Intermediate Situation Research Articles

Toward the Direct Simulation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in a Global Storm‐Resolving Model

AbstractThis study presents the first attempt to simulate a full cycle of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in a global storm‐resolving model (GSRM) that explicitly simulates deep convection and gravity waves instead of parameterizing them. Using the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model with horizontal and vertical resolutions of about and , respectively, we show that an untuned state‐of‐the‐art GSRM is already on the verge of simulating a QBO‐like oscillation of the zonal wind in the tropical stratosphere for the right reasons. ICON shows overall good fidelity in simulating the QBO momentum budget and the downward propagation of the QBO jets in the upper QBO domain (25–35 km). In the lowermost stratosphere, however, ICON does not simulate the downward propagation of the QBO jets to the tropopause. This is the result of a pronounced lack of QBO wave forcing, mainly on planetary scales. The lack of planetary‐scale wave forcing in the lowermost stratosphere is caused by an underestimation of planetary‐scale wave momentum fluxes entering the stratosphere. We attribute this lack of planetary‐scale wave momentum fluxes to a substantial lack of convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) in the tropical troposphere. Therefore, we conclude that in ICON, simulating a realistic spatio‐temporal variability of tropical deep convection, in particular CCEWs, is currently the main roadblock toward simulating a reasonable QBO. To overcome this intermediate situation, we propose to aim at an improved explicit simulation of tropical deep convection by retuning the remaining parameterizations of cloud microphysics and vertical diffusion, and by increasing the horizontal resolution.

Does Pelleted Starter Feed Restriction and Provision of Total Mixed Ration Ad Libitum during Weaning Influence the Behavior of Dairy Calves?

Currently, in dairy farming, there is growing concern for the welfare of calves during the critical period between the separation from their dams and weaning. During weaning, rationed feeding is a practice used to improve feed efficiency and control the calves’ growth, but it could also have negative consequences associated with hunger and feed restriction behavior. One such consequence could be the performance by calves of stereotyped behaviors indicative of poor welfare, such as non-nutritive oral behaviors. We hypothesized that making a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) available to calves, in addition to the standard pelleted starter diet, thanks to its structural and nutritional characteristics, could help to focus the oral behavior of the subjects towards nutritional activities and therefore limit the development of stereotyped behaviors, even when the amount of starter is restricted. To test this hypothesis, 30 female Holstein calves (equipped with an accelerometer based on an ear tag), were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: a control diet (CTR) with an ad libitum calf starter but without TMR; Treatment 1 (TRT1) with both ad libitum calf starter and ad libitum TMR; Treatment 2 (TRT2) with ad libitum TMR and a restricted amount of a calf starter (50% of the intake starter of the control group day by day). All animals were kept in individual cages equipped with a slow-flow teat bucket apparatus for milk feeding and with access to separated buckets (one for drinking water, one for the starter, and one for the TMR) placed on the outside of the front gate of each cage. Sucking behavior, as well as resting, ruminating and activity behavior, was recorded individually from 7 days of life to weaning (63 d of age) by an automated monitoring system based on ear-tag accelerometers (SCR eSense, Allflex, Irving, TX, USA). The results showed that in the CTR group, there was a greater sucking activity compared to the TRT1 group (26.25 min/head/day vs. 16.83 min/head/day, p = 0.0181), while the TRT2 group showed intermediate values (20.41 min/head/day). We hypothesized that this increased sucking activity may be explained by the oral activity directed at sucking the Milk Bar tube observed only in CTR calves after complete consumption of available milk and could indicate a higher stress level than in the TRT1 group. The time spent resting was significantly lower for the CTR group compared to the TRT1 group (9.20 h/day vs. 11.15 h/day, p = 0.0049) while the TRT2 group was in an intermediate situation (10.65 h/day). Furthermore, the increase in time dedicated to rest observed in TRT1, in light of the good vitality of the calves shown by the daily patterns of resting behavior and daily activity, also seems to suggest an improvement in welfare conditions compared to calves receiving pelleted starter alone. Based on these results, we can deduce that providing TMR ad libitum in the diet of weaning calves could be an effective strategy to improve calf welfare due to the reduction in stereotyped oral activity. However, further studies are needed to establish threshold values useful for distinguishing physiological from pathological resting times in weaning calves raised in individual cages.

