Intermediary Services Research Articles

СУТНІСТЬ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ДЕРИВАТИВНИХ КОНТРАКТІВ НА ОРГАНІЗОВАНИХ ТОВАРНИХ РИНКАХ

The article highlights the economic essence of derivative contracts. Four main features of derivative contracts that arose during the evolution of exchange trading of these instruments are considered, namely maturity, standardization, derivation and settlement nature of agreements. The main classification groups of derivative contracts in domestic and international practice, as well as their characteristics, are given. The main features and functions of derivative contracts in market conditions are revealed. It was noted that derivative contracts play an important role in ensuring transparent pricing and managing price risks for the main groups of commodity and financial assets. Analytical data are presented that characterize the dynamics of international exchange trading in derivative contracts and determine the constant growth of demand for such types of instruments on international exchange platforms. The conducted assessment of the international stock exchange trade in derivative contracts shows an upward trend with significant growth rates in the last 3 years, which were on average higher by 30% annually. It has been established that the growth in the volume of international exchange trade in derivative contracts in recent years is explained by the increased interest on the part of investors, as well as the need to use exchange derivatives in the management of price and exchange rate risks due to the increase in global instability of commodity and financial markets. It was determined that universalization of international exchange trading in derivative contracts contributed to many positive changes, among which the acceleration of the derivatives exchange e-trading and a significant reduction in the price of intermediary services for concluding and conducting clearing settlements deserve special attention. The main prospects of exchange trading in derivative contracts on organized markets are presented. It is noted that exchange trading in derivative contracts currently provides: first, avoiding price risks through the hedging mechanism; secondly, accumulation and investment in risks for the purpose of obtaining profits.

АНАЛИЗ СЕРВИСНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ БОЛЬШИМИ ДАННЫМИ НА МАЛЫХ И СРЕДНИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ

Goal. The use of big data technology can significantly improve the efficiency of enterprise management and strengthen its viability. The development of the Internet based on the use of big data technologies is an effective means to overcome the financial problems faced by small and medium-sized enterprises. Service platforms using new information technologies such as the Internet, big data and the sharing economy have unique service advantages that can provide cost savings due to the scale and volume of services provided. Such platforms are of great practical importance for the healthy and rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Tasks. Technology-based enterprise development is difficult to achieve on their own, and they require targeted and professional knowledge provided by internal knowledge service departments, intermediary service agencies and government agencies. The purpose of this knowledge is to improve the knowledge reserves of small and medium-sized technological enterprises and stimulate their development and innovation. This paper analyzes the relationship between small and medium-sized enterprises and big data technologies, and raises issues related to awareness, technology, politics, and talent. In addition, appropriate strategies are proposed that can contribute to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Methodology. The authors used such research methods as statistical analysis, observation, generalization, description and graphical modeling. Results. In order to overcome these problems and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the context of big data technologies, it is necessary to implement appropriate strategies. First, it is necessary to conduct information campaigns and educational programs aimed at raising awareness about the possibilities of using big data in business. Secondly, government agencies and regulatory organizations should develop policies and legislation that promote the use of big data technologies and ensure the protection of enterprise data. Thirdly, it is necessary to support the development of affordable and easy-to-use data analysis solutions that will be available to small and medium-sized enterprises. Finally, it is important to invest in the education and training of qualified specialists in the field of data analysis and big data technologies. Conclusions. The implementation of these strategies will help create a favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises based on big data technologies. This, in turn, will lead to an increase in the efficiency of enterprise management, strengthen its viability and stimulate innovation, contributing to the economic development of the country as a whole.

