Internal Cargo Research Articles

Determining The Conditions For The Efficient Use Of Resources In The Warehouse System

Abstract. Problem. For manufacturing enterprises, it is very important to reduce production and logistics costs, and one of the resource-intensive elements of this system is warehousing. Therefore, the need to establish conditions for the efficient use of material and warehouse resources is identified. Goal. The goal is to reduce the total cost of operating the built warehouse system by introducing efficient conditions for the use of resources. Methodology. A structural model of the warehouse system elements has been developed, which takes into account the main features of technological interaction of subsystems for processing incoming, internal and external flows of containers, packaging and finished products. To determine the conditions for efficient use of resources in the functioning of the warehouse system, it is proposed to use the evaluation parameter - the total cost of the warehouse system of a production enterprise. The parameters of external influence are the following intensities of flows determined by the warehouse process of a manufacturing enterprise: input, internal, and output. It is proposed to consider three options for the use of human and material resources. Originality. The article develops forecasting models of a degree type for three proposed three variants of use of material and human resources in functioning of warehouse systems of production enterprises. The obtained dependencies allow obtaining decisionmaking conditions depending on the intensity of incoming, internal and outgoing cargo flows. Practical value. Determining the conditions for using resources at the lowest possible total cost. The least costly option is to use two operators in each warehouse subsystem and one mechanism

Phagolysosomes break down the membrane of a non-apoptotic corpse independent of macroautophagy.

Cell corpses must be cleared in an efficient manner to maintain tissue homeostasis and regulate immune responses. Ubiquitin-like Atg8/LC3 family proteins promote the degradation of membranes and internal cargo during both macroautophagy and corpse clearance, raising the question how macroautophagy contributes to corpse clearance. Studying the clearance of non-apoptotic dying polar bodies in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, we show that the LC3 ortholog LGG-2 is enriched in the polar body phagolysosome independent of membrane association or autophagosome formation. We demonstrate that ATG-16.1 and ATG-16.2, which promote membrane association of lipidated Atg8/LC3 proteins, redundantly promote polar body membrane breakdown in phagolysosomes independent of their role in macroautophagy. We also show that the lipid scramblase ATG-9 is needed for autophagosome formation in early embryos but is dispensable for timely polar body membrane breakdown or protein cargo degradation. These findings demonstrate that macroautophagy is not required to promote polar body degradation, in contrast to recent findings with apoptotic corpse clearance in C. elegans embryos. Determining how membrane association of Atg8/LC3 promotes the breakdown of different types of cell corpses in distinct cell types or metabolic states is likely to give insights into the mechanisms of immunoregulation during normal development, physiology, and disease.

Assessment of a Full-Electric Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Concept for Harsh Sea State Conditions at Remote Ultra-Deepwater Locations

_ This work describes an offshore gas monetization solution for harsh environmental conditions at ultra-deepwater and remote locations, as an alternative to conventional onshore plants associated with long subsea pipelines for Greenfield projects. Although gas-to-liquids and marine compressed natural gas are initially evaluated, associated gas is supposed to be exported from deepwater floating production storage and offloading units to a central floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility for additional treatment, fractionation, and liquefaction, producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for further tandem offloading. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed FLNG, its key technologies are reviewed, including liquefaction process selection, cargo containment system, station-keeping, offloading, and power generation. A full-electric FLNG is proposed, replacing conventional feed gas power generation systems with inner hull nuclear power modules, envisaging neutral CO2 emissions and earlier first LNG drop milestone achievement. The FLNG general arrangement is developed, along with its internal cargo tanks layout, for preliminary LNG and LPG production rundown and feed gas throughput. Numerical analyses are carried out to show that static and dynamic tilt criteria can be met, even for harsh sea states. Gas import riser configurations for the challenging ultra-deepwater location are outlined, after appropriate FLNG station-keeping analyses, in addition to a feasibility assessment of seawater intake risers, aiming for an overall gas plant efficiency increase. Keywords FLNG; FPSO; LNG/LPG; associated gas; design (general)

Opportunities and Perspectives for Three Dimensional Culture of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes.

Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in intercellular communication through surface proteins and the delivery of internal cargo. The exosomes have gained attention for their potential as disease biomarkers and therapeutic agents. The therapeutic ability of exosomes has been verified by copious previous studies. Effective methods for extensive clinical applications are being researched for exosome-based regenerative therapies, including the application of 3D cultures to enhance exosome production and secretion, which can resolve limited exosome secretion from the parent cells. Cell culture has emerged as a crucial approach for biomedical research because of its many benefits. Both well-established continuous cell lines and primary cell cultures continue to be invaluable for basic research and clinical application. Previous studies have shown that three-dimensional cultured exosomes (3D-Exo) improve therapeutic properties and yields compared with traditional culture systems. Since the majority of studies have focused on exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exo), this review will also concentrate on MSC-Exo. In this review, we will summarize the advantages of 3D-Exo and introduce the 3D culture system and methods of exosome isolation, providing scientific strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of a wide variety of diseases.

Novel method for collecting hippocampal interstitial fluid extracellular vesicles (EVISF ) reveals sex-dependent changes in microglial EV proteome in response to Aβ pathology.

Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an active role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), relaying important physiological information about their host tissues. The internal cargo of EVs is protected from degradation, making EVs attractive AD biomarkers. However, it is unclear how circulating EVs relate to EVs isolated from disease-vulnerable brain regions. We developed a novel method for collecting EVs from the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF) of live mice. EVs (EVISF ) were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunogold labelling, and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry and proteomic analyses were performed on EVISF cargo. EVISF were 40-150nm in size and expressed CD63, CD9, and CD81. Using a model of cerebral amyloidosis (e.g., APPswe, PSEN1dE9 mice), we found protein concentration increased but protein diversity decreased with Aβ deposition. Genotype, age, and Aβ deposition modulated proteostasis- and immunometabolic-related pathways. Changes in the microglial EVISF proteome were sexually dimorphic and associated with a differential response of plaque associated microglia. We found that female APP/PS1 mice have more amyloid plaques, less plaque associated microglia, and a less robust- and diverse- EVISF microglial proteome. Thus, in vivo microdialysis is a novel technique for collecting EVISF and offers a unique opportunity to explore the role of EVs in AD.

Tumor cells-derived exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer angiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and prospective.

Exosomes, heterogeneous, membrane-bound nanoparticles that originated from eukaryotic cells, contribute to intracellular communication by transferring various biomolecules both on their surface and as internal cargo. One of the most significant current discussions on cancer progression is noncoding RNAs cargo of exosomes, which can regulate angiogenesis in tumor. A growing body of evidence shows that exosomes from tumor cells contain various microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs that can promote tumor progression by inducing angiogenesis. However, some noncoding RNAs may inhibit cancer angiogenesis. Targeting angiogenic noncoding RNA of exosomes may serve as a hopeful implement for cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the latest knowledge of the roles of exosomal noncoding RNAs in tumor angiogenesis Understanding the biology of exosomal noncoding RNAs can help scientists plan exosomes-based innovations for the treatment of cancer angiogenesis and cancer biomarkers.

Exosomal MicroRNAs: An Emerging Important Regulator in Acute Lung Injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a clinically life-threatening form of respiratory failure with a mortality of 30%-40%. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is the aggravated form of ALI. Exosomes are extracellular lipid vesicles ubiquitous in human biofluids with a diameter of 30-150 nm. They can serve as carriers to convey their internal cargo, particularly microRNA (miRNA), to the target cells involved in cellular communication. In disease states, the quantities of exosomes and the cargo generated by cells are altered. These exosomes subsequently function as autocrine or paracrine signals to nearby or distant cells, regulating various pathogenic processes. Moreover, exosomal miRNAs from multiple stem cells can provide therapeutic value for ALI by regulating different signaling pathways. In addition, changes in exosomal miRNAs of biofluids can serve as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ALI. This study aimed to review the role of exosomal miRNAs produced by different sources participating in various pathological processes of ALI and explore their potential significance in the treatment and diagnosis.

Microfluidic approaches for producing lipid-based nanoparticles for drug delivery applications.

