International Business Environment Research Articles

Exploring the development scope of crop-based agribusiness farms in Bangladesh

Agribusiness is one of the most important sectors of the economy in Bangladesh, making a significant contribution to the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and employment generation. To cope with the international business environment, developing the agribusiness sector in Bangladesh is essential. This study aims to assess the current status, challenges, and future potential of crop-based agribusiness farms in the country. Cross-sectional data were collected from 60 participants using purposive sampling. Frequency distribution tables were generated, and descriptive statistics were employed for data presentation. The results of the study showed that 60% of respondents from crop-based agribusiness farms faced financial crises when starting their businesses. 40% of respondents stated that the lack of experience is the primary challenge for exporting agribusiness products to international markets. Price fluctuation was mentioned as a significant threat by 48.3% of respondents. Moreover, 83.3% of respondents stated that the existing training institutions are insufficient for entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Respondents also identified some other challenges, such as decreased revenues due to COVID-19, low adoption of advanced technologies, lack of high-quality products, and unfavorable government policies. Policymakers should prioritize incorporating frontier technologies, implementing favorable policies, maintaining price stability, facilitating bank loans, and establishing new training institutions to address existing drawbacks. Furthermore, researchers identified future research areas that offer opportunities to advance theoretical boundaries and gain further insights into the study of agribusiness sectors.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПЛИВУ ВНУТРІШНІХ І ЗОВНІШНІХ СТЕЙКХОЛДЕРІВ НА РОЗВИТОК ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Modern enterprise management systems can be effective only when adapted to the dynamics of the external and internal business environment and ensure timely changes of all processes for implementing new projects that use new opportunities or minimize threats and risks. One of the postulates of the concept of enterprise development is a balanced accounting of the interests and expectations of the organization's stakeholders during the implementation of activities. Therefore, it is necessary to formalize the functions and responsibilities regarding communication with interested parties, gathering information, and prioritizing the needs of stakeholders. Interaction with interested parties should not be a one-time procedure but a continuous process accompanying the planning, implementation, and reporting stages. Evidently, even in companies that do not follow these principles in their strategies, there are interaction mechanisms with stakeholders. Stakeholder identification is often an underappreciated aspect of strategic sustainability planning and involves identifying internal and external stakeholders. Company managers must understand which stakeholders can influence its activities and how interested they are in its prosperity. This step allows you to identify the primary group of stakeholders whose interests should be prioritized and, therefore, should be involved in the decision-making processes for the enterprise. During the development of the company's strategy, it is worth getting acquainted with their opinion, allowing participating in the discussion of management issues. Optimum simultaneous interaction with all stakeholders is quite complex and problematic because relations between stakeholders are often difficult to describe quantitatively - they are non-linear relationships simultaneously in network interaction with other network agents. Finding the optimal balance of satisfying stakeholders' interests will allow the company to develop an optimal behavior plan. The results of the effective operation of the mechanism of managing relationships with stakeholders are expressed both in economic consequences - an increase in business value, optimization of income, expenses, and return on investment, and in results that determine the success of enterprises in the future - brand development, increasing the moral responsibility of employees, improving the quality of personnel, which is employed, the development of efficient logistics, increasing the sustainability of the business through the best risk management.

Enterprise value management: directions, key factors and growth tools

Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of scientific research was the work of scientists on the assessment and management of enterprise value. The main results are obtained through the use of general scientific and special methods, namely: theoretical generalization – during the study of the enterprise cost management process; analysis and synthesis – to substantiate the company’s cost management directions; a systematic approach – in the formation of key factors contributing to the increase in value and determining the tools that can be used to achieve this goal. Results. The results of the study shed light on issues related to the areas of enterprise cost management. The application of various approaches, namely: financial, economic and strategic approaches to determining the value of the enterprise by scientists is revealed. The main factors that affect the increase in the value of the enterprise are highlighted: increasing profitability, optimizing the capital structure and increasing the efficiency of operations. Novelty. The study points to the importance of combining different business valuation methods to obtain more accurate and comprehensive results. This allows better understanding of the current state of the enterprise and developing more effective cost management strategies. It has been proven that cost management becomes a tool that helps enterprises to effectively respond to changes in the international business environment and use new opportunities for development. Practical value. The results of the research can be useful for business entities and investors. They can use the recommendations and tools provided in the article to improve the cost management of their enterprises, increase their competitiveness and attractiveness to potential investors.