A COMODITIZAÇÃO DAS VAGAS DE EMPREGO: PRÁTICAS DE MERCADO DAS AGÊNCIAS DE EMPREGO COM COBRANÇA DE TAXAS NO RIO DE JANEIRO (1950-1975)

Abstract “Labor is not a commodity”: One of the earliest understandings of this maxim concerns the intermediation of employment by supporting policies to extinguish the fees charged to workers for their placement. In Brazil, employment agencies fees never disappeared. The article goes back to the period of expansion of private intermediation in Rio de Janeiro, from 1950 to 1975, to observe their market practices. In order to attract job seekers and convince them to pay for an intermediation service, we argue that those actors performed the commodityhood of job vacancies. We analyzed a sample of 3556 job and employment agencies ads published in the Jornal do Brasil, from 1945 to 1975, highlighting three social processes of commoditization of job vacancies: the objectivation of job vacancies as “real things to be bought,” the performing of profusion and collection of job vacancies as “things to be chosen,” and the social ascension rhetoric of the unemployed to the status of customer. With the employment agencies work market, the world of labor appears as colonized by techniques, codes, and expectations from world of mass consumption.

Assessing the Economic Viability of Data Intermediation Services as Defined in the DGA

Assessing the Economic Viability of Data Intermediation Services as Defined in the DGA

White Paper on the Definition of Data Intermediation Services

White Paper on the Definition of Data Intermediation Services

Data sharing in the personal data economy. Does sharing mean caring?

Following its approval by the European Parliament in April 2022, the Data Governance Act (DGA) introduces regulation for the providers of data intermediation services. The Regulation seeks to empower data subjects and ensure the competitiveness of the markets in which data intermediaries operate. After providing the necessary background, this paper aims at offering a first general overview, from a private law standpoint, on both merits and limitations of the regulatory approach on data sharing adopted by the DGA. It outlines questions that need to be addressed in order to verify thatthe Regulation delivers the benefits it promises.

Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA): New Rules for the EU Digital Environment

The Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (known as DMA – “Digital Market Act”) sets clear rules for large online platforms. It aims to ensure that no large online platform that is in a “gatekeeper” position - to many users - abuses that position to the detriment of businesses wishing to access those users. The most innovative elements are the introduction of the legal figure of the “gatekeeper” and the provision of specific duties imposed on the same. The Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (known as DSA “Digital Services Act”) introduces a common set of rules on intermediaries’ obligations and accountability across the single market, aiming to ensure a high level of protection to all users. This paper aims to analyse the new provisions introduced by the Digital Service Package in the framework of market regulation policies. Keywords: Digital markets; Intermediary service; Online platforms; Online search engines; Market regulation; EU policies Ombudsman; Constitutional Institution; Unwillingness of Bureaucrats

MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF OUTSOURCING OF CUSTOMS SERVICES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR PREVENTING AND COMBATING ILLEGAL EXPORT AND IMPORT OPERATIONS

The article analyzed the current conditions and trends in the implementation of outsourcing in various areas of economic activity, which is due to the desire of companies to concentrate their own material and labor resources on the implementation of the main economic activity, freeing them from performing non-specific and non-core tasks and functions. The complexity of business processes, the growth of consumer demands for finished products and fierce competition among manufacturers prompts professional solutions to issues related to the movement of financial flows from primary raw materials to final consumption, which leads to the spread of outsourcing practices. Based on the results of the conducted research on the outsourcing of customs services in foreign countries, we consider it necessary to develop and subsequently adopt in Ukraine the draft Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine on Improving the Mechanism of Activity of Customs Brokers and Agents for Customs Clearance in the Market of Intermediary Services of Ukraine". In addition, at the legislative level, it is expedient to provide for the possibility of implementing the principle of territoriality in the process of providing customs brokerage services operating on the territory of individual EU countries. Keywords: illegal export, illegal import, logistics activity, outsourcing, customs operations, storage of goods, customs authorities, brokerage services, the methods of state regulation, customs activities.

Present situation and countermeasures of technical support system of occupational disease prevention and control in China