The importance of drug delivery for disease treatment is supported by a vast literature and increasing ongoing clinical studies. Several categories of nano-based drug delivery systems have been considered in recent years, among which lipid-based nanomedicines, both artificial and cell-derived, remain the most approved. The best artificial systems in terms of biocompatibility and low toxicity are liposomes, as they are composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, the main components of cell membranes. Extracellular vesicles-biological nanoparticles released from cells-while resembling liposomes in size, shape, and structure, have a more complex composition with up to hundreds of different types of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in their membranes, as well as an internal cargo. Although nanoparticle technologies have revolutionized drug delivery by enabling passive and active targeting, increased stability, improved solubilization capacity, and reduced dose and adverse effects, the clinical translation remains challenging due to manufacturing limitations such as laborious and time-consuming procedures and high batch-to-batch variability. A sea change occurred when microfluidic strategies were employed, offering advantages in terms of precise particle handling, simplified workflows, higher sensitivity and specificity, and good reproducibility and stability over bulk methods. This review examines scientific advances in the microfluidics-mediated production of lipid-based nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. We will discuss the preparation of liposomes using both hydrodynamic focusing of microfluidic flow and mixing by herringbone and staggered baffle micromixers. Then, an overview on microfluidic approaches for producing extracellular vesicles and extracellular vesicles-mimetics for therapeutic applications will describe microfluidic extrusion, surface engineering, sonication, electroporation, nanoporation, and mixing. Finally, we will outline the challenges, opportunities, and future directions of microfluidic investigation of lipid-based nanoparticles in the clinic.

Clinical Translation of Extracellular Vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) occur in a variety of bodily fluids and have gained recent attraction as natural materials due to their bioactive surfaces, internal cargo, and role in intercellular communication. EVs contain various biomolecules, including surface and cytoplasmic proteins; and nucleic acids that are often representative of the originating cells. EVs can transfer content to other cells, a process that is thought to be important for several biological processes, including immune responses, oncogenesis, and angiogenesis. An increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms of EV biogenesis, composition, and function has led to an exponential increase in preclinical and clinical assessment of EVs for biomedical applications, such as diagnostics and drug delivery. Bacterium-derived EV vaccines have been in clinical use for decades and a few EV-based diagnostic assays regulated under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments have been approved for use in single laboratories. Though, EV-based products are yet to receive widespread clinical approval from national regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMA), many are in late-stage clinical trials. This perspective sheds light on the unique characteristics of EVs, highlighting current clinical trends, emerging applications, challenges and future perspectives of EVs in clinical use.

Diet, commensal microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles, and host immunity.

The gut microbiota has co-evolved with its host, and commensal bacteria can influence both the host's immune development and function. Recently, a role has emerged for bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) as potent immune modulators. BEVs are nanosized membrane vesicles produced by all bacteria, possessing the membrane characteristics of the originating bacterium and carrying an internal cargo that may include nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Thus, BEVs possess multiple avenues for regulating immune processes, and have been implicated in allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. BEVs are biodistributed locally in the gut, and also systemically, and thus have the potential to affect both the local and systemic immune responses. The production of gut microbiota-derived BEVs is regulated by host factors such as diet and antibiotic usage. Specifically, all aspects of nutrition, including macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fat), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and food additives (the antimicrobial sodium benzoate), can regulate BEV production. This review summarizes current knowledge of the powerful links between nutrition, antibiotics, gut microbiota-derived BEV, and their effects on immunity and disease development. It highlights the potential of targeting or utilizing gut microbiota-derived BEV as a therapeutic intervention.

Endoplasmin Is a Hypoxia-Inducible Endoplasmic Reticulum-Derived Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Cardiac Cell Lines.

Cardiomyopathies are leading causes of human mortality. Recent data indicate that the cardiomyocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) released upon cardiac injury are present in circulation. This paper aimed to analyze EVs released under normal and hypoxic conditions by H9c2 (rat), AC16 (human) and HL1 (mouse) cardiac cell lines. Small (sEVs), medium (mEVs) and large EVs (lEVs) were separated from a conditioned medium by a combination of gravity filtration, differential centrifugation and tangential flow filtration. The EVs were characterized by microBCA, SPV lipid assay, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission and immunogold electron microscopy, flow cytometry and Western blotting. Proteomic profiles of the EVs were determined. Surprisingly, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, endoplasmin (ENPL, grp94 or gp96), was identified in the EV samples, and its association with EVs was validated. The secretion and uptake of ENPL was followed by confocal microscopy using GFP-ENPL fusion protein expressing HL1 cells. We identified ENPL as an internal cargo of cardiomyocyte-derived mEVs and sEVs. Based on our proteomic analysis, its presence in EVs was linked to hypoxia in HL1 and H9c2 cells, and we hypothesize that EV-associated ENPL may have a cardioprotective role by reducing cardiomyocyte ER stress.

