Intermediate Heat Research Articles

Role of δ-phase on Mechanical Behaviors of Additive Manufactured Inconel 718: Detailed Microstructure Analysis and Crystal Plasticity Modelling

In this work, a multi-scale approach was applied to reveal the evolution mechanisms of the δ (Ni3Nb) phase and the resultant mechanical responses in wire-arc additive manufactured (WAAM) Inconel (IN) 718. Several heat treatment strategies, consist of homogenization, intermediate heat treatment and aging process, were firstly conducted to produce δ phases with different characteristics. The early evolution of the δ phase was then analyzed in detail via transmission electron microscopy. The nanoindentation and tensile tests were also used to verify the strengthen response of δ phase. Moreover, a crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model, taking into account the different configurations of δ phase, was developed to study and predict the micro deformation behavior. Results revealed that when the intermediate heat treatment time exceeded 1 h, the formation of the main strengthening phase γ" was constrained by the δ phase, accompanied by the coarsening of γ". The decrease of γ" phase and the destruction of coherent γ"/γ interface are the main causes of strength loss in the WAAMed IN718. The intergranular dislocation transmission was hindered by the δ phase, thereby increasing the grain boundary strength. However, the needle-like δ phase within the grain may cause premature fracture due to strain localization, thereby reducing the material properties. The evolution mechanisms of the δ phase obtained in this study provides theoretical guidance for the optimization of the microstructures and mechanical properties of WAAM Inconel 718.

Thermodynamic analysis of hybrid two-stage CO2 mechanical compression–ejector cooling cycle

In the present study, the main results of thermodynamic analysis of the hybrid two-stage carbon dioxide (CO2) transcritical mechanical compression–ejector cooling cycle using R245ca are provided. In the proposed cycle, an increase in the energy efficiency of a mechanical compression refrigeration machine (MCRM) is provided by additional supercooling of CO2 after the gas cooler due to the use of cold obtained in an ejector cooling machine (ECM). The ECM uses part of the superheated vapor heat after the high-pressure compressor and the intermediate pressure heat after the low-pressure compressor. This solution provides intermediate cooling of CO2 vapor without using an external cooling medium. The proposed method of computation makes it possible to determine the optimal parameters of the hybrid cooling cycle for the design conditions, ensuring the maximum possible MCRM efficiency. At the same time, the method considers the need to determine the optimal gas cooler pressure – a parameter that has a significant impact on efficiency growth. The effect of the intermediate pressure is extremely insignificant and is defined as the geometric mean value of the product of the gas cooler and evaporator pressures. The results show an increase in efficiency of the two-stage CO2 MCRM by up to 31.6% at high temperatures of the environment. In addition, as a result of the exergy analysis, components have been identified, the improvement of which can lead to an additional increase in the efficiency of the entire system. As follows from the data obtained, the greatest attention should be paid to improving the ejector and reducing throttle losses in the CO2 cycle.

Thermal aging of Gr. 91 steel in supercritical thermal plant and its effect on structural integrity at elevated temperature

In this study, the influence of thermal aging on structural integrity is investigated for Gr. 91 steel. A commercial grade Gr. 91 steel is used for the virgin material, and service-exposed Gr. 91 steel is sampled from a steam pipe of a super critical plant. Time versus creep strain curves are obtained through creep tests with various stress levels at 600 °C for the virgin and service-exposed Gr. 91 steels, respectively. Based on the creep test results, the improved Omega model is characterized for describing the total creep strain curve for both Gr. 91 steels. The proposed parameters for creep deformation model are used for predicting the steady-state creep strain rate, creep rupture curve, and stress relaxation. Creep-fatigue damage is evaluated for the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) in a large-scale sodium test facility of STELLA-2 by using creep deformation model with proposed creep parameters and creep rupture curve for both Gr. 91 steels. Based on the comparison results of creep fatigue damage for the virgin and service-exposed Gr. 91 steels, the thermal aging effect has been shown to be significant.

