and moisture content conditions when drying stress was at a maximum. That is, in the continuous drying process, the saturated and superheated steam did not generate a check in the surface because the drying stress of the wood did not exceed the tangential tensile strength. In further studies, the superheated steam drying conditions will need to be relaxed to suppress the occurrence of internal checks. Such studies would make the continuous drying process using saturated and superheated steam available for the drying of large-square timber.

Experiences of Turkish Teachers Working Abroad

Turkish teachers seek to work abroad for a variety of reasons with a mixed degree of success. This study examined the common essence of the experiences of Turkish teachers, through 25 interviews with teachers commissioned to teach Turkish and Turkish culture to Turkish students in Germany and France. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview questions and audio recordings. The analyses used an appropriate content analysis process for a qualitative phenomenological approach. Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient showed high interrater reliability with a value of .83, and to ensure the credibility the codings have been submitted to internal and external checks. The direct quotations of the participants’ discourses were shared in the text. The results of the study showed that there was a particular driving force that directed teachers to teach abroad. This driving force embodied itself in a sense of curiosity and pride for being chosen to work abroad.

Evidence-Based Medicine Through Development of Home-Grown Databases

Evidence-Based Medicine Through Development of Home-Grown Databases

E-Fraud in Nigerian Banks: Why and How?

The advent of the internet and the adoption of e-payment platforms as a convenient means of payment have increased the extent of occurrence of e-fraud and cyber-attacks in Nigerian Banks. The study, therefore, investigated why and how e-frauds are perpetrated in the Deposits Money Banks in Nigeria by employees. The survey research design was adopted. Primary data were sourced from 120 fraud investigation officers in the Banks through the administration of structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using simple percentages. Results revealed that e-frauds were perpetrated by the employees whose employment was threatened as a result of not achieving deposit targets and using either expert or legitimate power to connive with other employees to commit e-fraud against the Banks. Furthermore, findings revealed that job losses were occasioned by disruptive technologies and economic challenges which often lead to employees’ disengagement without or little compensation created fear in the mind of employees to commit e-fraud through Phishing, Pharming, and breach of internal checks. The study recommended that unachievable deposits and sales targets should be discouraged in the Banks through our labour laws. Also, the human resources department of the Banks should institute whistleblowing policy that can assist employees to get a reprieve from a supervisor that may want to influence them using any form of power to commit e-fraud. Finally, it was recommended that e-fraud consciousness of the general users of e-payment channels and employees’ sensitization on negative consequences of employees’ e-frauds should be heightened through frequent education and continuous training.

Drying Urea Formaldehyde Resin–Modified Chinese Fir for Mining Supporting Materials

Abstract The drying characteristics of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin–impregnated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) wood were determined by the 100°C-test method and scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies to predict an optimal drying schedule. Compared with the untreated sample, the UF resin–impregnated Chinese fir wood presented a lower grade of initial checks and a faster initial drying velocity, but a higher grade of internal checks and a slower drying velocity at the later stage. The average drying velocity of the UF resin–impregnated wood was 38.9 percent lower than that of the untreated sample. The predicted drying schedule was applied to the UF resin–impregnated wood and the resulting grades of the drying characteristics were in good agreement with the required national standard values. The resulting dried UF resin–modified composite would become a potential candidate for a shallow depth rock mining supportive system with its stable mechanical performance.

Analytic Calculation of Covariance between Cosmological Parameters from Correlated Data Sets, with an Application to SPTpol.

Consistency checks of cosmological data sets are an important tool because they may suggest systematic errors or the type of modifications to ΛCDM necessary to resolve current tensions. In this work, we derive an analytic method for calculating the level of correlations between model parameters from two correlated cosmological data sets, which complements more computationally expensive simulations. This method is an extension of the Fisher analysis that assumes a Gaussian likelihood and a known data covariance matrix. We apply this method to the South Pole Telescope Polarimeter (SPTpol) temperature and polarization cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectra (TE and EE). We find weak correlations between ΛCDM parameters with a 9% correlation between the TE-only and EE-only constraints on H 0 and a 25% and 32% correlation for log(A s ) and n s respectively. The TE-EE parameter differences are consistent with zero, with a probability to exceed of 0.53. Using simulations we show that this test is independent of the consistency of the SPTpol TE and EE band powers with the best-fit ΛCDM model spectra. Despite the negative correlations between the TE and EE power spectra, the correlations between TE-only and EE-only ΛCDM parameters are positive. Ignoring correlations in the TT-TE and TE-EE comparisons biases the χ 2 low, artificially making parameters look more consistent. Therefore, we conclude that these correlations need to be accounted for when performing internal consistency checks of the TT versus TE versus EE power spectra for future CMB analyses.

