Intermediate Picture Research Articles

Identifying Radical Pathways for Cu(I)/Cu(II) Relay Catalyzed Oxygenation via Online Coupled EPR/UV-Vis/Near-IR Monitoring.

Copper-catalyzed C─H oxygenation has drawn considerable attention in mechanistic studies. However, a comprehensive investigation combining radical pathways with a metal-catalytic cycle is challenged by the intricate organic radicals and metallic intermediates. Herein, an online coupled EPR/UV-vis/near-IR detecting method is developed to simultaneously monitor both reactive radical species and copper complex intermediates during the reaction. Focusing on copper-catalyzed phenol oxygenation with cumene hydroperoxide, the short-lived alkylperoxyl radical (EPR signal at g=2.0143) as well as the unexpected square planar Cu(II)-alkoxyl radical complex (near-IR signal at 833nm) are unveiled during the reaction, in addition to the observable phenoxyl radical in EPR, quinone product in UV-vis, and Cu(II) center in EPR. With a comprehensive picture of diverse intermediates evolving over the same timeline, a novel Cu(I)/Cu(II) proposed relay-catalyzed sequential radical pathway. In this sequence, Cu(II) activates hydroperoxide through Cu(II)-OOR into the alkylperoxide radical, while the reaction between Cu(I) and hydroperoxide leads to Cu(II)(•OR)OH with high H-atom abstracting activity. These results provide a thorough understanding of the Cu(I)/Cu(II) relay catalysis for phenol oxygenation, setting the stage for mechanistic investigations into intricate radical reactions promoted by metallic complexes.

Time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of strong-field light-dressed solids: Prevalence of the adiabatic band picture

In recent years, strong-field physics in condensed-matter was pioneered as a novel approach for controlling material properties through laser-dressing, as well as for ultrafast spectroscopy via nonlinear light-matter interactions (e.g. harmonic generation). A potential controversy arising from these advancements is that it is sometimes vague which band-picture should be used to interpret strong-field experiments: the field-free bands, the adiabatic (instantaneous) field-dressed bands, Floquet bands, or some other intermediate picture. We here try to resolve this issue by performing 'theoretical experiments' of time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (Tr-ARPES) for a strong-field laser-pumped solid, which should give access to the actual observable bands of the irradiated material. To our surprise, we find that the adiabatic band-picture survives quite well, up to high field intensities (~10^12 W/cm^2), and in a wide frequency range (driving wavelengths of 4000 to 800nm, with Keldysh parameters ranging up to ~7). We conclude that to first order, the adiabatic instantaneous bands should be the standard blueprint for interpreting ultrafast electron dynamics in solids when the field is highly off-resonant with characteristic energy scales of the material. We then discuss weaker effects of modifications of the bands beyond this picture that are non-adiabatic, showing that by using bi-chromatic fields the deviations from the standard picture can be probed with enhanced sensitivity. Our work outlines a clear band picture for the physics of strong-field interactions in solids, which should be useful for designing and analyzing strong-field experimental observables and also to formulate simpler semi-empirical models.

Causal structures and nonlocality in double holography

Double holography plays a crucial role in recent studies of Hawking radiation and information paradox by relating an intermediate picture, in which a dynamical gravity living on an end-of-the-world brane is coupled to a non-gravitational heat bath, to a much better-understood BCFT picture as well as a bulk picture. In this paper, causal structures in generic double holographic setups are studied. We find that the causal structure in the bulk picture is compatible with causality in the BCFT picture, thanks to a generalization of the Gao-Wald theorem. On the other hand, consistency with the bulk causal structure requires the effective theory in the intermediate picture to contain a special type of super-luminal and nonlocal effect which is significant at long range or IR. These are confirmed by both geometrical analysis and commutators of microscopic fields. Subregion correspondences in double holography are discussed with the knowledge of this nonlocality. Possible fundamental origins of this nonlocality and its difference with other types of nonlocality will also be discussed.

Empiricism, syntax, and ontogeny

ABSTRACT Generative grammarians typically advocate for a rationalist understanding of language acquisition, according to which the structure of a developed language faculty reflects innate guidance rather than environmental influence. This proposal is developed in developmental linguistics by triggering models of language acquisition. Opposing this tradition, various theorists have advocated for empiricist views of language acquisition, according to which the structure of a developed linguistic competence reflects the linguistic environment in which this competence developed. On this picture, linguistic development is accounted for by general statistical learning mechanisms. In this article I shall precisify the debate, provide a clearer picture of what is at stake, and show why an intermediate picture is needed.