Objective: To analyze the current situation and existing problems of the technical support system for occupational disease prevention and control in china, and to put forward development measures and suggestions. Methods: In January 2021, a cluster method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on the relevant institutions of national occupational disease prevention and control technology support. Mainly investigate the development of occupational disease prevention and control centers (institutes) , municipal and county-level disease control centers, occupational health examination, occupational disease diagnosis and occupational health intermediary services. Data are described by number and composition ratio (%) , and descriptive analysis is made on the data. Results: As of December 2020, there were 140 occupational disease prevention and control centers (institutes) nationwide, an increase of 65 compared with 2019. There were 323 municipal and 2704 county-level centers for disease control and prevention, accounting for 97.00% (323/333) and 95.01% (2704/2846) of the total number of centers for disease control and prevention. There were 4520 occupational health examination institutions, 587 occupational disease diagnosis institutions, 1093 occupational health technical service institutions and 623 radiological health technical service institutions. Conclusion: The supporting force and ability of occupational disease prevention and control technology need to be improved, and the strength of occupational disease prevention and control hospitals (institutes) is still weak; The municipal and county-level centers for disease control and prevention need to further improve their conditions and capabilities; The number of occupational health examination, occupational disease diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation institutions was relatively insufficient.

State Regulation in the Sphere of Virtual Assets Turnover in Ukraine

Problem settings. The article examines the legal provisions for determining the measures of state regulation of the activities of virtual assets market participants which the Ukrainian legislator decided to apply in the sphere of circulation of such assets in Ukraine. The article analyzes the provisions of the Law of Ukraine No. 2074-IX “On Virtual Assets” dated February 17, 2022, which defines the State regulation of the virtual assets market as the implementation by the State, represented by the National Securities and Stock Market Commission and the National Bank of Ukraine, of comprehensive measures to streamline, control and supervise the virtual assets market, regulate the rules of operation of service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets, as well as measures to prevent and counteract abuses and violations in the virtual assets market. The study of legal regulation problems in the field of virtual assets was carried out such scientists as: S. Honcharenko [1, p. 152-157], A. Ovcharenko [2, p. 200-202], N. Arkhireyska, O. Kuchkova [3], V. Korneev [4, p. 40-46], O. Lyzunova [5, p. 196-199], O. Kud, M. Kucheryavenko, E. Smуchok [6, p. 33], V. Ryadinska [7, p. 152-157], A. Protsenko [8, p. 130-134], V. Polatai [9, p. 155-162] and others. The target of the research is to analyze the norms of Law No. 2074-IX to determine measures of state regulation of the activities of participants in the virtual assets market, which the Ukrainian legislator decided to apply in the sphere of circulation of such assets. Article’s main body. It is stated that the legislator has classified service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets and users of such services as participants of the virtual assets market. Services related to the circulation of virtual assets include services for the storage or administration of virtual assets or virtual asset keys, services for the exchange of virtual assets, services for the transfer of virtual assets, intermediary services related to virtual assets. The author emphasizes that the activities of service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets are allowed only subject to obtaining a permit for the provision of services related to the circulation of virtual assets of the relevant type. In addition, the amount of the fee for issuing a permit for the provision of services related to the circulation of virtual assets for residents and non-residents of Ukraine is fixed and it is noted that the issuance of such a permit is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the National Securities and Stock Market Commission. At the same time, it is not clear what exactly the legislator meant by “permission”. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Taking into account that for such a permit providers of services related to the circulation of virtual assets will have to pay a certain amount of money, the author assumes that it will be a “state permit for the right to provide services related to the circulation of virtual assets” and in order to obtain it, service providers will have to meet certain conditions established by the relevant state body. This shows that the Ukrainian legislator introduces licensing of service providers related to the circulation of virtual assets, although for some reason does not use the term “licensing”. This fact is also confirmed by the requirements established by this Law for persons who plan to carry out activities for the supply of such services, which are essentially “licensing conditions”. The requirements for the procedure of obtaining a “permit” are similar to the requirements for the procedure of obtaining licenses enshrined in the Law of Ukraine No. 222-III “On Licensing of Economic Activities” dated March 2, 2015. It is summarized that the Ukrainian legislator in the formation of measures of state regulation of the activities of virtual assets market participants applied licensing, taking advantage of positive foreign experience.