Semi-infinite Simple Exclusion Process: From Current Fluctuations to Target Survival.

The symmetric simple exclusion process (SEP), where diffusive particles cannot overtake each other, is a paradigmatic model of transport in the single-file geometry. In this model, the study of currents has attracted a lot of attention, but so far most results are restricted to two geometries: (i)a finite system between two reservoirs, which does not conserve the number of particles but reaches a nonequilibrium steady state, and (ii)an infinite system which conserves the number of particles but never reaches a steady state. Here, we obtain an expression for the full cumulant generating function of the integrated current in the important intermediate situation of a semi-infinite system connected to a reservoir, which does not conserve the number of particles and never reaches a steady state. This results from the determination of the full spatial structure of the correlations, which we infer to obey the very same closed equation recently obtained in the infinite geometry and argue to be exact. Besides their intrinsic interest, these results allow us to solve two open problems: the survival probability of a fixed target in the SEP, and the statistics of the number of particles injected by a localized source.

Gender Differences in Multidimensional Poverty in Brazil: A Fuzzy Approach

AbstractThis study aims to improve the measurement of multidimensional poverty for the purpose of analyzing gender differences while considering the limitations of household surveys. To effectively analyze gender disparities, it addresses three issues that are often overlooked in the literature: disregard for within-household inequalities in household-level indicators; disregard for ineligible populations in indicators that represent only a specific group; and disregard for intermediate deprivation situations in cutoff-based poverty estimations. Using data from the Brazilian Consumer Expenditure Survey 2017–2018, we create two indexes with indicators that are key aspects in gender and feminist analyses. Applying a fuzzy approach and the Alkire–Foster method, we estimate multidimensional poverty and gender differences from three perspectives: intrahousehold, interhousehold, and intracouple. We also calculate inequality among the poor and intracouple gender gaps proposing fuzzy versions for these analyses. The main findings suggest that women are disadvantaged in terms of work and time quality, economic security, and access to resources—all of which are crucial components of agency or degree of empowerment.

The contribution of Rob Westaway to the study of fluvial archives

Robert Westaway was a structural and hard-rock geologist who turned his attention to the study of Late Cenozoic fluvial archives, believing that the preservation of staircases of river terraces, particularly representing the Middle and Late Pleistocene, could only be explained in terms of crustal activity in response to surface processes, the latter affected by climatic change. His entry into this research area coincided with the realisation that such terrace sequences required surface or crustal uplift to have taken place over the time interval represented. Workers were unable to explain the observed amounts of uplift in terms of erosional isostasy, a process that could potentially have explained such one-way crustal movement. Westaway envisaged a mechanism by which mobile lower crust migrated to beneath uplifting areas, maintaining and reinforcing their uplift. The mechanism requires complex mathematics to explain it, as well as lending itself to mathematical modelling of the process, based on varying crustal properties and changes in the rates of surface processes in response to climatic fluctuation. Essentially the lower-crustal effect can be envisaged as a positive-feedback enhancement of erosional isostasy.It became apparent that Westaway's theories could explain geomorphological and sedimentary fluvial archives that were otherwise difficult to elucidate. Mantle-based erosional isostasy could not explain terrace staircases, for example. Many of these occur in regions that are tectonically inactive, and so cannot be attributed to neotectonic activity. A game-changer in terms of persuading the wider community came from the recognition of crustally ultrastable regions in which progressive long-timescale uplift has not occurred: Archaean cratons. Westaway's envisaged lower-crustal flow would not be expected in such regions, which have cold, brittle and immobile crust to its full depth. Ancient fluvial deposits are found close to modern valley-floor levels in such areas. Regions of younger Precambrian crust (Proterozoic) showing intermediate situations were subsequently identified. Other dilemmas could be resolved, such as the ‘back-tilting’ of the early-Middle Pleistocene Bytham River in the English Midlands, caused by its drainage crossing crustal blocks with different properties that have accordingly experienced differential uplift. Although glacio-isostasy, mostly seen in the effects of rebound since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), is largely accommodated in the mantle, and thus is reversed as a response to glacial loading and unloading, in areas of suitable crustal type there is evidently a small lower-crustal component that is less readily reversible.Westaway's important contribution has yet to be fully integrated into received wisdom in geomorphological and Quaternary circles, although much of it is now widely accepted and more will be explored and published in due course.

