Internal Agency Research Articles

Does formaldehyde have a causal association with nasopharyngeal cancer and leukaemia?

BackgroundThe South Korean criteria for occupational diseases were amended in July 2013. These criteria included formaldehyde as a newly defined occupational carcinogen, based on cases of “leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure”. This inclusion was based on the Internal Agency for Research on Cancer classification, which classified formaldehyde as definite human carcinogen for nasopharyngeal cancer in 2004 and leukemia in 2012.MethodsWe reviewed reports regarding the causal relationship between occupational exposure to formaldehyde in Korea and the development of these cancers, in order to determine whether these cases were work-related.ResultsPrevious reports regarding excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure seemed to be influenced by excess mortality from a single plant. The recent meta-risk for nasopharyngeal cancer was significantly increased in case-control studies, but was null for cohort studies (excluding unexplained clusters of nasopharyngeal cancers). A recent analysis of the largest industrial cohort revealed elevated risks of both leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma at the peak formaldehyde exposure, and both cancers exhibited significant dose-response relationships. A nested case-control study of embalmers revealed that mortality from myeloid leukemia increased significantly with increasing numbers of embalms and with increasing formaldehyde exposure. The recent meta-risks for all leukemia and myeloid leukemia increased significantly. In South Korea, a few cases were considered occupational cancers as a result of mixed exposures to various chemicals (e.g., benzene), although no cases were compensated for formaldehyde exposure. The peak formaldehyde exposure levels in Korea were 2.70–14.8 ppm in a small number of specialized studies, which considered anatomy students, endoscopy employees who handled biopsy specimens, and manufacturing workers who were exposed to high temperatures.ConclusionAdditional evidence is needed to confirm the relationship between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer. All lymphohematopoietic malignancies, including leukemia, should be considered in cases with occupational formaldehyde exposure.

Leadership development in human services: Variations in agency training, organizational investment, participant satisfaction, and succession planning

ABSTRACTThe need for agency investment in leadership development is acute, given rising organizational complexity and anticipated management retirements. Using a multiple case study, multiple methods design, this article compares qualitative findings on the varying approaches to leadership development, organizational context, training outcomes, and succession planning in two children’s mental health agencies in Ontario, Canada. Key findings are highlighted: formal training and informal learning opportunities; extent of organizational investment, internal and external agency pressures; mixed outcomes regarding participant satisfaction, learning, and practice application; and lack of agency/sector succession planning. Conceptual and practical implications for agency leaders and future researchers are highlighted.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ИНТУИЦИИ У СОТРУДНИКОВ ПОЛИЦИИ

We consider main aspects of intuition as a psychological phenomenon and its peculiarities in legal defending activity. The difficulty of the topic is noted according to intuition irrational nature. We study the historical aspect of intuitive human mind development from the earliest to the modern time and find differences in the information part of the world understanding. The reasons for formation of intuitive thinking of Internal Affairs Agencies workers in untypical situations are explained. The research has the scheme of conditions for intuition provocation, among which there are the problem situation, “hint” availability, fundamental understanding of the issue. In Russia the psychological service of Ministry of Internal Affairs investigates intuitive abilities of Internal Affairs Agencies workers. There are methods types of intuition study: experimental methods and action tests; surveys; instrumental methods showing priming; implicit learning; “illocal” intuition; psychophysiological methods. The essence of experimental methods, action-tests and instrumental methods are shown. The conclusions of necessity of to practically include developments obtained in the process of intuition thinking investigation of Internal Affairs Agencies are made. The peculiarities of intuition study within the framework of psychological researches. We consider the role of intuition in professional activity of Internal Affairs Agencies workers. We tried to create methodological tools of intuition study of police workers.

Training of Far Eastern Internal Affairs Agencies for Action under the Conditions of the Special Period in 1970-1972

Drawing on unique documents that have not yet been introduced into scientific use, the article reviews the activities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in training its agencies for probable border war with China. A series of events was conducted by Shchelokov, Minister of the Internal Affairs of the USSR, in order to strengthen the regional internal affairs agencies. It included introduction of a list of ‘advanced alert,’ ‘special period,’ and ‘covert mobilization’ signals, accompanied by a list of mandatory positions. The article focuses on the work of internal affairs agencies in the Far East border areas and the Khabarovsk special secondary school of militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in particular, all of which hurried to fine-tune public order and state security maintenance, evacuation of the population and the internal affairs bodies in case of onset of the Special Period. Significantly, the Khabarovsk special secondary school of militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was to become not just a base for accelerated training of officers, but also a military reserve in case of enemy assault. It also was to enforce public order in case of mass riots. The manpower strength of the school allowed to form a battalion of 3 rifle companies. The author underscores that all measures implemented by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were carried out in close cooperation with the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and its regional agencies. Training for Special Period was multifaceted, it included propaganda support via mass media, control over radio-broadcasting in the territories bordering China, camouflage of installations at the expense of the forest fund, mobilization by rail and road transport, etc.

