Internal Causes Research Articles

An Analysis of the Causes of Alienation in Edward Hoppers Works

Known as a representative of the school of American Realism, Edward Hopper has made a substantial impact on American art and pop culture, including the film industry. The works of Edward Hopper are known to demonstrate a sense of alienation among subjects. His subjects usually appear with a sense of loneliness, even when they are not physically alone. This essay attempts to explore the causes behind the sense of alienation conveyed in Hoppers paintings. The study of alienation has a long history, and this analysis focuses on a more modern context. Thus, alienation will be discussed as a product of urbanization and industrialization. Alienation results from both external and internal causes; external causes emerge from the social milieu of the late 19th and 20th century, while internal causes originate from Hoppers life experiences. Additionally, this essay also analyzes the different manifestations of alienation in the works of Edward Hopper through selected works, such as Soir Bleu, Room in New York, Office in a Small City, etc.

A6Virtual reality simulation as a tool for ENT training: an autoethnographic study

Autoethnography is an emerging category of qualitative research that seeks to connect the rigorous analysis of traditional science with the undeniable influence of human experience [1]. Despite remaining under-utilized within surgical and simulation-based education research [2], autoethnography has great potential for sharing systematic, personal reflections with the wider readership, particularly with surgical trainees who rely on experiential learning as a cornerstone of their training. This study examines the use of autoethnography to investigate virtual reality (VR) temporal bone (TB) drilling simulation as a learning tool for Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) training from the perspective of a surgical novice. The primary researcher undertook 16 three-hour sessions learning to perform a virtual cortical mastoidectomy on the Voxel-Man TempoSurg (VMT) TB simulator from October 2021 to July 2022. Qualitative data including field notes and reflective journal logs were collected using a template. These data were coded using NVivo12 and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Additional quantitative data on surgical simulation performance derived from the Modified Welling Scale and Modified Stanford Assessment were plotted using Microsoft Excel and statistically analysed using simple linear regression. Six themes were ultimately yielded relating to the learning experience: (1) VMT as a surgical learning tool, (2) internal and external causes of rushing leading to inaccuracy, (3) overcoming VMT technological issues, (4) reflecting on reflection and the importance of feedback, (5) the physical impact of surgery on the operator and (6) overcoming demotivation. The author’s reflections on each theme were subsequently discussed in detail and analysed in the context of the current literature to meet the study objectives. Statistical analysis of the quantitative data demonstrated statistically significant improvements in procedural skills and ability over the 16-session period ( This study demonstrates a novel application of autoethnography showing VR TB simulation to be an effective ENT training tool for learning anatomy and technical skills when used in combination with the regimented reflection and feedback of autoethnography. We found that rushing caused by assessment-driven behaviour and hunger led to errors. These errors led to demotivation and stress, emotions frequently experienced by operating surgeons [3]. Therefore, we have also demonstrated that VR TB simulation can successfully model several human factors commonly found in operating theatres which must be self-identified and prompt seeking senior support to prevent patient harm. This evidence should provide a springboard for future autoethnographic research in the field of surgical and simulation-based literature. Authors confirm that all relevant ethical standards for research conduct and dissemination have been met. The submitting author confirms that relevant ethical approval was granted, if applicable.

Surrounding Rocks Deformation Mechanism and Roof Cutting-Grouting Joint Control Technology for Soft and Thick Coal Seam Roadway

High-efficiency maintenance and control of the deep coal roadway surrounding rock stability is a reliable guarantee for the sustainable development of a coal mine. However, it is difficult to control the stability of a roadway in soft and thick coal beds. To maintain the roadway with soft and thick coal beds under strong mining effect, the novel technology of “anchor bolt (cable) support-presplitting-grouting” is proposed. In this technique, the surface of the surrounding rock was supported by high-strength anchor bolts (cables) and metal mesh to prevent the rocks from falling off; pre-splitting roof cutting was adopted to improve the stress state of deep-part surrounding rocks, and the grouting reinforcement technology was used to reduce fractures and improve lithology. To investigate the deformation characteristics of surrounding rocks under this special condition, the equivalent load calculation model of stress distribution in roadway surrounding rocks was established, and the key area of roadway deformation and instability was defined. According to the theoretical model, the UDEC 7.0 software was employed to analyze the impacts of roof cutting depth, angle, and distance of presplitting kerf on the surrounding rock deformation. Based on the data analysis for simulation results with the Response Surface Method (RSM), the influences of single factors and multi-factor horizontal interactions on the stability of surrounding rocks and the internal causes were analyzed, and the optimal cutting parameters were ultimately defined. The in situ application of this technology shows that the fractures on the coal pillar side and the shear failure of surrounding rocks in the bed were effectively controlled, which provides a reference for roadway control under similar conditions.