Proposed Business Strategy for PT. Pilar Kencana Tama to Win the Increasing Competition

PT. Pilar Kencana Tama has several limited capabilities that weaken the company's competitiveness and external factors that often hinder its business operations in the construction services business industry. Meanwhile, market demand for business products from contracting companies is increasing along with the increasing population growth in Indonesia. A new business strategy is required that can support Pilar to develop in the long term and take advantage of the momentum of high market demand for civil construction so that Pilar can have a high market share in its business industry. The approach to solving strategic problems owned by Pilar is with an analysis framework of the internal and external business environment to design a new business strategy. The external environmental analysis is used by the PESTEL framework which includes Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal aspects. The internal environment analysis is used by the stakeholder mapping framework, VRIO, the BCG (Boston Consulting Group) growth share matrix, and the business model canvas. Other analytical data were obtained through qualitative interviews with Pilar’s director, external parties regarding new business model proposals, quantitative surveys with prospective customers and several literature reviews to support the data analysis. Both types of analysis are summarized in the form of SWOT analysis to serve as basic parameters for strategy formulation using the Diamond Strategy and a new business model canvas as well as additional strategy formulation using Strategy Moves to determine how Pilar attacks on competitor companies if necessary. The results of the study show the company's advantages such as the big amount of its heavy equipment resources and the company's orientation that emphasizes quality over quantity. However, Pilar also has weaknesses from its operational capacity such as unproductive and uncreative human resources, lack of business line expansion, and only has one channel to market its business products, so that Pilar cannot easily jump right to try new business models outside of the business model which has already been done. With the analysis results related to other construction model business opportunities, Pilar needs to implement a new business model proposal by implementing several predetermined strategies. The proposed strategy to support Pilar's success in running the new business model is by overhauling the company's internal resources, implementing the Diamond Strategy that has been determined, and implementing several aspects that have been calculated related to the determination of the level of importance of criteria from customers in buying products related to the proposed new business model. Pilar also needs to use the Differentiated Circle concept in target market segments to attack larger competitor companies that have long been in the area where Pilar will carry out the proposed new business model.

Strategic orientation, strategic renewal, and the international performance of born global firms

AbstractThe international business environment is both dynamic and turbulent. Accordingly, a new venture’s strategic orientation (SO) and ability to undertake strategic renewal (SR) are of great importance to its survival, growth and international performance. Building on the dynamic capability perspective, we explore how SR capability mediates the relationship between SO and the performance of mature born global firms (BGFs). In particular, we examine the direct and indirect interplay between the SO of BGFs and their performance outcomes. We use a sample of 195 export-oriented BGFs, derived from the Bangladeshi apparel industry. We use a hierarchical regression analysis technique to test the direct effects. The mediation effect is examined using three statistical tests – Baron and Kenney’s (1986) causal steps approach, the Sobel test, and the Hayes indirect effect with bootstrapping method – to ensure the validity and reliability of our findings. The results reveal a positive association between SO and the performance of BGFs, and that this relationship is mediated by the firms’ SR capability. We contribute to a greater understanding of the drivers of mature BGFs’ international performance by demonstrating a direct link between their SO and SR capability, which in turn affects their performance outcomes.