Consistency of quality management contours for the development of industrial enterprises on the basis of target contour planning

To solve the problem of the qualitative development of industrial enterprises, which lies in the inconsistency of the contours of the quality of the development of the scientific task. The article proposes a methodical approach to the planning of the consistency of the contours of the quality management of the development of industrial enterprises based on the planning of the target contour based on the three-level system model and the means of multifactor modeling, the use of which will allow the management of the industrial enterprise to monitor the state of achievement/failure to achieve the planned development goals and timely identify the cause of this phenomenon during the normal process of management coordination, destabilization and recovery. As a result of modeling and simulation experiments, a bank of levels of operations for various purposes and source data is obtained. The obtained sets of action sequences can be used as "road maps" in case of a real critical situation. The proposed approach can be used to develop options for future plans for qualitative development of the enterprise by setting a target situation for a certain future moment in time and finding a sequence of intermediate situations of qualitative development of the enterprise, which leads to setting a goal.

Gadamer 관점에 따른 묻지마 범죄에 대한 음악치료 현장에서의 창의성 이해

Unlike traditional incidents, “Do-not-ask” crimes occur against unspecified people or an unspecified number of people without a specific cause, so anyone can become a victim of “Do-not-ask” crimes, causing serious fear in many people. And, regardless of who is involved, it is difficult to clearly distinguish between a potential perpetrator of a crime and an actual perpetrator, leading to confusion in prevention. Through research to date, it is understood that perpetrators of “Do-not-ask” crimes generally have common problems such as poor economic and family environments, cognition, thinking, impulsiveness control, and emotional control abilities. Additionally, many perpetrators of “Do-not-ask” crimes have a history of mental illness and/or have a thinking disorder due to addiction to psychotropic drugs. Rather than increasing the severity of legal punishment for perpetrators of “Do-not-ask” crimes who have these problems, it is judged that mental rehabilitation treatment that includes drug treatment, interpersonal training, art therapy, and family education is more urgent, and preemptive measures against random crimes are considered more urgent. It is believed that information sharing and the establishment of a cooperative system with various organizations are urgently needed for prevention. First of all, in terms of therapeutic approach, there may be various understandings of perpetrators of crime without question, but crime without question is understood simply as a symptom and the goal is not to reduce or eliminate symptoms, but rather the psychological state of criminals without question is a process of horizon fusion, dialectic. By understanding it as a temporary and intermediate situation, we aim to suggest a direction for healing through the formation of perpetrators' creativity and the role of art and play (Spiel) where this creativity can be actively expressed.

Entropic taming of the Look Elsewhere Effect

To mitigate the Look Elsewhere Effect in multiple hypothesis testing using p-values, the paper suggests an “entropic correction” of the significance level at which the null hypothesis is rejected. The proposed correction uses the entropic uncertainty associated with the probability measure that expresses the prior-to-test probabilities expressing how likely the confirming evidence may occur at values of the parameter. When the prior-to-test probability is uniform (embodying maximal uncertainty) the entropic correction coincides with the Bonferroni correction. When the prior-to-test probability embodies maximal certainty (is concentrated on a single value of the parameter at which the evidence is obtained), the entropic correction overrides the Look Elsewhere Effect completely by not requiring any correction of significance. The intermediate situation is illustrated by a simple hypothetical example. Interpreting the prior-to-test probability subjectively allows a Bayesian spirit enter the frequentist multiple hypothesis testing in a disciplined manner. If the prior-to-test probability is determined objectively, the entropic correction makes possible to take into account in a technically explicit way the background theoretical knowledge relevant for the test.