Подготовка органов внутренних дел Дальнего Востока к действиям в условиях «Особого периода» в 1970-1972 гг.

Drawing on unique documents that have not yet been introduced into scientific use, the article reviews the activities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in training its agencies for probable border war with China. A series of events was conducted by Shchelokov, Minister of the Internal Affairs of the USSR, in order to strengthen the regional internal affairs agencies. It included introduction of a list of ‘advanced alert,’ ‘special period,’ and ‘covert mobilization’ signals, accompanied by a list of mandatory positions. The article focuses on the work of internal affairs agencies in the Far East border areas and the Khabarovsk special secondary school of militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in particular, all of which hurried to fine-tune public order and state security maintenance, evacuation of the population and the internal affairs bodies in case of onset of the Special Period. Significantly, the Khabarovsk special secondary school of militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was to become not just a base for accelerated training of officers, but also a military reserve in case of enemy assault. It also was to enforce public order in case of mass riots. The manpower strength of the school allowed to form a battalion of 3 rifle companies. The author underscores that all measures implemented by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were carried out in close cooperation with the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and its regional agencies. Training for Special Period was multifaceted, it included propaganda support via mass media, control over radio-broadcasting in the territories bordering China, camouflage of installations at the expense of the forest fund, mobilization by rail and road transport, etc.

The peculiarities of administrative liability imposed to the offirs of the internal affirs agencies for commission of environmental offnces

The peculiarities of administrative liability imposed to the offirs of the internal affirs agencies for commission of environmental offnces

The Use of the Data-to-Action Framework in the Evaluation of CDC's DELTA FOCUS Program.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancements and Leadership Through Alliances, Focusing on Outcomes for Communities United with States (DELTA FOCUS) program is a 5-year cooperative agreement (2013-2018) funding 10 state domestic violence coalitions and local coordinated community response teams to engage in primary prevention of intimate partner violence. Grantees' prevention strategies were often developmental and emergent; therefore, CDC's approach to program oversight, administration, and support to grantees required a flexible approach. CDC staff adopted a Data-to-Action Framework for the DELTA FOCUS program evaluation that supported a culture of learning to meet dynamic and unexpected information needs. Briefly, a Data-to-Action Framework involves the collection and use of information in real time for program improvement. Utilizing this framework, the DELTA FOCUS data-to-action process yielded important insights into CDC's ongoing technical assistance, improved program accountability by providing useful materials, and information for internal agency leadership, and helped build a learning community among grantees. CDC and other funders, as decision makers, can promote program improvements that are data-informed by incorporating internal processes supportive of ongoing data collection and review.

THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIENTS’ DECISION-MAKING IN THE MARKET OF SELECTED PLANNED HEALTHCARE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Internal Grant Agency (The key factors influencing decision-making of clients in the market of health services) [IGA/FaME/2015/024]; Internal Grant Agency (Management of healthcare organizations effectiveness) [RO/2016/12]

Психологическая компетентность сотрудников органов внутренних дел при профилактике суицидальных рисков в служебной деятельности

The article considers the signs of suicidal behavior of a person. Based on a survey of law enforcement officers in which they provide self-assessment of knowledge about the signs of suicide, as well as the possibilities and nature of applying this knowledge to suicides, it is concluded that it is necessary to train internal affairs officials in the prevention of suicidal behavior. Based on the analysis of the results of the study, it was concluded that it is necessary to improve and systematize the knowledge of employees of the internal affairs agencies on suicidal behavior of the individual, and also to conduct educational work in this direction.