Molten salts evaluation for application in the fusion power plant's intermediate heat transfer system

One of the challenges of fusion power plants' integration into the power grid is the pulse operation of the first fusion power reactors, which poses critical requirements for construction materials, power conversion systems, and energy storage systems. There are different ways and approaches which aim to solve this pulse operation issue. Among the many proposed solutions is an intermediate heat transfer system with molten salts acting as energy storage and pulse balancing technology.This article aims to evaluate different molten salts, their advantages, disadvantages, the possibility for application, and costs for the intermediate heat transfer system with two tanks design. The properties such as boiling and freezing temperature, heat capacity, density, and more are compared for various salts. The cost of the energy storage systems with chosen salts and two tanks is estimated.

Numerical study on the heat transfer characteristics of a microchannel heat exchanger with liquid lead–bismuth eutectic and supercritical CO2 as working fluids

The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) is a promising option for fourth-generation nuclear energy systems, with the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle being the preferred power cycle for future nuclear energy systems. Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is a more suitable reactor coolant than lead due to its lower melting point. High-efficiency microchannel heat exchanger (MCHE) may be an ideal choice for the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) in liquid lead–bismuth fast reactors. To prevent the channels of MCHE from being blocked by liquid LBE, a new structure of MCHE is proposed, in which the liquid LBE flow channel has a large equivalent diameter and corresponds to two sCO2 microchannels. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of conventional and new structures of MCHE were investigated using numerical simulation. The results indicate that the temperature change at the inlet of the liquid LBE channel enhances the heat transfer of both liquid LBE and sCO2. Under constant temperature and pressure, the velocity of sCO2 has a significant effect on the convective heat transfer of sCO2, but has little effect on liquid LBE. Based on the reliability of equipment operation, this study recommends the use of the heat exchanger form in case 5. Compared with case 3, altering the velocity of liquid LBE results in a 7.1–8.3% increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient of liquid LBE, and a ∼38% increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient of sCO2. Similarly, changing the velocity of sCO2 leads to a 6.1–7.5% increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient of liquid LBE, and a 32.8–38.0% increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient of sCO2. For sCO2 heat transfer calculation, Yoon's heat transfer correlation is recommended, while Kirillov's heat transfer correlation is suggested for liquid LBE heat transfer calculation. The deviation between numerical calculation results and correlations is less than 18.1% and 12.7%, respectively.

Transient three-dimensional numerical simulation on asymmetrical flow and thermal characteristics of CEFR sodium pool under one secondary pump shaft stuck accident

The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) primary circuit adopts a pool-type structure. The sticking of the main circulating pump shaft in the secondary circuit is an important design-based accident for CEFR, and it is necessary to investigate the three-dimensional thermal-hydraulic phenomena in the sodium pool under the accident. However, conducting relevant experiments directly is almost impossible due to the large dimensions and intricate flow paths within the reactor. In the present work, the “modular modeling and integrated coupling calculation” method is used to build the detailed model and calculate the primary circuit of CEFR in a 1:1 scale. The three-dimensional thermal-hydraulic phenomena inside the sodium pool under the accident condition of one secondary circuit pump shaft stuck are simulated. According to the calculation results, the backflow phenomenon of the fault loop pressure pipe and the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) begins to appear around 50 s. An obvious thermal stratification phenomenon occurs in the hot pool at the beginning of the accident. As the accident progresses, the temperature difference between the hot and cold pools decreases gradually, and the thermal stratification of the hot pool gradually diminishes. The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the same IHX decreases from a maximum of 170 °Cto 2 °C. During the course of the accident, the peak temperatures calculated for the fuel assembly cladding and fuel pellet are 541.78 °C and 1040.17 °C, respectively, which is far below the designed temperature limit of 800 °C and 2800 °C, respectively. Moreover, comparative analysis is conducted on the simulation results of pump shaft stuck in the primary and secondary circuits. The results suggest that when the shaft of one secondary circuit pump is stuck, the average temperature of the sodium at the outlet of the core is higher and the temperature difference between the inlet of different loop pumps is greater, which places more substantial demands on the reactor component structure. It provides significant numerical reference for the safety design and assessment of CEFR.

INCREASING THE QUALITY OF FORMING OF SPINNING DETAILS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS BY CONTROLLING THE RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THEIR SURFACE LAYER

In the article are analyzed the effect of technological modes and processing parameters on the stress of spinning (cold flow turning) details of aluminum alloys. Аs the object of the study was used a detail of aluminum alloy AMg5, obtained after 3-stage spinning with intermediate heat treatments between the stages. As a control criterion was used non-destructive resistive electro contact method, based on the correlation between the integral electric and mechanical characteristics of metals and alloys – specific conductivity or electrical resistivity within the h-layer of the metal and the amount of deformation in the crystal lattice of the material due to the residual stresses.