A Tentative Analysis on the Forming Factors of Introversion Psychology

Introverts differ in their behavior and emotional expression from extroverts. They tend to be more solitary and deliberate, and are relatively less involved in social activities. This individual difference has been a topic of concern in psychological research. Introverts need to understand that introversion is a trait, not a flaw. Exploring the causes of introversion can help people better understand themselves, their strengths and weaknesses, and cope more effectively with their emotions and behaviors. At the same time, analyzing the psychological causes of introversion can also help people better understand others and improve their communication and interpersonal skills. All in all, this kind of research can help us better understand human individual differences and improve individual development and mental health. This paper combs the concept and development of introversion psychology, analyzes the characteristics of introversion psychology, analyzes the formation factors of introversion psychology from internal and external causes, and summarizes the advantages of introversion psychology.

STUDI ISU AKTUAL PENDIDIKAN ISLAM : PEREMPUAN DALAM LINGKARAN HIDUP MASOKISME

As a result of the modernization of social life in the vortex of human life, the term masochism emerged in women's lives. The term gives the impression that women are identical to objects and targets of violence by men. However, masochism does not encourage women to fight against men as the perpetrators. Masochism itself arises because of internal causes of women themselves and is not purely caused by men. Such as feelings of guilt and defeat, rejecting good behavior, feeling insulted, happy to suffer as long as the person they love is happy, not wanting to appear in public, depending on men, and so on. Islam with its perfect teachings provides an intelligent and educational solution for women to get out of the circle of masochism, namely by emphasizing education that teaches them an egalitarian and ideal life in accordance with human dignity.

Risk Management Case Analysis of ICBC's "Crude Oil Treasure" Incident

Driven by the marketization of interest rates and technological innovation, commercial banks in China continue to innovate various financial services businesses and devote more attention to attracting customers to purchase various investment and wealth management products in order to expand sources of bank performance and gain more benefits. In 2018, paper crude oil-linked wealth management products emerged. Paper crude oil products are linked to the prices of international crude oil futures contracts. The products feature controllable risks and relatively high returns, which are very popular among large numbers of customers. However, despite the continuous expansion of China's financial derivatives trading volume, the categories of derivative products and regulation still have many limitations. The development of innovative paper crude oil-linked products is not perfect and has many potential risks, which are highly susceptible to market fluctuations. Taking China Bank's "Crude Oil Treasure" product as the research focus, this paper analyzes the massive loss incident that occurred in late April 2020 through case study analysis and qualitative analysis methods. It is divided into four parts. The introduction part explains the research background, significance, content, methods and innovations and inadequacies of this paper. The first part sorts out the background and process of the "Crude Oil Treasure" case at China Bank and elaborates on the operating principles of this product. The second part analyzes the "Crude Oil Treasure" case in detail. It first focuses on the problems in the product's trading liquidity, domestic and international time differences and product promotion. Then it focuses on the internal and external causes of the case, discussing external factors such as international crude oil market turmoil and futures trading characteristics, and internal factors such as product design, risk control and lack of experience. It also evaluates the hedging strategy, contract design and compliance of the "Crude Oil Treasure" product. The third part mainly analyzes the impacts of the "Crude Oil Treasure" rollover incident and China Bank's subsequent response measures. The fourth part puts forward certain countermeasures and suggestions from the perspectives of bank management, investors and regulatory agencies to prevent such incidents from recurring based on the case analysis.

상투는 언제 사라졌나?

When did topknots, called sang-tu, disappear in Korean? People generally say it probably disappeared after the early 1930s because Imperial Japan had banned it as a policy at the time in colonial Korea. Is that true? The case of the movement for the improvement of living conditions生活改善運動 in the late 1920s calls for a reexamination of such academic understanding. This research is expected to help find internal causes of social changes in colonial Korea.
 It is true that Japanese Government-General of Korea weakened Korean traditional culture like topknots, white clothes, and so on after the wartime. But Chosun-ilbo(朝鮮日報), Shin-gan-hwe(新幹會) carried out the movement for the improvement of living conditions and campaigned short hair(斷髮) from the late 1920s to the beginning of 1930s and the attempts were partially successful. This shows the multi-layered causes of social changes in colonial Korea, related to Korean people’s demands as well as the policy intervention and physical forcing by the Japanese government-general of Korea.

