Intermittent Irrigation Research Articles

Application of EPA-SWMM with Modulated Controls for Agricultural Water Balance Analysis

Due to the recent spring drought, it has been difficult to supply agricultural water owing to an insufficient water supply before irrigation, thereby illuminating the importance of efficient water management for allocating optimal agricultural water amounts. Thus, improved management plans for irrigation facilities are required as well as an optimal water management plan for agricultural water supplies and equitable distribution. In this study, we applied modulated controls to the EPA-SWMM and analyzed the agricultural water supply and demand. The EPA-SWMM simulates the hydrological water supply and can be applied to a water supply network. Modulated controls can simulate continuous, intermittent, and rotational irrigation methods by setting the supply time series, and adjusting the water supply and drainage based on ponding depth conditions in the paddy field. We applied the EPA-SWMM with modulated controls to Gosam reservoir in Anseong to analyze the agricultural water supply and irrigation efficiency. The water supply via canals and irrigated areas was analyzed to identify areas of water shortages or oversupply. According to the results of a quantitative water supply analysis, we determined that it is necessary to control the water supply using gate opening rate controls. The results obtained herein can contribute to efficient water management by evaluating the efficiency of irrigation organizations during a drought when insufficient agricultural water is available via preliminary analysis of agricultural water supply methods.

Carbon Budget of Paddy Fields after Implementing Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China

Water-saving irrigation is recognized as an effective agricultural management due to water security and environmental protection problems. In Northeast China, an increasing number of paddy fields are shifting from conventional irrigation to water-saving irrigation. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the carbon (C) budget of paddy fields after implementing water-saving irrigation in Northeast China. A 2-year consecutive field study was performed from 2018 to 2019 using three different irrigation regimes (conventional irrigation (FI), controlled irrigation (CI), and intermittent irrigation (II)) and two nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (110 and 165 kg N ha−1) in a paddy field of Northeast China. The present study aimed to quantify the net ecosystem C budget (NECB) and net global warming potential (net GWP) after the implementation of water-saving irrigation in Northeast China. Both CI and II enhanced the C sequestration capacity of this paddy field. The net primary productivity (NPP) under CI and II was higher than FI by 18–38% and 11–33%, respectively, when the same N fertilization level was applied. The NECB ranged from 1151 to 2663 kg C ha−1, indicating that all treatments acted as net C sinks. II increased the NECB through increasing NPP, which exceeded increased removal of harvest and C mineralized losses. Under II, the NECB was significantly higher than FI and CI when the same N fertilization level was applied (p < 0.05). The net GWP under II and CI was significantly lower than FI (p < 0.05). The net GWP under II was lower than CI when the N fertilization level was 165 kg N ha−1, but no significant differences were detected. These results demonstrated that the II with 165 kg N ha−1 of paddy fields strongly decreased net GWP in Northeast China to combat global climate change.

Effects of Water and Fertilizer Management Practices on Methane Emissions from Paddy Soils: Synthesis and Perspective.

Water and fertilizer management practices are considered to have great influence on soil methane (CH4) emissions from paddy fields. However, few studies have conducted a quantitative analysis of the effects of these management practices. Here, we selected 156 observations of water management from 34 articles and 288 observations of fertilizer management from 37 articles and conducted a global meta-analysis of the effects of water and fertilizer management practices on soil CH4 emissions in paddy fields. In general, compared with traditional irrigation (long-term flooding irrigation), water-saving irrigation significantly decreased soil CH4 emissions but increased rice yield. Among the different practices, intermittent irrigation had the fewest reductions in CH4 emissions but the greatest increase in rice yield. In addition, fertilization management practices such as manure, mixed fertilizer (mixture), and straw significantly enhanced CH4 emissions. Rice yields were increased under fertilization with a mixture, traditional fertilizer, and controlled release fertilizer. Our results highlight that suitable agricultural water and fertilizer management practices are needed to effectively reduce CH4 emissions while maintaining rice yields. We also put forward some prospects for mitigating soil CH4 emissions from paddy fields in the context of global warming in the future.