Positioning, telling, and performing a male illness: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

There is a paucity of illness accounts of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), despite a significant level of prevalence and burden of disease. This qualitative study thus elicited twelve accounts from men suffering with CP/CPPS. Narrative analysis was employed, focusing primarily on narrative content. Three major narrative themes were identified: (1) Medical stories: Blame and shame; (2) The Erratic nature of CP/CPPS; and (3) Ongoing struggles for coping and cures and the Search for meaning. Recommendations were made for health care providers and increasing the internal agency, support and activism of men with this debilitating condition. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? One qualitative account of this male illness (CP/CPPS) exists: an IPA study. Five cross-sectional themes: (1) Need for repeated confirmation - disease not life-threatening nor leading inexorably towards cancer; (2) Disturbed sleep and fatigue; (3) Concealing pain and problems - 'normalizing'; (4) Enduring pain by performing activities; and (5) Abrupt mood swings and limited sociality. What does this study add? Narrative analysis adds information as to how this illness is managed and survived over time. It challenges the findings (above) by providing an insider perspective. Novel narrative themes include meaning-making amongst others. Masculine performance and experiences are also crucial to this stigmatized illness.

20 Dissociative experiences in patients with fibromyalgia are mediated by symptoms of autonomic dysfunction

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the basis of dissociative experiences in patients with fibromyalgia, testing a hypothesised link to ‘internal agency’ through interoception and autonomic control. Fibromyalgia is a complex polysymptomatic musculoskeletal disorder affecting 5% of the population. Common neuropsychiatric features include emotional fatigue, subjective cognitive dysfunction (e.g. ‘brain-fog’) and dissociation. The combination of brain-fog and dissociation is linked to higher levels of pain symptom intensity and decreased mental well-being. Patients describe such disturbances are as ‘nearly universal’ and important, yet the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms in fibromyalgia are poorly understood. Interestingly fibromyalgia is associated with dysautonomia, notably orthostatic intolerance. Moreover, fibromyalgia and dysautonomia (e.g. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome; PoTS) are both associated with connective tissue disorders, specifically joint hypermobility syndromes (Ehlers Danlos Syndrome hypermobile type; EDS-HT). Method Twenty-one patients with fibromyalgia (20 female; mean age 41.86 years) and twenty-two healthy controls (16 female; mean age 44.00 years) were recruited. Each participant completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the ASQoLS, which measures symptoms of autonomic dysfunction including orthostatic intolerance. All participants underwent assessment for joint hypermobility/EDS-HT using Brighton Criteria. Statistical comparison between groups was performed using independent samples t test. Mediation analyses were conducted according to the method of Baron and Kenny. Results Patients with fibromyalgia reported greater (mean, SEM) dissociative experiences (48.67, 9.99) than the control group (18.14, 2.72), (t40=2.95, p=0.005) and greater symptoms of orthostatic intolerance (41.90, 4.93) than controls (8.64, 1.02), (t41=6.611, p Conclusion In a patient population vulnerable to neuropsychiatric symptoms, we found that dissociative experiences are fully mediated by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. This is also the first study, to our knowledge, to explore dissociation and orthostatic intolerance in the context of fibromyalgia. Moreover, dissociation and brain-fog appear closely linked and are frequently reported by both patients with fibromyalgia and those with PoTS. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesised basis to dissociative symptoms in abnormalities in self-representation and internal agency linked to autonomic control and interoceptive prediction, revealed by subjective symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. This study suggests possibilities for recognition and treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Industry Shocks to Internal Funds and Agency Costs - Evidence from a Policy Innovation

A first order policy question is whether dividend regulations affect corporate investment. Recent findings show that dividend tax regulations do not increase aggregate investment. This paper examines an industry-specific (REIT) dividend regulation with an alternate design, the REITs Modernization Act (2001), which directly affects dividend payout ratios while leaving the dividend tax rates unaffected, at both the corporate and the individual investor level. We find that the regulation positively affects REITs' investment and firm value, which is consistent with the ``new view’’ of dividend taxation. Second, constrained REITs, increase investment and enhance firm value, but they do not change security issuance or leverage, when financing constraints are relaxed. Finally, REITs with higher agency conflicts exhibit underinvestment.

Bioterrorism-Are We Prepared?: A Current National Perspective

Warfare by biological agents is an age old technique for mass calamity to an enemy civilization. Periodically, it has been flashing its presence in world map either by scattered sporadic incidences or wide spread impact. In the current scenario of our national diplomatic situation of unfriendly relationships with external & internal agencies, it is important that we review our status regarding this inhuman tool of terrorism or proxy-war. This article addresses the fundamental aspects of bioterrorism in current national perspective like recent national and international incidences, possible types of microbes and modes of transmission used for attacks, how to diagnose a bioterrorism attack, available defense resources in India for management, current legal provisions and suggestions for future plans.