The Effects of the Amendments Made by Law no. 7392 and no. 7416 on the Responsibilities of the Online Multi-Sided Platforms as Intermediary Service Providers and on Consumers

Teknolojinin gelişmesi ve internetin insan hayatının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmesiyle birlikte tüketicilerin, mal veya hizmet satıcıları/sağlayıcıları ile fiziken bir araya gelmeden hukuki işlemler yapabilmesi oldukça yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu işlemler genellikle bireysel kullanıcı olan tüketicilerin günlük işlerini yürütmesini kolaylaştıran Amazon, Trendyol, Yemeksepeti gibi farklı çevrimiçi çok taraflı platformlar aracılığıyla gerçekleşmektedir. Günümüzde hemen hemen her tüketicinin bu platformlardan en az birini kullandığı görülmektedir. Bu ilişki 4077 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun kapsamında mesafeli sözleşme ve 6563 sayılı E-Ticaretin Düzenlenmesi Hakkında Kanun kapsamında e-sözleşme olarak ifade edilmektedir ve ilgili kanunlarla bu ilişki içerisinde aracı hizmet sağlayıcı olan çevrimiçi çok taraflı platformlar için bazı sorumluluklar belirlenmiştir. Değişime ve gelişime müsait olan bu alanda belirlenen sorumlulukların da çağa ayak uydurur hale getirilmesi bir gereklilik haline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle yukarıda belirtilen kanunlar üzerinde de 2022 yılında belirli değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun ve E-Ticaretin Düzenlenmesi Hakkında Kanun üzerinde yapılan değişikliklerin aracı hizmet sağlayıcı olarak çevrimiçi çok taraflı platformların sorumluluklarını nasıl şekillendirdiği ve bu yeni sorumluluk mekanizmasının e-ticaret içerisinde tüketiciyi nasıl etkilediği tartışılmaktadır.

EU Law and the Public Regulation of the Platform Economy: The Case of the Short-Term Rental Market

The platform economy undoubtedly brings advantages, but also generates significant challenges for (local) government. National and local regulators seeking to address such challenges are confronted with limits imposed by EU law, which seemingly grants online platforms a wide degree of freedom to provide their services within the Union’s internal market. This article evaluates the room for national and local authorities to regulate platform-mediated services under the E-Commerce Directive and Services Directive after the “Airbnb cases” (Airbnb Ireland and Cali Apartments). Taking the short-term rental market as a case study, the article concludes that there is in fact considerable room to target both the intermediary services provided by the platforms (upstream), as well as the underlying services (downstream). A combination of upstream and downstream regulation is recommended for local enforcement to be effective, avoid further fragmentation from city to city and halt the trend towards ever-stricter regulation of the underlying services. E-Commerce, Services, EU Law, Platform Economy, Airbnb, Regulation, Short-Term Rental. Digital Services Act

Analisis Pestel Dan SWOT Sebagai Dasar Perumusan Strategi Pada PT. Asrinda Arthasangga Reinsurance Brokers

Reinsurance brokerage business is a consulting and/or intermediary service business in placing reinsurance or sharia reinsurance placement and handling claims settlement by acting for and on behalf of insurance companies, sharia insurance companies, guarantee companies, sharia guarantee companies, reinsurance companies, or sharia reinsurance companies that place reinsurance or sharia reinsurance. This study aims to determine what are the external and internal environmental factors of the company at PT. Asrinda Arthasangga Reinsurance Brokers, then carried out an analysis of these factors using PESTEL and SWOT analysis as a basis for formulating a strategy that will be used by the company so that it is more advanced and developed so that the vision, mission and goals of the company are achieved. This study uses a qualitative method using the research object is PESTEL and SWOT analysis and the research subject is PT. Asrinda Arthasangga Reinsurance Brokers. The results of research using PESTEL and SWOT analysis show that PT. Asrinda Arthasangga Reinsurance Brokers is in quadrant 1 or the position of growth and development (growth). The strategy that must be implemented is a strategy that supports an aggressive growth policy. PT. Asrinda Arthasangga Reinsurance Brokers formulates both short term and long term strategic plans. The short-term strategy is in the form of a functional strategy which is a short-term activity within the company that must be developed by each function area of the company to implement corporate strategy and business strategy in each department or section.