Biomarkers of exposure in urine of active smokers, non-smokers, and vapers

The exposure to smoking related products has been evaluated through urine illness risk marker determination through the analysis of urine samples of smokers and vapers. Biomarkers and their metabolites such as N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-acetyl-S-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propen-1-yl)-L-cysteine (MHBMA), N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (3HPMA), 2R-N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-L-cysteine (HMPMA), and N-acetyl-S-(3-carboxy-2-propyl)-L-cysteine (CMEMA) together with nicotine and cotinine were identified and quantified by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS, and data found normalized to the creatinine level. One hundred two urine samples were collected from smokers, non-smokers, and vapers, spanning an age range from 16 to 79 years. Results obtained showed that CEMA was only detected in urine samples from smokers and MHBMA was in the same order of magnitude in all the urine samples analyzed. HMPMA was found in the urine of vapers at the same order of concentration as in non-smokers. 3HPMA in vapers was lower than in the urine of smokers, presenting an intermediate situation between smokers and non-smokers. On the other hand, DHBMA in vapers can reach similar values to those found for smokers, while CMEMA shows concentrations in the urine of vapers higher than in the case of non-smokers and traditional smokers, requiring new research to link this metabolite to the use of electronic cigarettes and possible alternative metabolomic routes. In general, this study seems to verify that traditional smoking practice constitutes a major source of carcinogenic chemicals compared with substitutive practices, although those practices are not free of potential harm.Graphical abstract

Barchan Dunes Cruising Dune‐Size Obstacles

AbstractWe investigate the behavior of subaqueous barchans reaching dune‐size obstacles by carrying out experiments where we varied the obstacle shape and size, the flow strength, and the grains' properties. We found that a subaqueous barchan can pass over or bypass a dune‐size obstacle, or even be blocked, with some intermediate situations. In the bypass cases, the original barchan can split in two or more bedforms, redistributing sand in space. Finally, we propose a classification map in which the barchan behavior depends basically on two dimensionless parameters. Our results represent a step toward understanding how barchans behave in the presence of large obstacles, such as retaining walls, tubes and bridge pillars.

Uranium Geochemistry of Italian Travertines and Calcareous Tufas: Exploring the Relationship between Carbonate Deposition, Groundwater Circulation and Subsurface Geology

A database consisting of 163 data on the uranium content and 234U/238U initial activity ratio of 15 Italian travertine and calcareous tufa sites was created using data from the relevant literature. Using a graphical method, data were interpreted considering the U geochemistry in natural environments as well as the geological, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical settings of each site. The U content and 234U/238U initial activity ratio in travertine and tufa appear to be affected by different factors, such as the availability of U in the aquifer rocks, the redox state of the waters, and the alpha-active radionuclide recoil phenomenon. The data allow the identification of four groups of travertines/tufas: (i) those precipitated from circulating groundwater, with a short/fast flow path, in volcanic rocks with a high radionuclide content; (ii) those precipitated from circulating groundwater, with a long, deep flow path in carbonate/evaporite formations with a relatively low radionuclide content; and (iii) those precipitated from cold waters associated with riverine systems, which are characterized by oxidizing conditions and fed by high-discharge springs recharged by carbonate aquifers. The fourth group represents the intermediate situations frequently occurring due to the mixing of waters from different aquifers. The results suggest an interpretative model that might contribute to the paleo-environmental reconstruction of fossil travertine and calcareous tufa depositing systems.