Plasmon-induced Circular Dichroism and Asymmetric Hot-electrons Generation Triggered by a Chiral Molecule for Polarization-dependent Chemical Reactions

Performing chiral photodetection, photocatalysis or photochemical reactions at the molecular level has always been a nearly impossible task, due to the very low efficiency of the generated optical circular dichroism signals. On the contrary, chiral colloidal nanocrystals have been shown recently to offer a very large differential response to circularly polarized light. Such a response is able to generate hot-electrons with a very strong asymmetry, thus potentially able to perform the aforementioned tasks. In this paper, an intermediate picture is chosen, for which an achiral small assembly of identical particles triggered by a chiral molecule is able to generate large plasmon-induced circular dichroism (PICD), in turn able to generate the required asymmetry in the generation rates of hot-electrons. By performing Finite Difference Time Domain simulations based on the combination of a classical model of PICD generation and a quantum-based model of hot-electrons generation, the simple design of an achiral gold NPs’ dimer triggered by a chiral molecule located in the center and oriented with its transition electric dipole moment parallel to the dimer axis is shown to be able to generate a strong asymmetry in its HEs’ generation response. The PICDs and related hot-electrons generation rates increase as a function of volume, surface, respectively, of the considered systems, thereby providing a way to trigger chemical reactions.

CARIES OF THE EARLY IRON CENTURYPOPULATION OF POLTAVA AND CORRELATED AREAS AS REFLECTION ASPECTSOF SOCIAL LIFE

An attempt has been made to display a picture of carious pathology and other dental diseases based on the study of the general status and reconstruction of cultural and everyday traditions of the early Iron Age society of Poltava and adjacent regions of Ukraine for introduction into the scientific base with the interaction of the formula: disease - social conditions, for a particular territory, specific society, one historical time. The materials of the study were the skeletons of 223 individuals with preserved dental-maxillary area (discovered and collected during the archaeological excavations of mounds 1998–2017 by expeditions of the Center for the Preservation and Research of Monuments of Archeology of the Department of Culture of the Poltava Regional State Administration) of the early Iron Age (mid-5th-6th centuries). BC, hereinafter - RHW) of the territory of Poltava and adjacent areas: 40 skeletons of children, 79 - women, 104 - men. In the analysis of pathology, we used our own method of studying the bones of ancient people and studying the pathology on anthropological material. Studied age-related changes in the skeleton, social labeling (if possible, determined the type of occupation, special social characteristics - decoration of the teeth, effects on the teeth when initiating into adult life, technical use of the masticatory organs, etc.). The social portrait of society shows the clinical picture of caries, other deviations from the generally accepted norm, which can be used as a starting point when comparing caries indicators to earlier or later communities with their social characteristics and economic structure. So, a pathology change curve can be created, with the creation of an intermediate picture of the disease and prediction at any time in the future. Having such a formula of pathological processes in a given population in a given territory at a given time with a given social characteristic, we can further obtain information on the pathology of close and distant communities, which will provide new methods for dating and recreating life. For medicine, it is important to trace causal relationships. It is, therefore, possible to derive diagrams of diseases at the level of similar conditions of life and management (expect a similar status of the oral cavity in similar societies).

Can Hearing Aids Affect Emotional Response to Sound?

Can Hearing Aids Affect Emotional Response to Sound?

Sequential Multiple Signature Scheme Based on Wavelet Domain Digital Watermarking

With wavelet transform multiresolution characteristics, using wavelet domain digital watermarking algorithm, we embed signed information in in the intermediate frequency subband picture which is processed by three level wavelet decomposition. Signed information not only have a good invisibility and robustness, but also enhance security. The practice shows that the scheme can effectively hide signature information in the seal picture, if attacked, the receiver can discriminate from seal image, and has better safety.

Distribution in angular mismatch between crystallites in diamond films grown in microwave plasma

High resolution electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) has been used for analysis of grain size, texture and stress distribution on growth side of free-standing polycrystalline diamond films of different grade. The undoped and moderate boron-doped films of 0.3–0.5 mm thickness were grown by microwave plasma CVD. The highest number of stressed domains, mostly located at grain boundaries, and the largest average grain misorientation angle ( θ ≈ 6°) have been found for B-doped film. Highly defected and highly [001] oriented “black” diamond exhibited much more rear stress domains, this being ascribed to angular mismatch as small as θ = 0.5° in that film. The samples of “white” diamond showed somewhat intermediate pictures, with stress observed both in bulk and on grain boundaries. Evolution of texture (columnar growth) and stress distribution with film thickness has been observed with EBSD study of film cross-sections.

Ischaemia: a pathogenetic clue in diversion colitis?