Unsteady heat transfer characteristics of R-407C in the subcooled flow boiling stemming from the oscillating refrigerant flow rate

The objective of this experiment is to investigate the unsteady heat transfer of R-407C subcooled flow boiling (SCFB) due to the oscillating refrigerant flow rate within a narrow tube oriented horizontally for application in energy efficiency air conditioning system. The refrigerant flow rate is input in the cycle of triangular oscillations. Influences of oscillation amplitude (ΔG/G‾) and oscillation period (tp) of the periodic flow rate on SCFB heat transfer are studied. The present results disclose that either ΔG/G‾ or tp has minor impact on time-average SCFB heat transfer performance. However, obvious changes in the temporal variations of the wall temperature on the pipe (Tw) and convective heat transfer coefficient (hr) are found, leading to three heat transfer mechanisms of single phase convection, intermittent nucleate boiling, and persistent subcooled boiling for various input heat fluxes. The Tw of persistent subcooled boiling presents the reversed tendency compared to that of single phase convection due to the variation of the triangular R-407C oscillation. In the case of intermediate heat flux, the unusual boiling phenomenon, called intermittent nucleate boiling, can be obtained depending on the R-407C mass flux. The visualized bubble images are also provided to further describe the intermittent nucleate boiling.

A refrigerant-injection heat pump-based efficient integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles approaching the wide temperature range in China

The integrated thermal management system of electric vehicles is responsible for the temperature regulation of the cabin and electrical system. The wide temperature range of vehicles specifies the operating conditions required for different regions, which is −33 – 39 °C in China. Through experimental studies conducted on heat pump systems and thermal analyses of electrical systems, this study innovatively developed an efficient integrated thermal management system based on a refrigerant-injection heat pump. In addition, a simulation platform for the system was established using the advanced modeling environment for performing simulation of engineering systems (AMESim) software to evaluate the system performance. The results showed that the stability and efficiency of battery cooling based on the intermediate heat exchanger were better than those obtained with a dual evaporator setup. The proposed solution could reduce energy consumption by 30% at an ambient temperature of 35 ℃. The thermal management system with the heat recovery for the motor and electric control at high temperatures could reduce the energy consumption by 11.98% – 56.69% and meet the heating condition of −22.04 ℃. The integrated thermal management system based on a refrigerant injection heat pump widened the operating range during the highway fuel economy test (EPA-420-B-12-001). Aided by electric heating, the simulation system developed in this study could satisfy the load requirements for the wide temperature range in China.

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN STEEL PRODUCTION

Continuous casting is essentially the youngest and most dynamically developing technology in the steel production and casting system as an industrial method of shaped casting process. At present, continuous casting of steel is adopted in more than 90 countries of the world. About 2,000 continuous casting machines (CCMs) of different purposes and designs are now in good operation, which allow casting about 93% of all steel produced in the world. At this time, steel bars with the following maximum cross-sections are produced in the industry: blue 600×670mm, slab 250×3200mm and circular bars with a diameter of 600mm. In many developed countries of the world, almost 95-100% of steel production is produced by continuous casting. is being for example, in 2018, 1.228 billion tons of steel were produced by continuous casting in the world, which is a record in the history of metal production. as a result of experimental studies, proposals were developed for the application of important technologies in the development of non-furnace processing of liquid metal and continuous casting in the Republic. Keywords: Steel making, permanent casting devices, construction, vacuuming, liquid metal, intermediate heat, temperature, impact viscosity, electrometallurgy.