Stages of the international industrial sales process

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how the “seven steps of selling” are used within the modern international business environment and the degree to which international sales executives are able to identify and adapt to differences in global markets.Design/methodology/approachA phenomenological type of approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with international sales executives (based either in the USA or UK) that operated across multiple different regions of the world.FindingsThis study provides a holistic assessment of the international business-to-business sales process. This study outlines four key aspects of the sales process that differ from traditional domestic industrial selling. Then, the study suggests examining the international sales process as a stage-based approach, versus exclusively focusing on the sales process as a seven-step process. Third, the study focuses on differences between regions of the world.Research limitations/implicationsFrom an academic standpoint, this study highlights a number of avenues to pursue. In addition, this study underscores the limited volume of research focused on international sales force management, especially the differences within the sales process. Limitations focus on issues pertaining to the sales executives examined within the study.Practical implicationsFirms looking to enter or expand their international market presence will be able to use the results of this study focusing on the international sales process. Firms can apply the results of this study to build both initial and continuous training programs.Originality/valueThis study identifies aspects that occur during each stage of the international sales process to provide a detailed account of the activities that international salespeople are engaged in. Further, this study suggests that the stages of the sales process differ between transactional exchanges and strategic relationships. However, this study offers more insight on the development of strategic long-term relationships, as the majority of the sales executives focused on the strategic relationship development during the interviews. As a last step within this study, seven country-specific issues are described.

AKUNTANSI TRANSLASI DENGAN SISTEM MONETER ISLAM SEBAGAI SOLUSI ALTERNATIF TREN INFLASI GLOBAL

ABSTRACT
 
 The inflation fluctuates in all countries, impacting the process of preparing financial reports. Especially if the business or organization operates in several countries and needs to report its financial condition periodically. The aim of research is to have an overview of the mechanism of translation accounting when inflation occurs and the comparison if translation accounting is carried out using the Islamic monetary system. The method used is a descriptive qualitative method approach and content analysis techniques. From studies conducted on various literature and analyzing existing data, it can be seen that fluctuating currency values ​​are a particular challenge in the international business environment. Also related to this is an increase in the value of money for goods and services known as inflation. Accounting for price changes is relevant to international businesses and organizations, since inflation rates vary substantially between countries today. And affect financial reporting as a distorting effect of inflation. The Islamic monetary system is an alternative solution for presenting accurate financial information to business entities or organizations, because of its stable exchange rate. The Islamic monetary system has stability of the exchange rate, because the exchange rate is independent, cannot be intervened by anyone and any policy.
 
 Keywords: Translation Accounting, Islamic Monetary, Global Inflation

Commentary: The Pandemic: Shuffling the Deck of the Global Business Environment

The pandemic created new and unknown realities for humanity, creating uncertainty in all areas of human life, such as personal, social, business, economics, healthcare, education, and politics. This study clarifies the influence and impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the international business environment. The pandemic shocked the global supply and demand of goods and services, testing trade resilience and adaptation. Governments realized a need to decrease international economic dependence. Many global companies – strongly dependent on China for their supplies – were seriously affected. This decreased investor confidence, shrank business, and cause unemployment, signalling a human capital crisis. Shifting to a hybrid work environment affected work routines, forcing new corporate intra-organization policies. The pandemic left its ‘fingerprint’ on the organizations because they had no option but to function under the new circumstances. Despite initial predictions, recovery is underway, which has led to stability in the global economy. Post-pandemic, we are witnessing a resumption of global demand. The pandemic’s enduring impact on international business is unknown. What we do know is that risk management and crisis preparedness will remain paramount. business, international, COVID-19, pandemic, trade, coronavirus, crisis, black swan, globalization, risks management