Experimental research on propeller-ice contact process and prediction of extreme ice load

Due to the complex and diverse nature of the propeller-ice contact problem, understanding the contact mechanism and evaluating the ice loads remains challenging. This study investigates the propeller-ice contact problem and explores the internal factors influencing the ice loads through model experiments at different advanced velocities, rotational speeds, and milling depths. The recorded ice load data is then used to predict the extreme loads that the propeller may encounter throughout its life cycle using the probabilistic method. The experimental results reveal that the shadowing effect and angle of attack are the primary reasons advanced velocity affects ice load, with the latter factor also being the internal cause of the load change caused by the rotational speed change. Moreover, the nonlinear increase of the ice load with the cutting depth increase is due to the chord length's change. The probability method analysis shows that the maximum thrust and torque the blade may encounter during its life cycle are approximately 50% and 35% higher than the maximum data recorded in the test. Additionally, this manuscript introduces the ice-making process and proposes a more straightforward calculation method for the shadowing coefficient.

Problems of Adherence to Drug Therapy in Medical Rehabilitation

Compliance is defined as “patient compliance with the treatment regimen and regimen.” Low compliance is a complex problem that can have both internal and external causes. It is customary to distinguish four groups of reasons: patient-related factors; therapy-related factors; factors associated with the doctor and factors associated with the environment (social aspect).

Undergraduate Students’ Writer’s Block in English as an Academic Language: Causes, Coping Strategies Needs

This study aims to explore writer’s block in the tertiary education context and draws from 644 senior English language and literature students’ self-reports on producing academic texts in English. A mixed-methods survey design was used to collect data from the participants. Findings showed that both internal and external causes of writer’s block were at work, yet external causes were moderately more influential, while students produced argumentative-critical and expository essays and were influential in the drafting stage of the writing process. Findings also revealed that students pursued continue-to-write and avoid-writing strategies in different combinations to cope with writer’s block and needed to expand their knowledge and experience in drafting, planning, using academic language, coherence, and smooth transitions between sentences and paragraphs. Lastly, findings highlighted the need for clear instructions, studying sample texts, and feedback from teachers to overcome writer’s block. In light of these findings, several pedagogical implications were suggested.

Internal, external, genetic, or cultural? Lay theories about racial health disparities predict perceived threat, adherence, and policy support

AbstractDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported that Black and Latinx communities experienced a disproportionate burden of illness. The goal of this study is to investigate laypeople's attribution of these disparities. We hypothesized the following four potential attributions: external causes (e.g. systemic racism), internal causes (e.g. personal choices), cultural causes (e.g., being close knit), or genetic causes (e.g., being more vulnerable for genetic reasons). Data from 447 participants revealed that lay theories involving external factors were the most endorsed, whereas theories relating to genetic causes were the least endorsed. Our analyses further revealed that external attributions predicted broader COVID‐19 relevant outcomes (i.e., perceived threat of COVID‐19, adherence to CDC guidelines, and support for government policies in response to COVID‐19), even after controlling for political orientation, participant race, and other attributions. This research provides insight into how lay people's explanations for disparities can predict their reactions to the pandemic.

Further Analysis in Global Financial Crisis: The Panic of 1907 and 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis

Learning about the financial crisis and understanding its origin and internal causes could be helpful in better preparing and responding to the global financial crisis in the future. This paper briefly introduces the background of the Panic of 1907 and the 2008 financial crisis. The relationship between the crisis in 1907 and 2008 is mentioned and then the article mainly discusses the 2008 financial crisis and the causes of its occurrence. The 2008 financial crisis is also called the Subprime Mortgage Crisis which began in 2007 and is closely related to the concept of securitization. The financial crisis of 2008 brought a huge impact on the world economy. The conclusion would be drawn, and the main revelation would be discovered in this paper. This article wants to show that financial crises are closely related to each other. We can find similar cases from the previous crisis and bring them into the new crisis to find more perfect solutions. Experience of failure should be prevented in the future.