It is not common that, after diversion of the faecal stream by a colostomy, the defunctioned colon develops colitis. The pathogenesis of this colitis is still unclear and it has been proposed that ischaemia may play a major role. Our aim is to look for signs of ischaemia in a group of patients developing colitis after diversion colostomy for various causes. Surgical specimens from 32 patients resected for colitis developed after diverting colostomy were examined with routine (haematoxylin-eosin) and Elastic-Van Gieson and Perls' stains. The histological features related to mucosal crypt architecture, crypt epithelium and inflammation were mild, non specific or related to the underlying disease. Fibrosis was present in 21 (65.6%) patients, superficial coagulative necrosis was found in 18 (56%) patients, splitting and/or thickening of muscularis mucosae was present in 20 (62%) patients. The vessels were substantially normal or ectasic without thrombi or alterations in the wall. Evident ischaemia with coagulative necrosis, submucosal oedema and focal fibrosis was detected in only two (6%) patients and an intermediate picture between acute and chronic ischaemia was present in 16 (50%) patients. It is possible that ischaemia plays some role in the pathogenesis of diversion colitis; however, further studies are needed to firmly establish its role.

Remote Monitoring Scheme for Output Video of Standards Convertors

As digital television transmission is becoming ubiquitous, a method that can remotely monitor the quality of the final and intermediate pictures is urgently needed. In particular, the case where standards conversion is included in the transmission chain is a serious issue as the input and output cannot simply be compared. This letter proposes a novel method to solve this issue. The combination of skipping fields/pixels and the previously proposed SSSWHT-RR method, using the information of correlation coefficients and variance of the picture, achieves accurate detection of picture failure.

Allograft TNFβ and IL16 polymorphisms influence HCV recurrence and severity after liver transplantation

Hepatitis C (HCV) recurrence after liver transplantation is universal although severity varies. We explored whether certain donor cytokine gene polymorphisms may be useful markers of susceptibility to severe recurrence. Allograft tumor necrosis factor (TNF) beta and interleukin (IL) 16 gene polymorphisms were correlated with l-yr clinical outcome among HCV+ recipients. Recipients of donor TNFbeta(2,2) (n = 8) experienced less recurrence (50% vs. 71%, P < 0.05), less fibrosis (25% vs. 76%, P < 0.01), and less rejection (25% vs. 71%, P < 0.01) than donor TNFbeta(1,1) (n = 19). Recipients of donor TNFbeta(1,2) (n = 27) demonstrated an intermediate picture with less fibrosis (56%, P < 0.01) and less rejection (37%, P < 0.01) than TNFbeta(1,1). Recipients with donor IL16(TC) (n = 22) showed less recurrence (65% vs. 78%, P = 0.05), less fibrosis (53% vs. 67%, P = 0.06), and less rejection (41% vs. 55%, P = 0.06) than IL16(TT) (n = 32) genotype. Recipients of the combination TNFbeta(2,2)/IL16(TC) donor genotype had the most benign clinical outcome with less recurrence (33% vs. 75%, P < 0.01), no fibrosis (0% vs. 50%, P < 0.001), and fewer rejections (33% vs. 75%, P < 0.01) than donor TNFbeta(1,1)/IL16(TT) genotype. In vitro production of cytokines correlated with genotype. Release of soluble TNFbeta for TNFbeta(1,1) vs. TNFbeta(1,2) and TNFbeta(2,2) was 4803 +/- 2142 pg/mL vs. 5629 +/- 3106 (P = not significant [ns]) and 7180 +/- 3005 (P = ns). Release of soluble IL16 for IL16(TT) vs. IL16(TC) was 437 +/- 86 pg/mL vs. 554 +/- 39 (P = 0.06). In conclusion, allograft TNFbeta and IL16 gene polymorphisms may be useful markers to predict the severity of disease recurrence among HCV+ patients after liver transplantation.

How does verb aspect constrain event representations?

We investigated the relative contribution of perfective and imperfective aspectual cues on situation models. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to choose pictures showing completed events than pictures showing ongoing events when they had read perfective sentences, but chose either picture after reading imperfective sentences. In Experiment 2, only one picture was presented and participants were faster to respond to completed pictures than to ongoing pictures when they had read perfective sentences, but showed no latency differences after reading the imperfective sentences. In Experiment 3, participants were faster to read perfective sentences after having seen completed pictures rather than intermediate pictures, but there was no difference for imperfective sentences. The consistent pattern of results demonstrates that readers construct mental representations of completed events when the perfective aspect is used to describe an event. The lack of effect on imperfective sentences and pictures suggests that each reader represents an in-progress event at varying stages of completion.