Abstract B18: Molecular cancer testing of KRAS and miR-21 from EUS-guided biopsies of pancreatic tissue: Utility of aspirates vs. cytology

Abstract Introduction: Currently, there is a lack of reliable markers useable in diagnosis and/or management of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although detection of KRAS point mutations for the differential diagnosis and determination of miR-21 expression for diagnostic and prognostic purposes have been widely investigated with promising results, neither KRAS nor miR-21 testing have become routine in clinical practice so far. One of the reasons is that analysis of KRAS mutations and miRNA expression is mainly performed on resected pancreatic tissue the use of which is relevant only for a minority of PDAC patients undergoing of surgical treatment. The present study describes development of a reliable methodology for analysis of KRAS mutations and miR-21 expression from samples acquired by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB), applicable to all PDAC patients. Consequently, the success rates and clinical validity of KRAS mutation and miR-21 expression analysis in two common types of EUS-FNB samples, i.e. native aspirates and cytology specimens are compared. Experimental: The study included 118 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Each patient underwent EUS-FNB and the sample was divided into two parts, one part was stored in a stabilizing solution as native aspirate and the rest was processed into the cytology specimen. DNA/RNA was extracted and then analyzed for KRAS mutations and miR-21 expression. For both sample types, the yields of DNA/RNA and success rates for KRAS and miR-21 testing were compared along with evaluation of mutant cell fractions. Finally, confirmation of miR-21 prognostic role was tested by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Data Summary: The overall amount of isolated DNA/RNA from native aspirates was significantly lower compared to the cytology specimens (147 ng vs. 642 ng for DNA, 10 ng vs 164 ng for RNA). The success rates for subsequent KRAS and miR-21 analysis was 100% for both sample types. The KRAS-mutant detection rates in native aspirates were 12% lower than in cytology specimens (78% vs. 90%). The average fraction of KRAS-mutant cells was lower in native aspirates (31%) compared to the cytology specimens (56%). The prognostic role of miR-21 in native aspirates did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06), but was confirmed in cytology specimens (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Although both types of EUS-FNB samples are suitable for DNA/RNA extraction and subsequent DNA mutation and miRNA expression analysis, reliable results with clinical validity were only obtained for cytological specimens. Native aspirates exhibit a low and undefined fraction of tumor cells leading to false interpretation of molecular testing results. EUS-FNB samples in the form of cytology specimens are a perspective source for the study of molecular markers in virtually all PDAC patients, including patients in inoperable stages. Supported by Internal Grant Agency of the Czech Ministry of Health (IGA) grant No. NT 13638 Citation Format: Lucie Benesova, Tereza Halkova, Bohus Bunganic, Barbora Belsanova, Eva Traboulsi, Miroslav Zavoral, Marek Minarik.{Authors}. Molecular cancer testing of KRAS and miR-21 from EUS-guided biopsies of pancreatic tissue: Utility of aspirates vs. cytology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2016 May 12-15; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(24 Suppl):Abstract nr B18.

Financial Markets, Climate Change, and Paradoxes of Coordination and Intervention

While capitalism as a system follows a logic that drives it toward environmental degradation, not every corporation blindly follows. Not all capital is opposed to action on climate change as corporations have their own internal logic and agency. This divides different parts of capital. For some corporations their logic promotes long-termism and environmental sustainability as this maximizes their profit (e.g. insurance companies). So ownership and the old divisions between industrial and finance capital are less relevant as corporations become increasingly financialized. The principal cleavage on climate issues is between companies whose profits are enhanced or threatened by carbon emissions.

David R. Marshall, JD, DNP, RN, CENP, NEA-BC

David R. Marshall, JD, DNP, RN, CENP, NEA-BC, is vice president and chief nursing & patient care services officer at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Texas.