Design analysis of a printed circuit heat exchanger for HTGR using a 3D finite elements model

The intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) is a critical component in most of the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor plant layouts. The printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) has been studied as an advantageous candidate for this application last years. The extreme operating conditions of the IHX and the higher structural integrity of the PCHE over other heat exchanger technologies have motivated these studies. In this work, the structural assessment of a zigzag channel PCHE under IHX conditions was carried out by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The ASME Boiling and Pressure Vessel Code, Sections III and VIII, were applied to evaluate the safety operation of the PCHE. The temperature field in steady state was obtained using a 3D CFD model. Then it was used as thermal load to calculate thermal stress using a FEA model. The influence of the zigzag angle and the bend radius on the thermal and mechanical stresses was analyzed. Thus, the values studied for the zigzag angle were 0° (straight), 15°, 30 and 45°, while for the bend radius were 0.5 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm. The importance of the 3D temperature field to calculate thermal stress in a zigzag channel was evidenced due to the appearance of local temperature differences in the channel cross-sections. The change in flow direction created areas of higher local temperatures where the flow lines change their directions impacting the channel wall. A significant thermal stress concentration was found in these areas, and this effect intensified with increasing zigzag angle. The bend radius was decisive to reduce the thermal stress concentration when the zigzag angle was higher than 15°.

Co-pyrolysis of low-grade bituminous coal and algal biomass in a rotary kiln: Effect of coal/algae ratio and kiln temperature on the yield and composition of the resultant oils

Co-use of coal with biomass does not only help reduce the carbon footprint from coal-based energy generating systems but also creates opportunities of improving the synthesis of liquid fuels and valuable chemicals via simple pyrolysis processes. Co-pyrolysis of a low-grade coal and algal biomass was performed in a rotary kiln with the aim of assessing the effect of coal/algae blending ratio and kiln temperature on the yield and composition of the resultant oils. Current industrial continuous pyrolysis units operate at intermediate pyrolysis heating rates, as such, the rotary kiln used in this study operated in the heating rates range of 100 – 500 ᵒC/min. For a given reactor temperature, the yield of pyrolysis oil increased with an increase in algae loading. For example, at 550 ᵒC, the yields from coal, coal/algae (90/10), coal/algae (80/20), coal/algae (60/40) and pure algae were 6.9%, 9.6%, 15.1%, 16.3% and 40%, respectively. The oil synthesised from coal contained a high proportion of paraffins. On the other hand, the oil synthesised from algal biomass contained a high proportion of fatty acid esters (28.8 – 32.6%) and alcohols (17.6 – 20.8%). The oil synthesised from coal-algae blends contained compounds found in both coal and algae oils with an increased proportion of PAH and PANHs. It was found that for pyrolysis of all samples, an increase in the reactor temperature resulted in an increase in concentration of PAH and PANHs.

Design and Thermal-Hydraulic Evaluation of Integrated Steam Generator with Serpentine-Tube Configuration for Prevention of Sodium-Water Reaction

Although sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) can have inherently enhanced safety features, there is a concern regarding unexpected events arising from a sodium-water reaction (SWR) in a Rankine cycle steam generator. Innovative concepts of integrated steam generators (ISGs), including an intermediate heat exchanger, have been suggested for eliminating an SWR by employing an intermediate fluid between liquid sodium and steam/water system. In this study, we propose an ISG designed with a novel tube configuration: a serpentine tube-type integrated steam generator (S-ISG). Furthermore, we developed a dedicated one-dimensional thermal-hydraulic analysis code for the specific design evaluation of the S-ISGs. The evaluation results are reported with reasonable explanations and compared with the results obtained using a conventional CFD tool to analyze local thermal-hydraulic characteristics that cannot be shown in the one-dimensional analyses. The proposed S-ISG has an inherent advantage for modularization as well as prevention of SWR; therefore, it is characterized by its ability to improve operational efficiency even in the case of repair, despite the low space efficiency. The results demonstrate that the component developed in this study can serve as an option to maintain cost efficiency while enhancing the public acceptability of an SFR.

Ignition and stabilization of laminar premixed n-heptane/air flames under engine-like conditions