On-farm performance and farmers’ participatory assessment of new stress-tolerant maize hybrids in Eastern Africa

The development and deployment of high-yielding stress tolerant maize hybrids are important components of the efforts to increase maize productivity in eastern Africa. This study was conducted to: i) evaluate selected, stress-tolerant maize hybrids under farmers’ conditions; ii) identify farmers’ selection criteria in selecting maize hybrids; and iii) have farmers evaluate the new varieties according to those criteria. Two sets of trials, one with 12 early-to-intermediate maturing and the other with 13 intermediate-to-late maturing hybrids, improved for tolerance to multiple stresses common in farmers’ fields in eastern Africa (drought, northern corn leaf blight, gray leaf spot, common rust, maize streak virus), were evaluated on-farm under smallholder farmers’ conditions in a total of 42 and 40 environments (site-year-management combinations), respectively, across Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda in 2016 and 2017. Farmer-participatory variety evaluation was conducted at 27 sites in Kenya and Rwanda, with a total of 2025 participating farmers. Differential performance of the hybrids was observed under low-yielding (<3 t ha−1) and high-yielding (>3 t ha−1) environments. The new stress-tolerant maize hybrids had a much better grain-yield performance than the best commercial checks under smallholder farmer growing environments but had a comparable grain-yield performance under optimal conditions. These hybrids also showed better grain-yield stability across the testing environments, providing an evidence for the success of the maize-breeding approach. In addition, the new stress- tolerant varieties outperformed the internal genetic checks, indicating genetic gain under farmers’ conditions. Farmers gave high importance to grain yield in both farmer-stated preferences (through scores) and farmer-revealed preferences of criteria (revealed by regressing the overall scores on the scores for the individual criteria). The top-yielding hybrids in both maturity groups also received the farmers’ highest overall scores. Farmers ranked yield, early maturity, cob size and number of cobs as the most important traits for variety preference. The criteria for the different hybrids did not differ between men and women farmers. Farmers gave priority to many different traits in addition to grain yield, but this may not be applicable across all maize-growing regions. Farmer-stated importance of the different criteria, however, were quite different from farmer- revealed importance. Further, there were significant differences between men and women in the revealed-importance of the criteria. We conclude that incorporating farmers’ selection criteria in the stage-gate advancement process of new hybrids by the breeders is useful under the changing maize-growing environments in sub-Saharan Africa, and recommended to increase the turnover of new maize hybrids.

Genomic selection for non-key traits in radiata pine when the documented pedigree is corrected using DNA marker information

BackgroundNon-key traits (NKTs) in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) refer to traits other than growth, wood density and stiffness, but still of interest to breeders. Branch-cluster frequency, stem straightness, external resin bleeding and internal checking are examples of such traits and are targeted for improvement in radiata pine research programmes. Genomic selection can be conducted before the performance of selection candidates is available so that generation intervals can be reduced. Radiata pine is a species with a long generation interval, which if reduced could significantly increase genetic gain per unit of time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and predictive ability of genomic selection and its efficiency over traditional forward selection in radiata pine for the following NKTs: branch-cluster frequency, stem straightness, internal checking, and external resin bleeding.ResultsNine hundred and eighty-eight individuals were genotyped using exome capture genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and 67,168 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used to develop genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) with genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP). The documented pedigree was corrected using a subset of 704 SNPs. The percentage of trio parentage confirmed was about 49% and about 50% of parents were re-assigned. The accuracy of GEBVs was 0.55–0.75 when using the documented pedigree and 0.61–0.80 when using the SNP-corrected pedigree. A higher percentage of additive genetic variance was explained and a higher predictive ability was observed when using the SNP-corrected pedigree than using the documented pedigree. With the documented pedigree, genomic selection was similar to traditional forward selection when assuming a generation interval of 17 years, but worse than traditional forward selection when assuming a generation interval of 14 years. After the pedigree was corrected, genomic selection led to 37–115% and 13–77% additional genetic gain over traditional forward selection when generation intervals of 17 years and 14 years were assumed, respectively.ConclusionIt was concluded that genomic selection with a pedigree corrected by SNP information was an efficient way of improving non-key traits in radiata pine breeding.