Monkeypox and extracellular vesicles interlink: an unexplored chapter.

Dear Editor, Monkeypox is an infectious zoonotic disease which is caused by monkeypox virus. It belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. The lethality rate of this disease ranges from 1 to 10%. The first occurrence of this disease was in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa. Monkeypox spreads mainly through direct contact with body fluids, respiratory droplets of infected patients and through animals who act as its reservoir The genome of monkeypox virus is linear, enveloped, and double-stranded DNA1,2. This disease mainly has two phases, the first one is the invasive phase which is characterized mainly by fatigue, sore throat, fever, and myalgia. The second phase is the eruptive phase which is characterized by the clinical symptoms of pustular lesions on the legs, multiple lesions on the penile sulcus and huge ulcerative lesions on the perianal skin3. In the current decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained much attention due to their ability that leads to intercellular communication by activation of various cell signalling pathways. Tetraspanins are the group of surface EVs protein which involved viral particles associated with targeting cells and fission with the recipient cells via cellular membranes. Virus-derived EVs internal cargo influence the recipient cell activity. Envelop virus and EVs have biologically active cargo transportation ability4. EVs are released for normal or pathological conditions (it may be cancer cells or viral-infected cells). The origin of EVs is different as exosomes develop from the plasma membrane and apoptotic bodies develop during the apoptosis process, microvesicles secrete from the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (these are three major subpopulations of EVs). EVs regulate host–pathogen cellular communication. Viral-infected cell-derived EVs mediated protein and nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) transportation promote the viral pathogenesis progression5,6. In the context of viral infections, the biological role of EVs might have two opposing effects. EVs can influence recipient cells based boosting viral reproduction on the one hand, or they can prevent viral replication by inducing host immune responses on the other7. In addition, integrating viral proteins can cause nonparticipating immune cells to die, which would contribute to the significant loss of immune cells during the initial phases of viral infection or when the viral load is low. In addition to making immune cells more Susceptible to viral infection, intercellular transfer of viral proteins and viral cell surface receptors by EVs aids in evading the host’s immunological response by reducing lymphocyte synthesis of antibodies8. The aim of the article is to highlighted the EVs’ interrelation with the virus and encourage large-scale virologists to decode the virus and EVs related to several aspect. Ethical approval None. Sources of funding None. Authors’ contribution D.M., B.B., R.D., S.N., and P.S.: conceptualization, study design, and writing. A.D. and S.K.J.: editing and reviewing. Conflicts of interest disclosure The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number (UIN) None. Guarantor Saurabh K. Jha.

Enzyme/GSH/pH-responsive hyaluronic acid grafted porous silica nanocarriers bearing Ag2S QDs for fluorescence imaging and combined therapy

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally polysaccharide that has been used for drug delivery, but is limited by low drug loading capacity and drug leakage in circulation. To improve drug delivery efficient, HA modified porous silica (pSiO2) nanocarriers were successfully prepared for drug delivery and combining therapy. pSiO2 nanocarriers have stable porous structure and high loading capacity, and pSiO2/HA nanocarriers would possess advantages of HA-based carriers and pSiO2 nanoparticles. Herein, pSiO2 nanocarriers were prepared by two-phase process, followed by embedding Ag2S QDs in the pore walls of pSiO2 carriers, which render the carriers photothermal effect. pSiO2 nanocarriers have size of 30 nm, large channels, and high loading capacity (29.3 %). To graft HA, a sensitive linker with alkyl amine and disulfide bond was conjugated on the surface of Ag2S/pSiO2 nanocarriers by three-step reaction. After loading doxorubicin (DOX), HA was grafted via sensitive linker onto the surface of Ag2S/pSiO2 carriers via the formation of amide bonds to seal the loaded drugs. The interaction between HA and CD44 confers the carrier targeting ability to cancer cells. HA coating can be degraded by hyaluronidase resulting in the release of internal cargo. The Ag2S/pSiO2/HA nanocarriers performs responsive drug release and combining photothermal chemotherapy.