Ground state of composite bosons in low-dimensional graphs

We consider a system of composite bosons given by strongly bound fermion pairs tunneling through sites that form a low-dimensional network. It has been shown that the ground state of this system can have condensatelike properties in the very dilute regime for two-dimensional lattices but displays fermionization for one-dimensional lattices. Studying graphs with fractal dimensions, we explore intermediate situations between these two cases and observe a correlation between increasing dimension and increasing condensatelike character. However, this is only the case for graphs for which the average path length grows with power smaller than 1 in the number of sites and which have an unbounded circuit rank. We thus conjecture that these two conditions are relevant for condensation of composite bosons in arbitrary networks and should be considered jointly with the well-established criterion of high entanglement between constituents.

Empirical fragility curves for masonry buildings struck by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake

The prevention of seismic risk at urban scale can be pursued through the estimate of the probability to reach or exceed a certain damage grade given the seismic input. In this framework, seismic fragility curves are nowadays of large interest as they express this probability in a synthetic way, also extended to large-scale applications. Real damage data are crucial in making more reliable predictions of damage occurrence, although they can be influenced by a proper definition of the structural types and the completeness of observations. The paper shows the empirical fragility curves obtained for a sample of 2263 masonry buildings located within 19 historical centers struck by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. The damage grade was evaluated according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), also considering undamaged buildings, at the end of the sequence that spanned between August and October. The buildings largely underwent several repairs and strengthening actions with reinforced concrete elements starting from the 1980s. The systematization of the structural features led to a taxonomy for strengthened and original buildings, which, based on the observed damage patterns, was matched to the EMS-98 vulnerability classification. The sample ranges from class A (worst behavior) to D (best behavior). Class A was typically assigned to original buildings (without interventions) or ill-advisedly tampered ones, i.e., those in which interventions had an unfavorable contribution to their seismic behavior. Class D described buildings with properly designed strengthening interventions, classes B and C intermediate situations. Fragility curves were obtained per each vulnerability class, as a function of the highest peak ground acceleration (PGA) observed in the sequence from ShakeMaps. The results were then compared to other empirical fragility models.

Transfer of passive particles in the velocity field of vortex tripole moving on a plane

Purpose of this article is to study the transport of passive particles in the velocity field of a vortex tripole with a change in the parameter that determines the speed of the configuration movement. A structure consisting of a central vortex and satellite vortices rotating around it with the opposite vorticity is understood as a tripole. We employ a system of three point vortices, the most simple mathematical representation of a vortex tripole, which may be expressed as a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with a parameter. Consideration is limited to a particular case of a tripole with zero total vorticity. The influence of the speed values of vortex configuration movement on the processes of passive particle transport has been studied. Methods. The study was carried out numerically using algorithms based on the dynamical systems approaches including the construction of the Poincare map and the analysis of the dynamics of marker particles. Were carried out long ´ times calculations, corresponding to hundreds and thousands of turns around the tripole center. Integrators of high orders of accuracy were used to solve the Cauchy problems, which made it possible to adequacy of the calculation result control. Results. We found that transferring passive particles is fundamentally different depending on the speed of the tripole. A vast zone of chaotic dynamics forms in the neighborhood of the vortices when the velocity is low. This zone slowly shifts along with the tripole. There are subregions of active and slow mixing inside the chaos region. The possible stages of particle dynamics are: transfer from the region to the right of the tripole to the area to the left, vigorous mixing near the vortices, and slowly drifting to the region to the left of the tripole. At a high speed of vortex configuration in the entire chaotic region, the particles are strongly mixed. The vortex tripole removes particles from the vicinity of its initial position over long distances and practically does not capture new particles along its path. In intermediate situations, both processes can be realized at varying degrees. Conclusion. Non-trivial scenarios for the transport of passive particles by a vortex tripole, which can also occur in real vortex configurations of fluids, have been discovered and described.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE FAMILY IN THE CONTEXT OF LIBERAL VALUES