Features of business ecosystem formation in modern conditions

The subject of research is the theoretical and methodological foundations of business ecosystems of companies. The purpose of the article is a study of features of process of forming and development of ecosystems, and also parameters that influence on her development status in a medium-term and long-term period. The methodological basis of the article is the theoretical provisions of the innovation economy, a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: induction and deduction, system-structural analysis and synthesis, analogy and modeling, economic and statistical method, abstract and logical method and monographic method. Results of the article. It is established that in today's rapidly changing market conditions, the formation of ecosystems by companies is a progressive direction of economic development. However, these business models should be fully connected with business, or rather, small and medium-sized businesses should form the fundamental basis of the ecosystem, the main resource of which should be human capital and information. The concentration of these components will allow a business entity to develop new and modernize existing products, thereby better meeting consumer needs and, as a result, introducing the next stages of innovative development of humanity. Field of application of results. The results can be used in the activities of agricultural, processing, and trading enterprises, as well as in the research and educational process of agricultural universities. Conclusions. The development of IT technologies is provoking changes in the nature of competition: in the near future, it will not be individual market participants who will compete in the market, but new business models, such as ecosystems, which are able to fully meet the needs and expectations of consumers. Given the current trends in the international business environment, it is easy to predict that in the future, individual economic actors will not be able to maintain a leading position in any market segment and that they will be replaced by business models that are able to focus their efforts not only on the production of competitive products. Given recent events, the level of corruption, the share of the shadow economy, and the dynamics of macro-financial indicators, it is safe to assume that the country will continue to experience a decline in economic activity. In such circumstances, it is appropriate to look for new approaches to stimulate business.

ФІНАНСОВІ ТА ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ СПРИЯННЯ ЦИРКУЛЯРНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ: СТАЛИЙ РОЗВИТОК І КЛІМАТИЧНА НЕЙТРАЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК ТРИГЕРИ ОЗЕЛЕНЕННЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ РИНКІВ КАПІТАЛУ

The purpose of the article is to identify sustainable development and climate neutrality as triggers for the greening of international capital markets, which will begin the process of identifying a class of financial and investment instruments that contribute to the development of a circular economy. It is argued that the inclusion of social and environmental factors in determining the quality of financial and investment assets will become a new reality, indicating that the financial sector will play a key role in mobilizing the capital needed to implement the global agenda for sustainable development and the development of a circular economy. Sustainable finance will be an end in itself and a precondition for facilitating and accelerating a circular, green and sustainable transition. It has been established that the concept of the circular economy (CE) is still in the stage of theoretical construction, and its final definition is still far from reaching a consensus position in the scientific community. An analysis of the fundamental positions and beliefs of representatives of the conservative, systemic, evolutionary, synergetic, integrated, process, resource, commercial, anthropocentric, environmental and integral approaches made it possible to establish the heterogeneity of ideas regarding the transformational potential of the circular economy for the implementation of green, energy transitions and achievements. climate neutrality and sustainable development. Discussion about the so-called. forced "greening" of international capital markets, international finance and investment, state aid (subsidies and purchases), including to encourage the development of a circular economy, is recognized as contraversion. It is proposed to start a discussion on the development of an algorithm for including future economic benefits from adapted circular business models in business valuation and adequately reflecting them in accounting reports in order to protect investors from unweighted investment strategies, therefore, the issue of attributing investments in a cyclical production process to the class of intangible assets becomes especially acute. (given that the benefits to companies and society will only be felt in the long term). From the standpoint of CE funding, it is promising to study the categories of "sustainable investment" and "eco-friendly investment". There has been a marked lack of research linking CE to sustainable investment in general. While CE appears to be one of the main beneficiaries of the sustainable investment megatrend, at the company level, there is no evidence of an increase in the volume of their financing by “sustainable investors”, nor is it established that the circular activity of companies has helped to accelerate the process of obtaining funding, and also that companies are actively starting to create CE Development Assistance Funds. It has been proven that the integration of CE principles into financial instruments for the development of sustainability (sustainable development, low-carbon economy, climate neutrality) leads to the expansion of the functionality of green bonds and transitional bonds as part of the category of ESG bonds issued to finance the energy and circular transition of companies. While most existing green bonds do not integrate cyclical principles, the requirement that green bonds have a well-defined “use of earnings” is important for CE funding precisely because green bonds are able to integrate cyclical principles into a linear production system. In the context of green bonds, it is initiatives to promote circular principles of waste management and resource use that constitute the fourth largest category of "use of green bond proceeds in the world". It is argued that investments in the circular economy can contribute to the achievement of several sustainable development goals, and therefore green finance and sustainable finance can be considered as components of circular finance. The potential of using CBDCs for the development of a closed-loop economy is considered. Of particular interest is the development of a line of green digital finance, including one based on CBDS. Further research into the impact of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors on shaping the international business environment will play an important role in greening the practice of asset management. The volume of investments in the development of the circular economy in state packages of green incentives was estimated. It is established that the green economy stimulates transformational shifts in the field of international finance, initiating the development of a new class of financial assets: (1) green finance; (2) sustainable finances; (3) finance for the development of the bioeconomy; (4) finance for the energy transition; (5) finance for circular transition; (6) climate investments; (7) low-carbon investments; (8) investments in the development of alternative energy; (9) eco-friendly investments.