Individual investment banker human capital and SEO discount: Evidence from China

Using unique data of seasoned equity offerings (SEO) by public firms in China, this study examines whether and how human capital of individual investment bankers affects SEO discount. We find a robust negative relation between SEO discount and the human capital of individual investment bankers who underwrite the seasoned equity. Our mechanism tests reveal that for firms with higher information asymmetry or agency problems between controlling and minority shareholders, individual investment bankers with greater human capital can provide higher quality underwriting services. Additional analyses show that the human capital gained from previous fraudulent offerings can not provide effective intermediary services. And when more experienced investment bankers switch to a new bank, stock issuers are more likely to move with them. Human capital of individual investment bankers has positive relations with the tone of SEO sponsor letters. Furthermore, the role of individual investment bankers is more pronounced after the registration system reform in Chinese capital market.

Implementation of 2008 System of National Accounts (2008 SNA) In Georgia – Main Changes And Challenges

In the process of active globalization, an important task of the economic agenda of any country is to ensure mutual comparability of statistical indicators. This can be achieved through the implementation of internationally approved methodologies and modern standards. The System of National Accounts is at the top of the economic pyramid. The implementation of SNA 2008 was envisaged by the Association Agreement with the European Union. In 2008, the United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development jointly released The System of National Accounts, 2008 (2008 SNA). This update better reflects the changing economic landscape and the advances in methodological research, data sources and compilation methods and provides clarification on a number of issues not clearly stated in the 1993 SNA. Timely, relevant and comprehensive national account information is a significant intellectual asset for any country, and serves important functions. Like any asset the national accounts depreciate with time. Therefore, periodic new investments are crucial, to ensure that they continue to provide high quality services to their users. Implementing 2008 SNA improved the relevance of a country’s national accounts information. In the new version of SNA, changes were introduced in various directions: updates in calculation methods, improvement of data sources, introduction of an international approach to the coverage of the economy and other methodological changes, which include the introduction of new classifications, the use of the accrual method for taxes, a change in the base period (instead of 2010, the base period 2015 is used instead of the period) and many others. Updated calculation methods were introduced in the following direction: Changes in the Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM); Improving the calculation of Imputed Rent of Own Occupied Dwellings; Capitalization of costs related to Research and Development (R&D) and others. The factor of improving the data source should also be emphasized. In this regard, it is worth noting: updating the structure of intermediate consumption on the basis of a special surveys; Special survey conducted in various sectors of economy, such as agriculture, construction, hotels and restaurants and ect. Other methodological changes include also the use of new classifications, change of the base year (2015 instead of 2010). During the implementation of new standards and methodologies, many countries face a number of challenges. In many ways, national accounts data represent an important part of a country's economic history. Of course, it is more acceptable for users to have a continuous and consistent time series, which simplifies its use in economic modeling. However, as already mentioned, this process is associated with certain difficulties, among which access to historical rows of updated data sources is noteworthy. In such cases, they need to develop models that put new concepts and methodologies into historical perspective. In order to harmonize with the indicators of the previous period, Georgia has recalculated the historical data series since 2010. The introduction of the new methodology and the above-mentioned updates caused changes in the total volume of GDP. During the implementation of new methodologies and standards, and therefore the recalculation of historical dynamic series, another important challenge is to inform users about all changes and how each change affected the main macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, users should understand that the change of methodologies and their implementation in practice is an ongoing process by which the country strives to comply with international standards. This is vitally necessary to ensure continuity of the country's integration into the world economic system and future sustainable development. Keywords: The System of National Accounts 2008, Financial Intermediate Service Indirectly Measured (FISIM), Non-observed economy, Research and Development (R&D).

Service Strategy Analysis of Big Data Management in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

As the basic force to promote the development of national economy, small and medium-sized enterprises face many difficulties in their development process. And big data technology can help them improve the efficiency of enterprise management and enhance the viability of enterprises. The rise of the Internet, relying on big data technology, effectively alleviates the financing problems of SMEs. At the same time, it has a great impact on the traditional credit business of commercial banks. The legal service platform for small and medium-sized enterprises, with the development of emerging information technologies such as Internet, big data and sharing economy, has unique service advantages, which can achieve economies of scale and scope in the process of legal services, and has important practical significance for the healthy and rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, the innovation and development of small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises are difficult to achieve only by themselves, and they need to be provided with targeted and professional knowledge services by internal knowledge service departments, intermediary service agencies, and government departments, so as to improve the knowledge reserves of small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises and promote their development and innovation. This paper analyzes the relationship between SMEs and big data technology, puts forward problems in terms of awareness, technology, policy and talent, and gives corresponding strategies to help SMEs develop.