The relevance of this work is due to the fundamental transformation of the institution of the family in the modern world, where liberalism is the dominant ideology. Transformations of the family institution, in turn, can determine changes in other areas of society. The purpose of our article is a socio-philosophical analysis of the changes in the modern family on the example of Russian society. In the course of achieving this goal, the authors rely on the principles of comparative studies (by comparing liberalization in Russia and Asian countries), historicism, a systematic approach, and provide statistical data. The authors examine two discourses that raise the question of the relationship between liberal values and the institution of the family. In the first discourse, liberalism is positioned as a destructive force that destroys the ontological foundations of the family. In contrast to this position, a positive topic interprets liberalization as a factor in the enrichment of family relations, and the latter are not positioned as endangered, and the family acts as a subject of the liberal economic model. In our country, we can talk about an intermediate situation, when the patriarchal elements of social life are mixed with the values of individualism. Recognizing the magnitude of the changes taking place in the modern Russian family, the authors come to the conclusion that the liberalization of family values does not inevitably lead to destructive consequences. We see the borrowing of the experience of Asian countries with liberal economic and political systems as a priority of the social policy of the Russian Federation. The fundamental basis for family policy should be the work to form a positive image of the Russian family, with family values and norms as its central element, revealing its meaningful potential for the individual and the state.

Cultivars Resistance Assay for Maize Late Wilt Disease.

Magnaporthiopsis maydis late wilt disease (LWD) in corn is considered to be the most severe in Israel and Egypt and poses a significant threat in other countries. Research efforts extending over a period of five decades led to the development of chemical, biological, agrotechnical, physical (solar disinfection) and other means for controlling late wilt disease. Today, some applications can reduce damage even in severe cases. However, cultivating disease-resistant maize varieties is the primary means for reducing the disease's impact. The current work uses a rapid (six days) laboratory seedling pathogenicity test and a full-season open encloser semi-field conditioned pots assay (101 days) to classify maize varieties according to their LWD resistance. To better evaluate differences between the cultivars, a real-time based molecular assay was applied to track the pathogen's presence in the plants' tissues, and visible light aerial imaging was used in parallel. The findings show that in cases of extreme sensitivity or tolerance (for example, in the highly susceptible Megaton cultivar (cv.) or the resistant Hatai cv.), a similarity in the results exists between the different methods. Thus, a reliable estimate of the varieties' sensitivity can be obtained in a seed assay without the need for a test carried out throughout an entire growing season. At the same time, in most situations of partial or reduced LWD sensitivity/resistance, there is no match between the various tests, and only the entire growing season can provide the most reliable results. Tracking the amount of M. maydis DNA in the plants' bodies is a precise, sensitive scientific tool of great importance for studying the development of the disease and the factors affecting it. Yet, no complete overlap exists between the fungal DNA amount and symptom severity. Such a correlation exists in high sensitivity or resistance cases but not in intermediate situations. Still, the valuation of the pathogen's establishment in asymptomatic corn hybrids can indicate the degree of LWD immunity and the chance of susceptibility development.

The interactive field of open government data: inter-administrative dynamics, trans-local networks, and local geopolitics of environmental data activism in China

ABSTRACT Using an example of China’s environmental data activism, this study explores the state–society interactive mode of socialization in the politics of open government data. Drawing on an interactionist approach, this study argues that in this intermediate situation, NGOs are relatively autonomous, organizing their campaigns and initiatives independently instead of partnering with the state. However, these two sides both spur and exploit each other, shaping an ‘interactive field.’ Data actors use the state’s open data agenda as an opportunity to initiate spin-off data activism to counteract the deficiencies of data disclosure by the government. In response, state agencies adjust and enhance their data disclosure practices, thus performing reactive data governance. We identified several dynamics of this interactive field: (1) It involves multiple grassroots data actors in the form of NGOs that attempt to expand the autonomy of their data advocacy by forming activist networks to bargain with state bureaucracy. (2) The interactive strategies mainly involve tactics of ‘rightful resistance’ but are hybridized with other boundary-spanning strategies that straddle the demarcation of confrontation and non-confrontation. (3) Although the state and nonstate actors are not partnered, they exert mutual influence over each other’s actions and strategies. The shrinking of institutional space has caused NGOs to reorganize interactive strategies. Our study also highlights the local geopolitical dynamics that condition such interactions: besides the inter-administrative dynamics that afford political opportunities, the trans-local advocacy network coordinates actors and resources to exercise data counterpower. Also, the selection of advocacy strategies is varied with targeted government agencies.