Agent-based modelling and simulation for hub and electric last mile distribution in Vienna

With the rise of e-commerce and door-to-door sales, last-mile deliveries are gaining more and more importance. As a result, last-mile distribution has become one of the most sensitive logistics processes due to its uniqueness, difficulties in meeting schedules, and high costs. Therefore, this work explores the use of urban consolidation centers to ease these last-mile difficulties. For that purpose, a hub in the city center of Vienna has been selected to deliver up to 150 clients disseminated by the city. This suitability is assessed by defining convenient simulation settings in order to replicate parcel demands in the city. Experiments are based in different hub-based fleets (traditional internal combustion vehicles or electric cargo bikes), demand patterns, and delivery frequency strategies by means of a biased randomization vehicle routing optimization heuristic. Results quantify the effects of having an urban consolidation center and highlight the use of electric cargo bikes for the last-mile distribution.

Sportomics method to assess acute phase proteins in Olympic level athletes using dried blood spots and multiplex assay

Sportomics is a subject-centered holistic method similar to metabolomics focusing on sports as the metabolic challenge. Dried blood spot is emerging as a technique due to its simplicity and reproducibility. In addition, mass spectrometry and integrative computational biology enhance our ability to understand exercise-induced modifications. We studied inflammatory blood proteins (Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein—A1AG1; Albumin; Cystatin C; C-reactive protein—CRP; Hemoglobin—HBA; Haptoglobin—HPT; Insulin-like growth factor 1; Lipopolysaccharide binding protein—LBP; Mannose-binding lectin—MBL2; Myeloperoxidase—PERM and Serum amyloid A1—SAA1), in 687 samples from 97 World-class and Olympic athletes across 16 sports in nine states. Data were analyzed with Spearman's rank-order correlation. Major correlations with CRP, LBP; MBL2; A1AG1, and SAA1 were found. The pairs CRP-SAA1 and CRP-LBP appeared with a robust positive correlation. Other pairs, LBP-SAA1; A1AG1-CRP; A1AG1-SAA1; A1AG1-MBL, and A1AG1-LBP, showed a broader correlation across the sports. The protein–protein interaction map revealed 1500 interactions with 44 core proteins, 30 of them linked to immune system processing. We propose that the inflammation follow-up in exercise can provide knowledge for internal cargo management in training, competition, recovery, doping control, and a deeper understanding of health and disease.

Invtestigating elemsnts affecting the purchasing decisions of low emission cars: a study of Egypt

This article provides a study about the customers’ priorities and point of views about alternative fuel vehicles. Presently green technology and specifically green transport have grown to be of great importance for car manufacturers, customers, and energy providers in most of the developed countries. However, in developing countries this idea is considered rather new and is not considered a priority for the manufacturers nor the customers. Worldwide many governments and business field stakeholders are pouring a great deal of endeavor to understand the customer’s behavior in order to enhance their green product and make it more appealing for customers. While in Egypt the low percentage of private investment in the energy sector is an obstacle for the technological aspects of energy production, distribution and consumption. The study involves nearly 1086 respondents to define the most significant customer behavior parameters related to buying alternative fuel vehicles. The questionnaire hence involves various variables such as financial considerations at the time of purchase, Long term financial concerns, gasoline and efficiency, fuel consumption, external and internal design characteristics, cargo capacity, and climate change.

Biogenesis of a bacterial metabolosome for propanediol utilization

Bacterial metabolosomes are a family of protein organelles in bacteria. Elucidating how thousands of proteins self-assemble to form functional metabolosomes is essential for understanding their significance in cellular metabolism and pathogenesis. Here we investigate the de novo biogenesis of propanediol-utilization (Pdu) metabolosomes and characterize the roles of the key constituents in generation and intracellular positioning of functional metabolosomes. Our results demonstrate that the Pdu metabolosome undertakes both “Shell first” and “Cargo first” assembly pathways, unlike the β-carboxysome structural analog which only involves the “Cargo first” strategy. Shell and cargo assemblies occur independently at the cell poles. The internal cargo core is formed through the ordered assembly of multiple enzyme complexes, and exhibits liquid-like properties within the metabolosome architecture. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the molecular principles driving bacterial metabolosome assembly and expand our understanding of liquid-like organelle biogenesis.