The Effect of Plant Densities in System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Method to Water Productivity of Paddy Field in East Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara

Principle of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) adapted to local conditions to increase productivity and environmentally friendly. The main component of SRI is single seedling per hill, young seedlings, wider spacing, intermittent irrigation, inter-cultivation, and organic fertilization. This study area of the System of Rice Intensification is in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, which has typical areas like soil texture, bulk density, soil water content, and rainfall. The research aimed to know the effect of plant densities in the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method on the water productivity of paddy fields. This research initially focused on transplanting very young rice seedlings of 14 days old in two treatments of plants. The densities are broad in a square pattern (30 x 30 cm) and a Jajar Legowo pattern (20 x 10 x 40 cm). The rice was not grown in flooded paddies but moist ground, with intermittent irrigation. When SRI was concerned at a different wider spacing, it discovered the effect on water productivity for paddy fields, especially in East Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. So that it determined the best wider spacing of the System of Rice Intensification method can apply in the area. The results show that the Jajar Legowo pattern spacing (20 x 10 x 40 cm) has a higher water productivity value of 3,4% than the spacing treatment (30 x 30 cm). Jajar Legowo was 11.9% higher than the spacing treatment (30 x 30 cm).

Imidazolinone herbicide dissipation in rice fields as affected by intermittent and continuous irrigation

Imidazolinone herbicide dissipation in rice fields as affected by intermittent and continuous irrigation

A Sustainable Bioleaching of a Low-Grade Chalcopyrite Ore

This paper reports on a study of column bioleaching of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore that is currently dump-leached under natural biological conditions without any control over microbial populations. The experimental methodology was focused on the effect of managing the bacterial populations in a raffinate solution sourced from a dump-leach operation. This study presents results from columns of two heights (0.45 and 1.0 m). We demonstrated that intermittent irrigation enhanced the chalcopyrite dissolution during column leaching, but excessively long rest periods negatively affected the chemical and bacterial activity due to the shortage of oxidizing agents and/or nutrients for microorganisms. The recovery of low-grade chalcopyrite ore was enhanced by increasing the microbial cell density. The addition of 1.5 × 108 cells/mL to the 0.45 m column and 5.0 × 107 cells/mL to the 1 m column resulted in increased extraction, with the copper dissolution increasing from 32% to 44% in the 0.45 m column and from 30% to 40% in the 1.0 m column over 70 days of leaching. Under these conditions, the pH level remained constant at ~1.8, and the redox potential was around 840 mV vs. the SHE throughout the experiment. These results provided useful insights for evaluating a sustainable controlled dump-based technology for mineral bioprocessing.

Negative pressure wound therapy with intermittent irrigation for treatment of post-traumatic giant abscess: A case report.

IntroductionNegative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), also called vacuum-assisted closure, is an adjunctive therapy used to manage open wounds that apply subatmospheric pressure to the wound surface. The therapeutic effects of NPWT are exerted by stabilizing the wound environment, increasing blood flow, and macro-deformation of wounds that initiate granulation tissue formation.Case presentationWe present a case of a 28-year-old Caucasian male who developed a giant non-resolving hepatic abscess secondary to a gunshot wound (GSW) to the upper right abdomen. The abscess was successfully treated with open debridement followed by NWPT with instillation therapy. Significant reduction in abscess diameter and cessation of trauma-induced bile leak was observed following 15 days of wound vac treatment.DiscussionWound vac treatment was essential in this patient due to the inherent erosive properties of bile that damage surrounding tissue and perpetuate opportunistic growth of pathogenic microbes. Prior to standard NPWT treatment, debridement of devitalized tissues and infection should be managed; however, instillation therapy has permitted NPWT to be used in the presence of infection or as an adjuvant to surgical infection management.ConclusionNPWT is indicated for a wide range of acute and chronic wounds; however, the utilization of NPWT to treat abscesses remains unclear.

The Aging Process of Cadmium in Paddy Soils under Intermittent Irrigation with Acid Water: A Short-Term Simulation Experiment.

Cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy soils are a big concern. However, the effect of irrigation with acid water on the migration and transformation of Cd and the effect of alternating redox conditions caused by intermittent irrigation on Cd aging processes in different depths of paddy soils are unclear. This study revealed Cd fractionation and aging in a Cd-contaminated paddy soil under four irrigation periods with acid water and four drainage periods, by applying a soil columns experiment and a sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the dynamic changes of soil pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), iron (Fe) oxides and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) throughout the intermittent irrigation affected the transformation of Cd fractions. After 32 days, the proportion of exchangeable Cd (F1) to the total Cd decreased with a reduction of 24.4% and 20.1% at the topsoil and the subsoil, respectively. The labile fractions of Cd decreased, and the more immobilizable fractions of Cd increased in the different depths of soils due to the aging process. Additionally, the redistribution of the Fe and Mn oxide-bound Cd (F3) and organic matter and secondary-sulfide-bound Cd (F4) occurred at different depths of soils during the incubation time. Overall, the bioaccessibility of Cd in the subsoil was higher than that in the topsoil, which was likely due to the leaching and accumulation of soluble Cd in the deep soil. In addition, the aging processes in different depths of soils were divided into three stages, which can be mainly described as the transformation of F1 into F3 and F4.