1148 A Rare Case of Loose Right Medial Umbilical Ligament Found During Laparoscopic Appendectomy

Abstract Aim We report this extremely rare variation of loose medial umbilical ligament discovered incidentally during laparoscopic appendectomy. This can be a potential cause of bowel obstruction and internal herniation or cause technical difficulty during laparoscopic surgery. Method A 29-year-old man presented to the emergency department with one day history of central abdominal pain that shifted to right iliac fossa associated with nausea and vomiting. He has no significant past medical history. His abdominal examination revealed tenderness and guarding in the right iliac fossa and his inflammatory markers were elevated. A clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made. Results The patient was brought to the operating theatre for laparoscopic appendectomy. Laparoscopy revealed acutely inflamed appendix and also a completely redundant rounded structure extending from the anterior abdominal wall just to the right side of the umbilicus to the small bowel mesentery consistent with right medial umbilical ligament. The left medial umbilical ligament was entirely normal. Excision of right medial umbilical ligament was done using LigaSure laparoscopic instrument and was sent for histology. Laparoscopic appendectomy was also performed. The patient recovered well with no complications. Conclusions The medial umbilical ligament is the obliterated umbilical artery. This anatomical variation of the medial umbilical ligament is extremely rare. Surgeons should be aware of anatomical variations of medial umbilical ligament especially during laparoscopic surgeries at it may affect the surgeon’s preference for trocar locations.

Exergy destruction analysis of a power generation system utilizing the cold energy of LNG

The purpose of this research is in-depth understanding of the internal causes of exergy destruction in various parts of the system and to identify potential improvements for the components. The focus is on a combined cycle power generation system that utilizes the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and direct expansion cycle (DEC). To investigate the primary sources of exergy destruction in each component, advanced exergy analysis (AEA) is utilized. The result demonstrates that the net out power of the proposed system can reach 106.64 kW with energy efficiency of 11.22%, and exergy efficiency of 21.40%. The heat exchanger is identified as the primary contributor to exergy destruction, constituting 81.70% of the total ratio. Specifically, the condenser exhibits the highest exergy destruction ratio at 59.82%, indicating a need for prioritized optimization efforts. The findings of AEA reveal that the primary source of component irreversibility stems from the endogenous part. This shows that, while most exergy destruction is unavoidable, there remains room for system improvement. Regarding the turbine, its exergy destruction is primarily attributed to inefficiencies, leading to irreversibility. Nevertheless, there is exergy destruction that may be avoidable and can be reduced by 25.93 kW, which is 2.5 times greater than that of the heat exchanger. This finding underscores the high potential for improvement in ORC and DEC turbines, making them a priority for optimization efforts.

Sexual abuse during childhood and all-cause mortality into middle adulthood: an Australian cohort study.

To compare mortality from all causes, internal causes (eg, cancers, circulatory and respiratory system diseases), and external causes (eg, suicide, accidents, assault) among people who were sexually abused during childhood with mortality for the general population. Historical cohort study. 2759 people (2201 women, 79.8%) who had experienced medically assessed contact sexual abuse in Victoria while aged 16 years or younger during 1964-1995, as recorded in Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine records. Mortality rate, based on linked National Death Index data (1980-2020), by five-year age group; sex- and age-standardised mortality ratios; comparison of rates with age- and sex-adjusted rates for the general Victorian population (incident rate ratio [IRR]). We included 115 deaths of people under 50 years of age in our analysis (4.2% of people sexually abused as children; 79 women, 36 men); 56 deaths were attributed to external, 56 to internal causes (cause of death information missing in three cases). In each age group from 15-19 years, the mortality rates for people sexually abused as children were higher than for the general population; age- and sex-standardised all-cause mortality ratios were highest for people aged 25-29 years (men: 16.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0-22.0; women: 19.2; 95% CI, 14.3-24.2). The age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate for people sexually abused as children was higher than in the general population for all-cause (IRR, 8.25; 95% CI, 5.92-11.5), internal cause (IRR, 5.92; 95% CI, 3.89-9.01), and external cause deaths (IRR, 12.6; 95% CI, 9.61-16.6); the differences in external cause mortality were greater for people who had experienced penetrative (IRR, 14.9; 95% CI, 10.9-20.5) than for those who had experienced non-penetrative sexual abuse as children (IRR, 8.92; 95% CI, 5.35-14.9). Sexual abuse during childhood is associated with higher mortality rates into mid-adulthood. Preventing child sexual abuse and intervening early to reduce the damage it inflicts is not only essential for the welfare of the child, but could also help reduce avoidable deaths later in life.

Government institutions and persistent communal conflicts in Nigeria

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of scholarship on the internal causes of conflicts, this study examined how government institutions externally fuel persistent communal conflicts (PCC) in Nigeria. With multiple methods and triangulation of sampling techniques, we examined 12 pairs of warring communities, 4464 respondents, and 18 key interviewees. The causes of PCC were misapplication of constitutional/legal instruments and biased enforcement administration that favored one community over the other. Through matrix correlation, institutions like constitution and legal mechanisms, peace‐building mechanisms, and the enforcement agents' roles fuelled PCC among the warring communities. This correlation has a negative relationship that led to the people's loss of confidence in the umpires, vengeance, jungle justice and intolerance among the warring communities. We concluded that these institutional lapses created a class of disadvantaged and aggressive victims who have become intolerant of other communities. There is a need to sanitize governmental institutions to treat communal disputes with justice and fairness.