COVID-19 and corporate tax avoidance: International evidence

Governments across the globe initiated various tax reforms in the post- Global Financial Crisis period to rein in aggressive corporate tax avoidance for managing budget deficits. These developments created new realities in the international business environment by altering the costs and benefits of corporate tax management. Yet, we have a limited understanding of the effectiveness of tax reforms in controlling corporate tax avoidance at the global level. COVID-19 offers a litmus test for how corporates manage their taxes during the pandemic in light of past tax reforms. We use financial constraints and reputational costs as two contradicting theoretical perspectives to explain corporate tax avoidance during the crisis. Consistent with the financial constraints hypothesis, we find that firms avoid taxes amid COVID-19 to prevent liquidity crunches. Our study also highlights the role of country-level information and governance quality in curbing tax avoidance during extreme events like COVID-19. Our findings call for an immediate tax policy intervention to limit corporate tax avoidance during the ongoing pandemic phases.

Environmentally responsible behavior: Attitudes of Russian SMEs

The study of barriers and drivers of Russian SMEs’ environmentally responsible behavior is essential, since this business cluster is characterized by low information openness and transparency. The goal of the study was to research attitudes of owners and managers of Russian SMEs of different sizes towards diverse factors of internal and external business environment acting as barriers and drivers of SMEs’ environmentally responsible behavior. In this context, the following research tasks were set: to identify the significance of factors in SMEs’ external and internal environment (drivers and barriers) shaping their commitment to environmentally responsible practices after analyzing a broad range of publications in the corresponding scientific domain; to compare analytical results from reviewing academic publications to findings from the empirical study of Russian SMEs’ views and opinions. The research methods were questionnaire and interviews among representatives of 151 and 20 Russian SMEs respectively. The study revealed that the majority of respondents marked factors of external business environment, first of all, actions of federal and local authorities, as most significant barriers and drivers of environmentally responsible behavior of Russian SMEs of all sizes. They also mentioned “the culture of responsible production and consumption” in this regard. Market conditions (competition, opportunities of concluding contracts within the network of responsible suppliers, etc.) can be ranked second by their significance according to respondents’ answers. Factors of internal business environment (financial, human resources, time resources, etc.) are significantly less often perceived by SMEs’ representatives as drivers and barriers for their organizations’ green business practices. In contrast to other developing market economies, where SMEs include large corporations, business associations and technological, demographic and religion factors, along with governmental activities, into the list of important drivers for environmentally responsible behavior, the priority of authorities’ actions is absolute in the ranks of Russian SMEs in this regard. Employees of micro businesses were different in their estimations of restraints to environmentally responsible behavior, as well as of benefits that their firms may get from environmentally responsible initiatives, than their colleagues from medium-sized companies. The latter group increasingly relies on international organizations’ and UN recommendations, as well as competitors’ adherence to green practices. Research outcomes allow to conclude that if large corporations within Russia consider expansion of cooperation opportunities for responsible suppliers from the SMEs segment, while professional associations and communities boost efforts for increasing their awareness and knowledge of environmentally responsible practices, the degree of Russian SMEs interest to green projects and practices may become considerably higher.