Effect of the Continuous and Intermittent Drip Irrigation in the Yield of the Beans Crop

Effect of the Continuous and Intermittent Drip Irrigation in the Yield of the Beans Crop

Application of Intermittent Irrigation to Improve Growth and Yield of Various Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.)

Intermittent irrigation can save water use in rice cultivation, which is essential, especially during the dry season. This study aims to improve the physiology of the growth and yield of rice in various varieties by applying intermittent irrigation. The research was conducted from February to June 2019 in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The research used a factorial experimental method 3 x 4 strip plots arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications. The factor I rice varieties consist of Cempo Merah, Inpari 23, Sintanur, and Inpari 42. Factor II is the irrigation system consisting of continuous flooding, ten days of inundation, five days of drying, seven days of inundation, and three days of drying. There is an interaction between types of irrigation and rice varieties on the number of tillers. In Ten-day watering five-day drying, Sintanur and Inpari 42 variety produce more tillers than Inpari 23. On Seven days watering five-day drying, the Inpari 42 variety produces more tillers than Inpari 23. There are the differences in the responses of various rice varieties to the Specific Leaf Weight and yield. Specific Leaf Weight rice Cempo Merah varieties are higher than, Inpari 23, Sintanur and Inpari 42. Rice yield of Inpari 42 variety is higher than Cempo Merah, Inpari 23, and Sintanur varieties. Roots with watering seven days watering, three days of drying is longer than Ten-day watering five-day drying. Roots with watering Ten-day watering five-day drying is longer than conventional.

Comparison of energy use between fully mechanized and semi-mechanized rice production in Southwest China

This study performed energy analyses of fully mechanized rice production mode (FM) and semi-mechanized rice production mode (SM) in China. Fertilizer, fuel, and water were the three largest inputs, accounting for 92.02% of the total energy input. FM adopted side-deep fertilization with machine transplanting and implemented intermittent irrigation regime to improve water and fertilizer use efficiency. Compared with SM, FM reduced fertilizer and water energy inputs by 1252.62 MJ ha−1 and 2187.87 MJ ha−1, respectively. Because of the lower degree of mechanization, the fuel energy input of SM was 691.19 MJ ha−1 less than that of FM. The total average energy input of FM was 23,610 MJ ha−1, which was 10.80% lower than SM (26,470.01 MJ ha−1), whereas the rice and straw yields of FM were not significantly different from SM. The energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and energy profitability of FM were 11.10, 0.41 kg MJ−1, and 10.10, respectively, corresponding to increases of 8.56%, 8.61%, and 9.49% compared to SM. With appropriate agronomic measures in rice production, a higher degree of mechanization would not necessarily lead to an increase in energy input in Southwest China.

Adoption level of integrated crop management practices among rice farmers: Does the adoption of production technology predict postharvest technology adoption

SAMARICA is the second district of Occidental Mindoro province in the Philippines having a vast land area for rice production. It supports the rice milling sector of the province with promising facilities for postharvest of rice. This study investigates the rice farmers’ adoption level of integrated crop management practices (ICMPs). The adoption ICMPs aims to promotes farm productivity and efficiency. A total of 404 rice farmers participated in this study selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Quantitative data were generated from the survey questionnaire and were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the relationship between production and postharvest practices. The results revealed that rice farmers have “very high” adoption of rice production technologies except for water technologies and intermittent irrigation with “high” adoption level. In terms of postharvest, there is “very high” adoption of mechanized harvesting and recommended moisture content for rice but “moderate” adoption for rice parboiler, dying machines, and threshing of rice right after harvest. On the other hand, a statistically significant evidence was found for production technologies as predictor of postharvest technologies, specific for the care and management of rice (β =0.55; P<0.01).