Analysis of the psychometric characteristics of the experimental psychological methods for examination of the law enforcement officers

Background As a number of local documents requires continuous improvement of psychodi-agnostic work, one of the main activities of the Internal Affairs Agencies psychi-atric service is an active clinical examination, the timely detection of law en-forcement officers employees with neuropsychological instability, tendency to aggression and other forms of deviant behavior. Methods The aim of the study was the selection of additional experimental psychological techniques to conduct psychological examinations of law enforcement officers. As on objective of a study evaluation of reliability, validity and discriminative level of psychological tests has been chosen. The object of study was a group of the randomly selected representatives of almost all the major police professions, consisting of 348 respondents of the male gender in the age from 21 to 48 years old. Given the fact that the screening psychological evaluation of law enforce-ment officers during periodic psychiatric examinations is usually carried out un-der time constraints and the urgency to form an opinion immediately after the end of testing, nonprojective psychological techniques have been chosen for test-ing. These techniques, according to the scientific literature, proved their effective-ness and, in addition, are characterized by a small volume of questions and sim-plicity (largely - the dichotomous scales). Moreover, it does not require a lot of time to handle them: a methodology «Aggressive behavior» (E. P Ilyin, P. O. Ko-valev, 2001), the test «Аnxiety-Rigidity- Extravertebral» (D. Moudsli, 2002), the test «IPC-Fragebogen» (H. Levenson, 1986), the test is «MS PTSD» (NM Keane, 2001). Results Tests reliability was investigated by determining the consistency of their results by calculating the L. Cronbach’s coefficient α and Guttman method of splitting in half; discriminative level was determined by calculating the ratio; construct validi-ty was investigated by the exploratory factor analysis conduction. The factor loadings equal to or greater than 0,3 were considered to be sufficient, provided that the other factor loadings per item tend to zero; the criterion validity was in-vestigated by calculating the dichotomous correlation coefficient φ, and the statis-tical significance of the coefficient was determined by the distribution tables χ2 with one degree of freedom.The data achieved makes it possible to assert that law enforcement officers contingent discriminative level (δ-Ferguson = 0,88 ± 0,1) and the criterion validi-ty (φ≥0,225; r≤3E-05) of all the techniques of scales are high enough. Reliability of «Aggressive behavior» methodology is estimated as high only in relation to the general level of diagnosis of incontinence (α-Cronbach = 0,78; Guttman split-half = 0,763), whereas the reliability and construct validity of its individual scales are insufficient. Taking into account the high level of criteria validity and discrimina-tive level of this test, it is possible to talk about whether it should be used only as an indicator of the overall level of incontinence of internal affairs body employ-ees.«MS PTSD» has revealed a high level of reliability, and discriminative valid-ity (α-Cronbach = 0,67; Guttman split-half = 0,63; δ-Ferguson = 0,984), which allows to recommend its use in the process of psycho-diagnostic survey of law enforcement officers.The level of reliability and construct validity of methods «IPC-Fragebogen» and «ARE» was insufficient (α-Kronbaha≤0,5; Guttman split-half≤0,5), indicat-ing that they cannot be used in the process of psychological examinations of law enforcement officers. Conclusion Notwithstanding that several diagnostic instruments have proven themselves in long use in other professional contingents, an important conclusion has been ob-tained as a result of the work that the existing practice of these practices intro-duction into the activity of departmental psychological and psychiatric services without holding their quality evaluation and analysis of testing during the exami-nation of law enforcement officers should be considered unacceptable. On the contrary, the use of any psycho-diagnostic tools must be carried out only after a reasonable proof of the adequacy of their contingent’s psychometric characteris-tics, gender, socio-psychological, and, possibly, regional particularities.

Strategi Peningkatan Kinerja Badan Amil Zakat Daerah (BAZDA) Kabupaten Nganjuk (Studi Analisis dengan Metode Balanced Scorecard)

To optimize the role of BAZDA, it requires good fund management strategy so as to create public confidence in disbursing the fund to Bazda rather than giving it directly to mustahik. Directly channeling is closer to the consumptive use that it somewhat obscures productive purposes. Author feel interested in doing research related to performance improvement strategy of BAZDA Nganjuk residence to the management of zakat, infaq, and sadaqah with Balanced Scorecard method. This study titled "Strategy for Performance Improvement of BAZDA Nganjuk Residence (Study Analysis of the Balanced Scorecard method) ". Type of research used in this paper is qualitative, that is research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words’ people and behaviors that can be observed. The data used in this study can be divided into two. First, the primary data, that is in the form of interviews with a Nganjuk BAZ board, local government and muzakki. Second, Secondary Data, it is obtained through the financial statements of BAZDA Nganjuk and also from the literature books that support theory of research. The result of study shows; (a) on the basis of the financial perspective, there are still some potential areas of real that can not be absorbed optimally; (b) on the basis of business process perspective, realization of consumptive utilization of zakat is greater than the productive empowerment of zakat; (c) on the basis of customer perspective, when the process of zakat socialization is associated with the result of fund raising, and there are still some potency of zakat that is optimally untapped, it still requires an effort to socialize it more proactive; (d) on the basis of growth and learning, for progress institution of BAZDA Nganjuk, it requires reference sources, both internal and external agencies. Internal agency may be the agency's each period of performance report, while the external agency is from muzakki and mustahik. Keywords: Strategy, performance of BAZDA, balanced scorecard method