Gold(I)···Lanthanide(III) Bonds in Discrete Heterobimetallic Compounds: A Combined Computational and Topological Study.

The chemical nature of the ligand-unsupported gold(I)-lanthanide(III) bond in the proposed [LnIII(η5-Cp)2][AuIPh2] (Ln-Au; LnIII = LaIII, EuIII, or LuIII; Cp = cyclopentadienide; Ph = phenyl) models is examined from a theoretical viewpoint. The covalent bond-like Au-Ln distances (Au-La, 2.95 Å; Au-Eu, 2.85 Å; Au-Lu, 2.78 Å) result from a strong interaction between the oppositely charged fragments (ΔEintMP2 > 600 kJ mol-1), including the aforementioned metal-metal bond and additional LnIII-Cipso and C-H···π interactions. The Au-Ln bond has been characterized as a chemical bond rather than a strong metallophilic interaction with the aid of energy decomposition analysis, interaction region indicator, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules topological tools. The chemical nature of the Au-Ln bond cannot be fully ascribed to a covalent or an ionic model; an intermediate situation or a charge shift bond is proposed. The [AuIPh2]- anion has also been identified as a suitable lanthanide(III) emission sensitizer for La-Au and Lu-Au.

PEANUTS: a national survey on the management of pediatric tracheobronchial foreign bodies.

To assess the different types of management of pediatric foreign body aspirations in order to help define guidelines, depending on clinical presentation. A national survey in France was emailed to all 30 university-affiliated departments of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and pediatric pulmonologists in France. Data concerning the center and the experience of each participant were collected in order to define an "senior expert" group with experience of extracting more than 10 foreign bodies and a "junior/non-expert" group. Both groups answered questions concerning five clinical cases of foreign body aspiration of different severities. Ninety-eight participants answered this survey (75 otolaryngologists and 23 pulmonologists), representing 28 of the 30 university-affiliated departments in France with a completion rate of 89%. Responses of the senior expert group were similar for clear-cut situations, such as an asymptomatic child with a low probability of foreign body aspiration and for a symptomatic child with respiratory distress. However, for intermediate situations, management varied significantly according to the physician when considering clinical, radiological, and surgical management. In comparison to the senior expert group, the junior non-expert group seemed more precautious in the management of foreign body aspiration for intermediate cases, in particular, concerning the time at which extraction was performed. Conclusion: The management of foreign body aspiration depends on the physician's experience and the center's habits. In order to optimize patient care for foreign body aspiration, we suggested a management algorithm based on the senior expert group responses. What is Known: •Foreign body aspirations (FBA) are dreaded by pediatricians, pediatric otolaryngologists, and pulmonologists particularly because of the potential fatal outcome. • However, consensus concerning their management is not clearly defined in the literature. What is New: •This study is the first to evaluate the management of foreign body aspirations (FBA) from the clinical assessment by the emergency medicine physician to the extraction of the foreign body. • A management algorithm was designed and secondarily validated by the SE group to help to emergency medicine physician and specialist to manage FBA.

INITIAL CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION SITUATIONS

In the article, in order to organize and resolve issues of investigation and operational search, a detailed analysis of the available information about the crime, an assessment of the investigative situation, the nature of preliminary information about the incident, the reliability of sources, the possibility of using information as evidence in the case, the mechanism for the formation of traces, factors affecting the investigative situations, as a result of which the composition, structure and form of the investigative situation can be changed, such issues as the reflection of the investigation situations in the initial, intermediate and final situations are described.