How does global sustainable Policy influence Nation Policy -- A case Study of China

In the face of increasing pressure to reduce emissions, China, as a major developing country in terms of emission reduction, is obliged to establish a carbon trading market. At present, there are constraints in China's carbon trading market, such as insufficient financial participation, obvious regional segmentation of emission reduction, lack of pricing power in the international carbon trading market, lack of intermediary service capacity, and institutional irregularities. Drawing on the development experience of carbon trading markets in developed countries, this paper clarifies the idea of establishing China's carbon trading market, recognizes the current international environment, analyzes the constraints to the development of the carbon trading market, designs the carbon trading market system, and discusses the required legal, policy, and regulatory safeguards. Finally, nine suggestions are put forward to improve the legal and regulatory system of carbon trading.

The Data Governance Act: – Promoting or Restricting Data Intermediaries?

Following its approval by the European Parliament in April 2022, the Data Governance Act (DGA) is the first legislative instrument announced in the European Data Strategy to come into force. Aimed at facilitating the re-use and sharing of data in and between the private and public sectors, the DGA introduces regulation for a newly emerging type of digital platforms – the so-called “providers of data intermediation services”. In order to offer their services on the market, providers will have to submit to a prior notification procedure and show compliance with several conditions placed on their economic activities. The regulation of data intermediaries is intended to increase their trustworthiness and ensure the competitiveness of the markets in which they operate. Recent experiences with digital platforms have shown the potential of intermediaries to organise and facilitate markets. At the same time, digital platforms pose undeniable risks to their users and markets at large. Against this backdrop, the role of data intermediaries as envisioned by the DGA must be examined carefully before turning to the question whether the DGA can achieve competitive and trustworthy data sharing through registered third parties. This paper intends to shed light on these and other issues by examining, in-depth, the chapter in the DGA dedicated to data intermediaries (Art. 10–15) from a legal, policy and competition economics perspective. In particular, this paper explores how the experiences made with large-scale digital platforms have shaped the DGA. Thereby, this paper aims to contribute towards a holistic understanding of these provisions as a basis for an informed discussion on the legal framework and on possible alternatives.

INTERNET FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT

Better financing, financial management, and information intermediary services are the main objectives of Internet finance. Several aspects of the internet, including payments, cloud computing, social networking, and search engines, are the foundation of this new financial paradigm. It is a newly created financial service with qualities taken from conventional financial services, such as more operational convenience, greater involvement, better collaboration, and increased transparency. Internet finance links the financial industry to the fundamental principles of the Internet, such as decentralization, openness, equality, competitiveness, and competition. The primary distinction between Internet finance and traditional finance lies not only in the many channels each financial organization has employed in its development, but also in the participants' thorough knowledge of the underlying principles of internet cooperation and expansion.

Accounting and analytical aspects of the formation of sales expenses of an economic entity

In the conditions of competition for sales markets, manufacturers of products, goods, works and services are trying to reach as many consumers as possible, bring the product to them as quickly as possible and ensure high efficiency of sales channels, while striving to reduce the cost of promotion and sale. The functions related to the organization of sales are performed by economic entities both independently and with the help of intermediary services — retail chains, regional distributors, wholesale dealers, third-party online stores, marketplaces, etc. Each of the selected sales options requires strict and accurate accounting, and is also subject to competent analysis and control of the facts of economic life associated with it. For the purposes of operational management decision-making, the most important task in this context is to create a unified sales information base with the possibility of in-depth detailing of analytical data on sales-related expenses. The subject of the study is the accounting and analytical aspects of the formation of sales expenses of an economic entity, depending on the choice of a sales option: through the creation of separate divisions, the conclusion of contracts with third-party distributors or retail chains.