War impact on the market value of the industrial complex enterprises of Ukraine

The purpose of the paper is to assess the war impact on the market value of the industrial complex enterprises of Ukraine. This is an important task for determining the investment needs to restore the Ukrainian economy, substantiating the reparations for Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which should include the damage caused after the unleashing of a full-scale war from 24.02.2022 , and losses in the early phases of military aggression (after 22.02.2014).The author’s method of assessing the market value is based on the CVA concept. The war impact on the enterprises market value should be manifested through changes in the effects of exploitation and financing liabilities, which show a differentiated effect from changes in the internal and external business environment of enterprises in wartime. Estimates should be based on the possibility of both negative and positive effects. The main direction of the negative influence is the financing effect, which is due to the action of the external business environment factor. The Kane-Essian argument should be considered in the estimates by calculating normalized effect sizes.The normalized cumulative war impact equaled 165.1 billion dollars, which corresponds to 44.4% of the total market value of industrial enterprises of Ukraine, estimated for the period 2014–2022. About 14.4% of the total war impact on the market value of Ukraine’s industrial enterprises is attributed to the financing effect. Loss assessments can be used to evaluate the investment needs to restore destroyed and damaged business property. To determine the amount of compensation for damage caused by the war, the market value of an enterprise according to the CVA method can be used.

The Role of Entrepreneurial Thinking Mediated by Social Media on the Sustainability of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Iran

This study lends new insights into the hitherto-unexplored relationship between entrepreneurial thinking and the sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Iran, mediated by social media. The goal was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial thinking, mediated by social media, on the sustainability of SMEs in Iran from January to February 2022. The statistical population comprised 407 SME managers based in the Pardis Technology Park and the Science and Technology Town (Iran). Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 197 SME managers was selected via the simple random method. The data were collected using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire with 25 questions, the reliability and validity of which had been examined and confirmed. The data were analyzed in SmartPLS 3. The results revealed that entrepreneurial thinking plays a pivotal role in managerial decisions and is a crucial factor in the sustainability of SMEs in Iran. Managers, as creators and reformers of the internal business environment, can establish and enhance a strong link between business sustainability and employees’ ability to acquire entrepreneurial thinking.

Modeling of Strategic Alignment to Modify TOGAF Architecture Development Method Based on Business Strategy Model

Strategic alignment is generally seen as an important driver for optimizing business performance. Strategic alignment is aligning internal resource capabilities and external opportunities for superior performance. To realize the suitability of Business and IT strategies, a framework is needed, namely Enterprise Architecture (EA). One of the frameworks for EA is The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF). TOGAF is a method for developing and managing the Enterprise Architecture life cycle called Architectural Development Method (ADM). This ADM integrates elements of the TOGAF standard in responding to the organization's business, and IT needs. In this paper, researchers will contribute to formulating a strategic alignment model to modify the existing strategic alignment in TOGAF ADM based on the business strategy model. In this business model strategy, there are two things: the analysis of business strategy choices and the Balanced Score Card (BSC) strategy map. Analysis of business strategy choices uses SWOT analysis as a business strategy determination based on internal and external business environment analysis. Second, the BSC strategy map is a process of mapping business strategies into the BSC strategy map, which includes four perspectives: financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth perspectives. This model was tested at the Universitas Dinamika, and the results have a good alignment rate of 95%. For further research, this model can be tested in various organizations, such as universities and public and private organizations.

Supply Chains in International Business Practices: Legal Characteristics

Over two thirds of world trade and production is carried out by multinational corporations and takes place in cross-border supply chains (global value chains). This figure reflects the scale and vastness of the geography of distribution of such systems. Global (cross-border) supply chains have attracted close attention from business and political circles, academic economists and sociologists. However, legal scholars have remained aloof from such debates. The paper is the first to integrate the concept of cross-border supply chains (global value chains) into domestic legal science. From a legal point of view, the supply chain is a multi-level (modular) system of contracts subordinated to a single goal and designed to centralize, organize and coordinate the management of the flow of production, supplies and services in the international business environment. An important feature of such contractual systems is their role as an intermediary in the dissemination of foreign legal norms, norms of non-state regulation, private standards and in the legitimization of socially significant attitudes.