The multi-stage ignition process of a laminar premixed n-heptane/air mixture is investigated under engine-relevant conditions. The cold fuel/air mixture is injected into a hot environment through an inflow boundary at different inlet velocities. Results show that a double-flame structure for stoichiometric mixture is observed and it transitions to a single flame at an inlet temperature (TFuel) of 700 K. The cool flame is stabilized near the inlet for the case with TFuel = 900 K before the hot flame merging with it. However, both the cool and hot flames move upstream for TFuel = 800 K due to the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior. In addition, the effect of inlet velocity is also studied. By increasing the inlet velocity, the hot flame becomes lifted off. Comparisons of the ignition Damkӧhler number (Daign) defined by the ratio of the residence time to the cool- or hot-flame IDTs illustrate the different controlling mechanisms. At a low temperature of 700 K, both low-temperature combustion (LTC) and high-temperature combustion (HTC) have a Daign value of unity, indicating that the stabilization process is mainly controlled by autoignition rather than diffusion. The heating effect from the hot environment enhances the NTC characteristics of the premixed flame, thus, shortening the IDT. Whereas at 800 K, the value of Daign for the LTC is of unity, but that of HTC decreases, especially at a low inlet velocity, indicating that diffusion plays a more important role for HTC and the flame is stabilized by propagation, which can also be confirmed from the comparisons of the 0-D and 1-D ignition delay times (IDTs). Diffusion of intermediate radicals and heat suppresses the appearance of the high-temperature ignition at an inlet velocity of 1 m/s. At 900 K, high inlet velocity can increase the Daign to unity, indicating a transition in the combustion regime from propagation to autoignition.

Process design and optimization of onsite hydrogen production from ammonia: Reactor design, energy saving and NOX control

Ammonia is an important commodity for both direct and indirect applications. It can be used directly as a carbon-free fuel source as well as for the purpose of renewable hydrogen storage and transport. In this study, hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition in a multi catalytic packed bed reactor with an intermediate heating system is reported using Aspen Plus V.12. The process simulation model results have been validated through experimental data for commercially available Ru/Al2O3 catalyst and Temkin-Phyzev reaction kinetics. The results exhibit that ammonia decomposition is a highly endothermic reaction, therefore requires significant heat energy. The decomposition parameters such as temperature and pressure are optimized for large-scale ammonia decomposition. For the ammonia combustion, thermal efficiency, fuel-saving, and product yield are analyzed and optimum values are found to be 59%, 22% and 77% for each parameter, respectively. During the pure ammonia combustion, NOX emissions are a major issue. To monitor the NOX emissions, parameters such as equivalence ratio, temperature and pressure are analyzed to witness the optimum operating conditions. To improve the flame quality such as laminar velocity, minimum ignition temperature, and adiabatic flame temperature of the ammonia combustion, waste hydrogen stream from the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit is blended with the fuel ammonia. The blending of hydrogen with fuel ammonia resulted in higher NOX emissions, which can be reduced by recirculation of 30% of the flue gas with air–fuel stream.

Experimental performance of a heat pump driven by vapor injection linear compressor

Aiming to improve the performance of the linear compressor, a prototype of a linear compressor with vapor injection has been developed, and a quasi-two-stage compression heat pump with an intermediate heat exchanger has been established. The influence of key parameters on the flow distribution and performance of the injection linear compressor are experimentally investigated. Under the condition of evaporating temperature of −20 °C, condensing temperature of 50 °C, the heating capacity of 234 W with COP of 2.06 is achieved. Compared with the non-injection mode, the heating COP of the injection mode increases by 28% on average. The heating COP is affected by the combination of injection pressure and supply power frequency, while the injection mass flow rate is independent of the supply power frequency under the given conditions. As the injection pressure rises, the injection mass flow rate increases linearly. However, there is a special characteristic of the free-piston linear compressor which is different from traditional injection compressors. The injection process has a great effect on the suction process, and the suction mass flow rate decreases with the increasing injection pressure.

Experimental investigation of power transient flow boiling

To advance the mechanistic understanding of power transients in flow boiling, experimental investigations are performed to capture the thermal response of four different kinds of cladding materials, including FeCrAls, to Fuchs reactivity initiated accident transients and linear ramp power transients. The transition boiling regime is phenomenologically reflected in power-transient flow boiling, which is different from steady-state boiling. In light of this, the critical heat flux that is usually featured with temperature overshooting does not indicate thermal safety margin of cladding materials as conservatively as the maximum heat flux, which is greater than critical heat flux in the power transient boiling curve. This is physically attributed to the thermal energy deposition on the cladding wall. In addition, the thermal energy released from the cladding wall results in different boiling heat transfer coefficient for the decreasing and increasing power stages respectively during the Fuchs power transient. The maximum heat flux difference gap, which appears due to changes in cladding materials and transient time scales, is appreciable under an intermediate heat convection regime. However, this difference gap is gradually weakened by the progressive increasing of mass flux and/or inlet subcooling due to the enhanced dominance of heat convection over heat conduction. The small difference gap of maximum heat flux is found to be insignificant under the weak heat convection because of power transient induced annular flow instability.