Analysis of the failure mechanism of a blast furnace tuyere sleeve with protective coating

The tuyere sleeve plays a crucial role in blast furnaces, enduring a harsh working environment that frequently leads to substantial damage. One approach to extend the service life of tuyere sleeve is to prepare a Ni-based alloy protective layer on its surface. However, there is a lack of experimental information concerning the failure of these protective coatings after real-world use. Therefore, in this study, the failure of a blast furnace tuyere sleeve with protective layer was investigated. Characterizations were performed on both the “original” and failed protective layers, as well as the scale layer. The “original” protective layer exhibits two main issues: excessive copper dilution (＞40%) and significant Ni-Cr enrichment at the interface, which may be attributed to inadequate preparation techniques. The failed protective layer surface is covered with molten slag and iron, and there is a crack running almost completely through the coating. Both oxidation reaction and sulfur corrosion are important factors contributing to the accelerated failure of the coating. Moreover, it is suggested that the compositional inhomogeneity of the protective layer of the tuyere sleeve leads to local stress concentration within the coating, which is an internal cause for thermal fatigue crack formation. Additionally, it can be inferred that the molten slag and iron falling onto the protective layer surface under abnormal furnace conditions not only accelerates crack initiation and propagation but also directly melts the coating material or causes interface reactions, leading to the failure of the protective layer.

Preventing open innovation failures: A managerial framework

Open Innovation (OI) is an increasingly popular approach that companies adopt to remain competitive. However, the challenges and complexities entailed by the OI should not be underestimated. These could lead to OI failures and strong negative repercussions for the company. Despite this, literature on the causes of failure of OI is still in its infancy, and results are scattered and fragmented. In this study we perform a systematic bibliometric review of the literature on the causes of failure of OI, to analyse its evolution and to provide a framework to help managers understand and prevent OI failures. We identify ten categories of causes of OI failure to be included in a seven-components framework. This adopts the perspective of the firm and investigates both internal and external causes of failure. Internal components include strategy, business organization, knowledge and Intellectual Property (IP) management, management, and resources. External components discuss the causes of failure related to inter-firm collaboration and the influence of environmental factors. Finally, by leveraging the results of the review activity, we provide some interesting suggestions for future research.

Perspectives on Russia, the USA, and the EU's Power Struggle in the Ukraine Crisis and Vietnam's Neutrality

Europe's worst political disaster since the Cold War was Ukraine's crisis from 2013 to Russia's full‐scale war on 24 February 2022. War? The choice of a national development model, cultural conflicts, and regional identities in Ukraine are internal causes. At the same time, competition for influence between great powers such as Russia, the USA, and the EU in Ukraine are external. Vietnam is similar to Ukraine, but it has taken a neutral stance in this crisis and called for peace talks. Why does Vietnam not choose a party but rather remain neutral with significant actors? This analysis answers those questions using qualitative methods, content analysis, and quantitative comparison. Balancing superpower strategic competition is a small lesson for an average country like Vietnam living next to a great power. However, this strategic balance is necessary to preserve national sovereignty and interests.

Harmful Free Radicals in Aging: A Narrative Review of Their Detrimental Effects on Health.

The production of harmful free radicals (H-FRs), especially those with oxygen or nitrogen atoms, depends on both internal and environmental causes. The negative effects of H-FRs are greatly alleviated by antioxidant protection. The harmful impact of oxidative stress, or OS, is brought on by a disparity between the defense mechanisms of the body and the creation of H-FRs. Aging is characterized by a slow decline in tissue and organ competence. Age-mediated pathologies start as an aberrant accumulation of H-FRs, which inhibit cells' capacity to divide, repair, and operate, based on the OS theorem of aging. The natural outcome of this situation is apoptosis. These conditions may include skeletal muscle dysfunction, cancer, cardiovascular, chronic hepatitis, chronic renal, and chronic pulmonary disorders. Given the substantial role that OS plays in the progression of many of these illnesses, antioxidant-based therapy may have a favorable impact on how these diseases progress. To ascertain the true efficacy of this therapy strategy, more research is necessary. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the literature on this challenging issue that is attracting interest.