Modular Semantically Integrated System Modelling

AbstractIn current practice, we engineer systems using modular, composable components. However, when we model systems in languages such as SysML, we build a single model of the entire deliverable system (such as a radio telescope). Though the model is of course hierarchical, consisting of multiple levels of description, these are not quite independent models that can be composed modularly. For example, if we acquire a power supply off‐the‐shelf, ideally we would like the supplier to provide us a model of the power supply that can be integrated into our overall system model, reflecting the same concerns involved in integrating the power supply into our solutions. If we have distributed teams, can they create separate models that are composable? Can model integration be the early version of system integration?This paper discusses how modelling can support modular composability using roles: placeholders for other entities that the entity being modelled depends on in order to deliver its targeted behaviour. All the necessary assumptions relating to the role are captured as role profiles. Model composition then involves binding these context roles to models of actual concrete entities that fit the assumptions. Our paper presents an illustrative example of compositional modelling of a radio telescope, and discusses some of the issues involved in binding. It goes further to indicate how these system models can be linked to relevant domain knowledge frames, and also linked to observations of the system behaviour. The result is a SystemMap: modular, composable knowledge‐centric models that enable capture of all the information and knowledge relating to a system, linked by a network of semantic relationships that enable internal consistency checking, as well as model and knowledge refinement based on consistency with observed real‐world behaviours.

STUDY OF CENTRAL STORE DEPARTMENT ACTIVITIES BY PROCESS FLOW MAPPING IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Introduction: Healthcare industry is witnessing sharp rise in price in almost all its products and services. Hospital’s inventory management has become increasingly important in the recent past. Organizations process mapping is composed of activities involved in defining what an organizational entity does, who is responsible, to what standard organization process should be completed, and how the success of an organizations process can be determined.&#x0D; Aim and objectives: This study focuses on basic components of supply chain process in the central store to make it more efficient in sales, distribution and storage of drugs.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Data was collected from central stores department for two months through process mapping; Quantitative and observational/ prospective design are used to identify the main supply issues and data analysis.&#x0D; Results: The compliance was found to be 100 % in all the different processes like procurement process, internal quality checks, storage of drugs, ledger maintenance &amp; documentation and maintenance of special drugs except GRN date which was 75.45%, storage of high risk medicine amounting to 81.82%.&#x0D; Conclusion: Innovative design of supply chain has a significant impact on selection of and cooperation with excellent suppliers, improves supply chain efficiency, and encouragement of QM practices.&#x0D; Keywords: Inventory management, Supply chain, Central stores department, Drugs

Implementation of an internal check of oral oncolytics: a single-center, specialty pharmacy safety initiative

Background: Oral oncolytic therapies (OOT) for patients with cancer continue to pose unique safety challenges. Unlike infusion therapies, there are few best practice recommendations for checking OOT. A multicenter review of four oncology clinics in the United States, estimated 8.1 errors in medications per 100 clinic visit identified. 1 The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists identify administration and ordering were the most common phases of the medication-use process where errors occur. 2 Despite the high-risk nature of OOT and high error-rate in these particular phases, with pharmacist surveillance, there continues to be little consensus for oral oncolytic safety to guide specialty pharmacists (SPs). Aims: The objectives of this single-center, quality improvement study was to review the quality metrics of the implementation of an oral oncolytic check process, in the specialty and ambulatory setting as a method to enhance medication safety and improve vigilance. Methods: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. A standardized check process and documentation of capecitabine and temozolomide was implemented beginning in December 2016 for an adult oncology population. SPs have direct communication to pharmacy specialists and provider teams through the electronic medical record via Epic. Upon receipt of a new prescription, the SP reviews the prescription for: prescriber, chemotherapy regimen, indication, body surface area, dose verification, appropriate day supply/refills, laboratory values, allergy evaluation, drug interactions, and pre-medications. The SP documents this review as an intervention in Epic for every capecitabine and temozolomide prescriptions before processing. Intervention data between December 2016 and September 2018 was queried and quantified. Results: Over 22 months, a total of 1,619 intervention documents were reviewed with 551 intervention documents requiring intervention (34%). A total of 639 actionable interventions were identified. The top three categories were missing pre-medications (54.1%), missing/abnormal laboratory results (19.6%), and drug-drug interactions (13.6%). Rare interventions included dose clarification requests (3.6%), dose change requests (1.4%), and quantity supply requests (2.7%). A SP referred to a pharmacy specialist or provider outside of Epic communication in 21.2% of cases and 3.7% of cases respectively. The average time by the SP per intervention was 12.1 minutes (Range: 10-45 minutes). Conclusions: OOT is exponentially growing with unique risks associated when prescribing, with the SP being the last line of defense. Implementing an internal checking tool of oral oncolytics creates a standardized safety check and promotes active communication with oncology care teams. Addition of all OOT to incorporate mandatory documentation is ongoing.