Emission of greenhouse gases and yield-scaled global warming potential of rice cultivars under permanent and intermittent irrigation

Irrigated rice cultivation is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Among the main greenhouse gases, there are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, with the emission of each gas varying according to the management of the crop, cultivar and irrigation management. In this context, the present study aimed to quantify the partial global warming potential (pGWP) measured by CH4 and N2O emissions in conventional and hybrid cultivars under two irrigation management, as well as the relation with grain yield (pGWP/Y). For this, a field experiment was conducted during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop seasons, with an experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement (2×4), with four replications using water and rice cultivars. The water was managed through permanent and intermittent irrigation, with one conventional cultivar (IRGA 424 RI) and three hybrid cultivars (XP 113, Titan CL and Lexus CL). The pGWP can be reduced by up to 18% depending on the cultivar used and 11.8% through the adoption of intermittent irrigation management. More than 90% of the pGWP is due to methane emission, and the management actions of the rice crop should be directed towards the mitigation of this gas. In relation to the pGWP/Y index, the cultivar XP 113 had presented the best results.

Evaluation of sonic, ultrasonic, and laser irrigation activation systems to eliminate bacteria from the dentinal tubules of the root canal system.

Aiming to kill bacteria in dentin tubules of infected dental pulp cavities, we evaluated the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution agitated by different irrigation protocols, i.e., conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), the EDDY tip, and the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser. The EDDY achieved good antibacterial effects as passive ultrasonic irrigation in the coronal and middle thirds. Nd:YAP laser irradiation and PUI were effective in the apical third of the root canal. To evaluate the ability of NaOCl agitated by high-frequency sonic irrigation-EDDY, PUI, and Nd:YAP laser-to kill bacteria in infected root canal walls and if the associated temperature increases at the root surface during application. Infected root canal models were established, and roots were randomly divided into six groups: negative control, positive control, CNI, PUI, sonic agitation with EDDY, and Nd:YAP laser groups. After irrigation, the teeth were split and stained using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. Dead bacteria depth was evaluated by a confocal laser scanning microscopy and the temperature at the root surface was assessed using a thermal imaging camera during the irrigation process. In the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal, PUI and EDDY had stronger antibacterial effects than CNI (p<0.05); in the apical third, the antibacterial effects of PUI and Nd:YAP laser-activated irrigation were better than CNI (p<0.05). The maximum change in temperature was significantly greater during continuous Nd:YAP laser application compared with the other methods, but intermittent irrigation helped lessening this trend. NaOCl agitated by EDDY tip and PUI exhibited a similar bacteria elimination effect in the coronal and middle root canal. Nd:YAP laser was effective in the apical third and intermittent irrigation reduced its thermal impact.

Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and EndoSequence RRM putty used as retrograde restorative material: An in vitro bacterial leakage model study

Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and EndoSequence RRM putty used as retrograde restorative material: An in vitro bacterial leakage model study

Impact of impulse irrigation in different phases of the growing season on rice yield in the Krasnodar Territory

The article presents a study of water consumption of rice crops during periodic watering in various interphase periods of the growing season. The experiments were carried out on a plot of 21.2 hectares in the rice-growing enterprise RBF "Krasnoarmeysky", geographically located on the Kuban rice irrigation system. The object of the study was an intensive variety of Rapan rice of Russian selection. The subject of the study was the water regime during the growing season of rice. It was found that the transition to intermittent irrigation during the growing season of rice "germination-tillering", "tying-flowering" and "ripening" allowed to reduce the irrigation rate by 2122.83, 949.66 and 279.32 m3/ha, or by 11.4, 5.1, 1.5%, respectively, compared to traditional methods of rice irrigation. The results of harvesting rice grains showed that the average yield according to the experiment was 75.7 c/ha, which is more than in the control by 1.2 c/ha. Additional profit from the increase in yield on the experimental variants ranged from 1,440 rubles/ha to 2,880 rubles/ha, net profit - from 480 rubles / ha to 960 rubles/ha.

KAJIAN KUALITAS TANAH PADA BUDIDAYA PADI INTENSIF DENGAN PENGELOLAAN PENGAIRAN DAN PEMUPUKAN

Intensive and efficient rice cultivation based on irrigation and fertilization management is something that the government is currently pursuing. The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in soil quality in intensive rice cultivation on technically irrigated rice fields. The study was arranged using a split-plot randomized block design (Split Plot), with the treatment of the irrigation system as the main plot factor, namely the intermittent irrigation system and the continuous flow system (inundation); Fertilization as a sub-plot factor, namely fertilization treatment was carried out based on the recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 40 of 2007 and fertilization recommendations based on laboratory analysis with 8 levels of fertilization treatment with 3 replications. The results showed that intensive rice cultivation did not reduce soil quality if an intermittent irrigation system was applied and fertilizer was applied according to the recommendations of laboratory analysis results with a dose of 100% plus probiotics.