Cơ chế khoán chi góp phần hiện đại hóa Hải quan Việt Nam

Since 2005, the government has implemented financial management policies for the Customs sector under the budgetary autonomy mechanism. The first phase lasted for two years (2005-2007), followed by a real-time expansion period of five years (2016-2020), which has now been extended into 2021 and beyond. These efforts have successfully achieved their objectives, as evidenced by the gradual improvement and update of the Customs legal system. This has increased the budget revenue target and modernized the management methods to adapt to changes in the international business environment. This article examines the initial success of Customs modernization achieved through the correct orientation of the budgetary autonomy mechanism.

International business under sanctions

Sanctions are a tool used by political actors to induce foreign countries, firms or individuals to alter their behavior. As nonmilitary coercive measure, they have the potential to disrupt the international business environment, often on short notice, and change the rules of the game. Synthesizing the available evidence on the economic and political impacts of sanctions, we explore how sanctions disrupt the institutional framework for international business and how firms respond to sanctions. Based on a review of available scholarly evidence, we discuss how theories of international business, such as institution-based view, resource- and knowledge-based view, resource dependency theory, and behavioral theories of the firm, can contribute to explaining the impact of sanctions. At the same time, we discuss how sanctions, as politically motivated disruptions, challenge some assumptions underlying these theories. Going forward, our research agenda on sanctions is likely to help firms and governments to strategize in a geopolitically sensitive world.

Proposed Business Strategy to Increase Profitability in Food & Beverage Industry (Case Study: Pt Ganesha Abaditama)

Indonesia’s retail industry is one of the most promising due to its large population and rising purchasing power from middle-class individuals and millennials with increased spending habits. Food and beverages are part of Indonesia’s retail industry. Ganesha, a manufacturer, and supplier of packaged spices has seen sales decline in the last two years. Outperforming supermarket competitors to increase sales requires a new business strategy to gain competitive advantages. This study uses the AFI framework to design a new business strategy. Porter’s Five Forces, customer, and consumer analysis are used for external business analysis. Resource-based view analysis, core competencies gap analysis, and VRIO analysis are used to analyze the internal business environment. Interviews, questionnaires, and observation provided primary data. Websites, books, articles, and journals provided secondary data. The two data sets are combined for the SWOT analysis, and the TWOS matrix is used to develop strategies. Results show that underpricing rivals and increasing product value will increase market share. Innovating the supply chain, production, and technology helps lower selling prices. Innovating existing products, packaging, and variations helps add product value. However, product innovation requires more market research to determine consumer interest.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KONSUMEN DAN PEMEGANG MEREK TERDAFTAR DARI PEMANFAATAN MEREK TERKENAL

<p><em>The tendency of consumers to buy and use famous brands is a lifestyle for some people in this modern era. Considering that generally goods/services of well-known brands have a relatively more expensive sale value when compared to non-branded goods/services, so their existence is often used by parties who are not responsible for producing counterfeit goods/ services or selling counterfeit goods/services with us and utilize well-known brands. Therefore the use of a well-known trademark that has been registered by another unauthorized party will bring legal impact and loss to many parties, the first party that loses is the owner of the registered brand, and this will lead to fraudulent competition, the second party to be disadvantaged is the consumer community who buy and consume counterfeit products using well-known brands which should be protected from misleading behavior, other parties who are also disadvantaged by the use of well-known brands are the government/country in addition to not getting fees from the distribution of these well-known brands will also affect the country's image from the international business environment. In this study, the author tries to find out how the form of legal protection against "Famous brand holders" and against "Cosmetics" from the illegal use of famous brands and what needs to be done by the government to protect the practice of using registered (well-known) brands from the use of parties who are not entitled to.</em></p>