Strategi Peningkatan Kinerja Badan Amil Zakat Daerah (Bazda) Kabupaten Nganjuk

To optimize the role of BAZDA, it requires good fund management strategy so as to create public confidence in disbursing the fund to Bazda rather than giving it directly to mustahik. Directly channeling is closer to the consumptive use that it somewhat obscures productive purposes. Author feel interested in doing research related to performance improvement strategy of BAZDA Nganjuk residence to the management of zakat, infaq, and sadaqah with Balanced Scorecard method. This study titled "Strategy for Performance Improvement of BAZDA Nganjuk Residence (Study Analysis of the Balanced Scorecard method) ". Type of research used in this paper is qualitative, that is research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words’ people and behaviors that can be observed. The data used in this study can be divided into two. First, the primary data, that is in the form of interviews with a Nganjuk BAZ board, local government and muzakki. Second, Secondary Data, it is obtained through the financial statements of BAZDA Nganjuk and also from the literature books that support theory of research. The result of study shows; (a) on the basis of the financial perspective, there are still some potential areas of real that can not be absorbed optimally; (b) on the basis of business process perspective, realization of consumptive utilization of zakat is greater than the productive empowerment of zakat; (c) on the basis of customer perspective, when the process of zakat socialization is associated with the result of fund raising, and there are still some potency of zakat that is optimally untapped, it still requires an effort to socialize it more proactive; (d) on the basis of growth and learning, for progress institution of BAZDA Nganjuk, it requires reference sources, both internal and external agencies. Internal agency may be the agency's each period of performance report, while the external agency is from muzakki and mustahik

Adaptive management of large aquatic ecosystem recovery programs in the United States

Adaptive management (AM) is being employed in a number of programs in the United States to guide actions to restore aquatic ecosystems because these programs are both expensive and are faced with significant uncertainties. Many of these uncertainties are associated with prioritizing when, where, and what kind of actions are needed to meet the objectives of enhancing ecosystem services and recovering threatened and endangered species. We interviewed nine large-scale aquatic ecosystem restoration programs across the United States to document the lessons learned from implementing AM. In addition, we recorded information on ecological drivers (e.g., endangered fish species) for the program, and inferred how these drivers reflected more generic ecosystem services. Ecosystem services (e.g., genetic diversity, cultural heritage), albeit not explicit drivers, were either important to the recovery or enhancement of the drivers, or were additional benefits associated with actions to recover or enhance the program drivers. Implementing programs using AM lessons learned has apparently helped achieve better results regarding enhancing ecosystem services and restoring target species populations. The interviews yielded several recommendations. The science and AM program must be integrated into how the overall restoration program operates in order to gain understanding and support, and effectively inform management decision-making. Governance and decision-making varied based on its particular circumstances. Open communication within and among agency and stakeholder groups and extensive vetting lead up to decisions. It was important to have an internal agency staff member to implement the AM plan, and a clear designation of roles and responsibilities, and long-term commitment of other involved parties. The most important management questions and information needs must be identified up front. It was imperative to clearly identify, link and continually reinforce the essential components of an AM plan, including objectives, constraints, uncertainties, hypotheses, management actions, decision criteria and triggers, monitoring, and research. Some employed predictive models and the results of research on uncertainties to vet options for actions. Many relied on best available science and professional judgment to decide if adjustments to actions were needed. All programs emphasized the need to be nimble enough to be responsive to new information and make necessary adjustments to management action implementation. We recommend that ecosystem services be explicit drivers of restoration programs to facilitate needed funding and communicate to the general public and with the global efforts on restoring and conserving ecosystems.