Low-power motion vector estimation using iterative search block-matching methods and a high-speed non-destructive CMOS image sensor

In this paper, motion vector (MV) estimation methods with high-speed intermediate pictures for low-power video compression are proposed. The intermediate pictures are obtained by a special type of CMOS image sensor. An adaptive iterative-search block matching is proposed to obtain precise MVs of video-rate pictures from high-speed intermediate pictures with the reduced computational complexity. The sensor captures high-speed intermediate pictures without destructing signal charge and video-rate pictures with full signal accumulation time. The proposed active pixel sensor using bidirectional multiple charge transfer is useful for the nondestructive intermediate imaging with a reduced fixed pattern noise. The image sensor chip has been implemented by using 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. It operates with 3.3 V and captures 480 frames/s high-speed nondestructive intermediate pictures and 30 frame/s fully accumulated video-rate pictures. The proposed adaptive iterative-search block matching has a comparable precision to a full search block matching with reduction of computational complexity by a factor of about 1/13, on average. It also reduces the data-loading rate from the memory by a factor of about 1/4.

Nonabelian noncommutative gauge theory via noncommutative extra dimensions

The concept of covariant coordinates on noncommutative spaces leads directly to gauge theories with generalized noncommutative gauge fields of the type that arises in string theory with background B-fields. The theory is naturally expressed in terms of cochains in an appropriate cohomology; we discuss how it fits into the framework of projective modules. The equivalence of star products that arise from the background field with and without fluctuations and Kontsevich's formality theorem allow an explicitly construction of a map that relates ordinary gauge theory and noncommutative gauge theory (Seiberg–Witten map). As application we show the exact equality of the Dirac–Born–Infeld action with B-field in the commutative setting and its semi-noncommutative cousin in the intermediate picture. Using noncommutative extra dimensions the construction is extended to noncommutative nonabelian gauge theory for arbitrary gauge groups; an explicit map between abelian and nonabelian gauge fields is given. All constructions are also valid for non-constant B-field, Poisson structure and metric.

イメージセンシング技術 高速非破壊中間撮像ＣＭＯＳイメージセンサの設計と試作

A CMOS image sensor has been developed. The sensor captures non-destructive intermediate pictures and fully accumulated video-rate pictures. It is useful for applications that require both high-speed pictures and fully accumulated video-rate pictures, such as motion-vector estimation for moving-picture encoding and motion tracking cameras. The sensor uses bi-directional multiple charge transfer active pixels and is fabricated using 0.35 μm CMOS technology. It captures 480 frame/s high-speed intermediate pictures and 30 frame/s fully accumulated video-rate pictures with FPN reduction in both type of pictures.

READING ALOUD TO STUDENTS: A NATIONAL PROBABILITY STUDY OF CLASSROOM READING PRACTICES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Elementary teachers have been encouraged to share literature with their students by reading to them daily and recommending books. Although such suggestions are common, little is known about the number of teachers who read to their students regularly and how often this practice occurs across the elementary grades. In this study, 1,874 elementary teachers were surveyed nationally to determine how often they read to their students. Teachers reported how many of the last ten school days they read to their students. Results include the finding that much more teacher reading of books to students occurs in the primary grades compared with the intermediate grades. Also, primary-grade teachers frequently read picture books to their students while intermediate grade teachers read chapter books most often. Informational books are not often read by teachers to students in any of the elementary grades. Discussion of the results centers around reading aloud in the primary and intermediate grades, picture and chapter-book reading, informational book reading, and introducing and recommending books.

Dynamical Lie algebraic approach to energy transfer of the scattering system A + BC

The dynamical Lie algebraic approach developed by Y. Alhassid and R. D. Levine (Phys Rev A 1978, 18, 89) combined with the intermediate picture is applied to the study of translational-vibrational energy transfer in the collinear collision between an atom and an anharmonic oscillator. By solving equations of motion for the group parameters under the first-order approximation of the group parameters, we calculate the vibrational transition probabilities of anharmonic molecule scattering with an atom in the intermediate picture. Numerical test calculations are carried out for the collinear scattering system HBr+He; the results show that the dynamical Lie algebraic approach can be useful for the description of atom-molecule collision phenomena. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 78: 295–302, 2000

Application of dynamical Lie algebraic method to atom-diatomic molecule scattering

The dynamical Lie algebraic approach developed by Alhassid and Levine combined with intermediate picture is applied to the study of translational–vibrational energy transfer in the collinear collision between an atom and an anharmonic oscillator. We find that the presence of the anharmonic terms indeed has an effect on the vibrational probabilities of the oscillator. The computed probabilities are in good agreement with those obtained using exact quantum method. It is shown that the approach of dynamical Lie algebra combining with intermediate picture is reasonable in the treating of atom–anharmonic oscillator scattering.

Dynamical Lie algebraic treatment for the A+BC scattering

We report the study of translational-vibrational energy transfer in the A+BC scattering using the dynamical Lie algebraic approach combined with the intermediate picture. The rotational sudden approximation is applied to treat the rotational motion of the BC molecule, which is regarded as an anharmonic oscillator. The calculated results show that the transition probabilities increase with increasing rotational quantum number. Comparison with those obtained in the collinear collision of system A+BC manifests that the transition probabilities here increase indeed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 81: 214–221, 2001