Thermodynamic Analysis of an Experimental Model of a Solar-Heat Supply System

In this study, the problem of the operability of the solar-heat supply system in the cold region of Kazakhstan receiving minimal solar radiation was studied. The importance of this study lies in the question of how a dual-circuit solar installation can work for productivity in the northern regions of Kazakhstan. In the course of the study, an efficiency reduced from the energy efficiency increased by using a transparent glazed window reduced the supply of coolant into the pipe. Cold liquid heat enters the resulting stream, heat transfer increases, and the intermediate walls heat up. In this study, a method was used to determine the thermal characteristics of a glazed flat collector, which contains a brief and accurate description. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of 2.40 and 2.53 was recognized in this study. It was also investigated that the thermal capacity of the solar collector depends on the thickness of the absorbing layer. Having conducted this experimental study, we were convinced that it is reliable for the northern regions of Kazakhstan.

Comparative analysis of sizing procedure for cooling and water heating cascade heat pump applied to a residential building

An appropriate design strategy suitable for the purpose of a building should be considered to apply a cascade heat pump system for multiple functions to buildings. The purpose of this study is to propose a sizing process and evaluate a capacity calculation simulation of air-to-air/water cascade heat pump systems applied in residential buildings that supply indoor cooling and hot water. A simulation study was performed by dividing the capacity calculation method suitable for the building conditions into two cases when this multi-functional cascade heat pump system was applied to a residential building. Case 1 was a sizing method that considered a low-cycle heat pump for indoor cooling. The existing heat pump sizing method for the hot-water supply used in the previous study was set to Case 2. The heat pump simulation and heat calculations were conducted based on thermodynamic theoretical equations. A simulation tool capable of dynamic thermal load analysis was used for model building. Detailed building information was entered in accordance with design standards. The results showed that Case 1 completely satisfies both the cooling and hot-water supply performance of the heat pump compared to Case 2. Based on Case 1, when the temperature of the intermediate heat exchanger was 10 °C higher than the outdoor temperature, the air volume of the indoor unit and the outdoor unit was found to be 941 m3/h at an appropriate air volume rate. In addition, the energy consumption was also the lowest at 2.29 kW h, and the maximum system COP of 6.0 was achieved.

Development of experimental and computational frameworks to predict subcooled flow boiling in the LANL Isotope Production Facility

Cooling is crucial to maintain the integrity of target systems in isotope production facilities. At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)’s Isotope Production Facility (IPF), multiple encapsulated targets are stacked and irradiated in tandem with a 100 MeV, ∼250 µA proton beam. To facilitate effective heat removal, these stacked targets are separated and cooled via a series of water channels. At these beam currents, this high-energy proton beam heats the target system, likely initiating subcooled flow boiling in the cooling channels. However, in-beam monitoring of the IPF target system is not possible due to the extreme radiation environment, and the necessarily significant shielding. To better understand high-power target performance, we developed ex-situ experimental and computational frameworks to predict the behavior of subcooled flow boiling at IPF. Subcooled flow boiling experiments on Inconel 625 samples under IPF conditions (2 bar pressure, 10 GPM flow rate (i.e., 2249 kg/m2/s), 85 K subcooling) revealed that IPF's average operating power is at the early stage of boiling with a heat transfer coefficient of 48,000 W/m2/s. The proposed modeling framework enables us to predict a complete boiling curve, i.e., single-phase heat transfer, onset of nucleate boiling, two-phase heat transfer, and critical heat flux (CHF), with specification of input boiling parameters up to intermediate heat flux levels. The estimated CHF under IPF conditions is 5.2 MW/m2. Experimental data under reduced conditions (2 bar pressure, 1.5 GPM flow rate (i.e., 337 kg/m2/s), 45 K subcooling) served as validation cases for the computational modeling. This computational model can be further extended to more complicated systems replicating the real IPF configuration, for instance, to study void distribution as a function of the incident proton beam profile and coolant velocity profile of multiple cooling channels. The proposed experimental and computational frameworks provide a means to better understand cooling systems in the isotope production facilities at different accelerators, where in-beam monitoring of the cooling process is not available.