Microfluidic Digital Quantitative PCR to Measure Internal Cargo of Individual Liposomes.

Lipid nanoparticles serve as drug delivery vehicles for biopharmaceutical products. The lipid membrane shields internal nucleic-acid drug cargo from enzymatic degradation and facilitates cellular uptake of the drug. However, existing methods to assess drug loading within liposomes are limited to averaged bulk measurements, which obscures heterogeneity of the biopharmaceutical formulation. This report describes the development of a single-liposome analysis method to measure copy numbers of DNA within liposomes and assess population heterogeneity. This novel measurement was achieved by integrating two orthogonal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques─digital PCR (dPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR)─within a single microfluidic assay. The dPCR dimension quantified liposomes to validate their capture in the single-liposome analysis regime. The qPCR dimension quantified DNA copy numbers packaged within each liposome. The ability of digital quantitative PCR (dqPCR) to analyze large numbers of individual liposomes in parallel revealed significant population heterogeneity, which could not be obtained from standard bulk analysis methods. Our innovative measurement of internal DNA cargo from single liposomes has the potential to inform liposome synthesis procedures and create more uniform liposomal biopharmaceutical formulations to enhance drug safety and efficacy.

TCR-enriched microvesicles provide antigen-specific help for class-switched antibody production

Abstract Extracellular vesicles have shown essential roles in various biological processes, mainly through mediating cell-cell communications by its surface and internal cargo. Recently it was found that activated T cells release TCR enriched microvesicles (Tc-MV) from immunological synapse, but the function of Tc-MV is still a mystery. By analyzing proteomics and miRNA profiles of Tc-MV derived from mouse OT-II CD4 T cells (OVA323–339 specific), we found Tc-MV are enriched with proteins related to T cell helper function, including TCRs, CD40L, CD28, ICOS, OX40 and LFA-1, and also contained B cell function involved miRNAs, such as miR-21a-5p, miR-28a-3p, miR-155-5p and miR-210-3p. Accordantly, by in vitro coculture, OT-II Tc-MV could promote NP-specific B cells to secret IgG when cognate antigen NP-OVA was present, similarly Tc-MV from SMARTA T cell (LCMV GP61–80 specific) could promote B cells with antigen NP-GFP-GP61–80, but switching either the MV or the antigens in these two systems dampened the antibody production, suggesting Tc-MV help B cells in an antigen specific manner. The helper function of the Tc-MV was also confirmed in vivo by serum antibody production of Rag1−/− mice transferred with Tc-MV and B cells and followed by immunization, importantly the endogenous Tc-MV were found in the serum of the WT mice post-immunization, demonstrating a fundamental role of Tc-MV in the physiological condition. In conclusion, our findings revealed a critical role of Tc-MV in promoting antigen specific antibody production of B cells, which can be exploited for vaccine design. Supported by University of Michigan Startup Funds and NIH: R01AI134999.

Eco-efficient marine power system with cooled air ventilation by waste LNG cold energy for reefer holds in an ultra-large container ship

This study investigates dissipated heat removal from the internal cargo holds of an ultra-large container ship utilizing an LNG waste cold source. The reefer containers in the cargo hold dissipate heat to maintain certain freight conditions. While the extracted air from the atmosphere absorbs cold energy during LNG vaporization, it prevents a temperature increase inside the cargo holds by supplying cooled air. Herein, the marine power system is an electric propulsion type with a combined gas turbine electric and steam system. The cooled-airflow-ventilation system linked to the power system is evaluated regarding energy and exergy flows and greenhouse gas emissions. Cooled-airflow-ventilation performs efficiently as its coefficient-of-performance becomes twice that of atmospheric-airflow-ventilation when the reefer container box temperature is above zero and heat dissipation is high. Moreover, cooled-airflow-ventilation reduces the maximum-continuous-rating and improves the exergy efficiency. LNG waste cold source utilization benefits the response to the enforced regulation of ship greenhouse gas emissions. However, a high atmospheric temperature makes dissipated heat removal difficult. Consequently, cold energy cannot be provided to all cargo holds. The lower the box temperature is; the more cargo holds that can utilize cold energy.