A Moisture Movement Modelling for Intermittent Irrigation under Varying Soil Conditions in Protected Cultivation

A Moisture Movement Modelling for Intermittent Irrigation under Varying Soil Conditions in Protected Cultivation

Risks for Using FeCl3 Under a Submerged Condition, and Different Water Management to Reduce Uptake of Antimony and Cadmium in a Rice Plant

Soil pollution by multiple metal(loid)s is a common problem, and it is not easy to synchronously reduce their uptake in crops. Compounds containing iron (Fe) are often used to efficiently remediate soil metal(loid) pollution; however, its associated risks did not receive much attention especially under unsuitable soil water conditions. Pot experiments were set up using an antimony (Sb) and cadmium (Cd) co-contaminated soil treated with a continued submergence condition plus 5, 10, or 20 mg kg−1 FeCl3 (Experiment I), or treated with different water management including submergence, intermittent irrigation, and dry farming (Experiment II). Our results showed that the continued submergence resulted in excessive accumulation of arsenic (As) in different tissues of rice plants even if the soil As background concentration is low. High soil moisture content increased the available concentrations of Sb and As, but reduced that of Cd in rhizosphere soils, which was in line with their concentrations in different tissues of rice plants (Experiment II). Under a continued submergence condition, FeCl3 significantly stimulated As concentration in the shoots, roots (excluded Fe20 treatment), and husks, but reduced it in the grains. FeCl3 reduced Sb concentration only in the roots and grains, and reduced Cd concentration only in the husks, suggesting a limited efficiency of FeCl3 to reduce Cd uptake under a submergence condition. In this study, the dynamic changes of As, Sb, and Cd concentrations in soil solution, their available concentrations in rhizosphere soils, their accumulation in root iron/manganese plaques, and the relationships among the above parameters were also discussed. We suggested that if FeCl3 would be used to remediate the contaminated soils by Sb and Cd, dry farming for a short time is needed to avoid As accumulation, and intermittent irrigation is a potential choice to avoid the excessive accumulation of As, Sb, and Cd in the edible parts of rice plants.

Neuroendoscopic Navigated One-Step Removal of Crossed Ventricular Catheter Fragments: Technical Note

Abstract Introduction Neuroendoscopy plays an important role in minimally invasive neurosurgery. The authors reported an interesting case of a pediatric patient with multiple ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) revision surgeries, presenting with VPS infection and with two crossed intraventricular floating catheter fragments, successfully removed through a neuroendoscopic navigated one-step procedure. A literature review regarding this exceedingly rare condition has also been discussed. Case Description An 11-year-old female patient with a history of congenital hydrocephalus was admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of intracranial hypertension, psychomotor agitation, and tetraparesis. She had a history of previous multiple VPS revisions. She had an urgent brain computed tomography scan that documented hydrocephalus; the VPS's intraventricular catheter tip was sited at the level of the right frontal horn. Two small floating catheter fragments, not connected to the VPS, were identified: the first close to the right lateral ventricle at the level of the right occipital horn, the second one between the right occipital horn and the third ventricle. First, she underwent an exteriorization of the distal catheter for VPS. Cerebrospinal fluid examination documented hyperproteinorrachia and a positive culture for Staphylococcus aureus. Then a navigated right transfrontal endoscopic approach to the right lateral ventricle was performed extending to the previous burr hole and achieving a wide range of working angle with a rigid 0-degree lens endoscope. Intermittent irrigation generating convective flow was performed such as to mobilize the catheters tip gently upward, to remove them by grasping. Finally, a whole VPS replacement has been performed. Conclusion Persistence of intraventricular floating catheter fragments can lead to subacute or chronic infections. Neuroendoscopic retrieval represents a safe and effective alternative to a more extensive and invasive surgical approach. However, the exact catheter tip identification, grasping, and removal can be difficult to achieve, due to the technical instrumentation characteristics and altered intraventricular anatomy in chronic congenital hydrocephalus. In our experience, endoscopic convective flow induction through saline irrigation can determine floating intraventricular catheter fragments movement aiming to their identification and subsequent successful endoscopic retrieval.