Intermediate Format Research Articles

Modern University Lecture on Literature in an Intermediate Format

Modern University Lecture on Literature in an Intermediate Format

How to Build Your Own ASP-based System?!

AbstractAnswer Set Programming, or ASP for short, has become a popular and sophisticated approach to declarative problem solving. Its popularity is due to its attractive modeling-grounding-solving workflow that provides an easy approach to problem solving, even for laypersons outside computer science. However, in contrast to ASP’s ease of use, the high degree of sophistication of the underlying technology makes it even hard for ASP experts to put ideas into practice whenever this involves modifying ASP’s machinery. For addressing this issue, this tutorial aims at enabling users to build their own ASP-based systems. More precisely, we show how the ASP system clingo can be used for extending ASP and for implementing customized special-purpose systems. To this end, we propose two alternatives. We begin with a traditional AI technique and show how metaprogramming can be used for extending ASP. This is a rather light approach that relies on clingo’s reification feature to use ASP itself for expressing new functionalities. The second part of this tutorial uses traditional programming (in Python) for manipulating clingo via its application programming interface. This approach allows for changing and controlling the entire model-ground-solve workflow of ASP. Central to this is clingo’s new Application class that allows us to draw on clingo’s infrastructure by customizing processes similar to the one in clingo. For instance, we may apply manipulations to programs’ abstract syntax trees, control various forms of multi-shot solving, and set up theory propagators for foreign inferences. A cross-sectional structure, spanning meta as well as application programming, is clingo’s intermediate format, aspif, that specifies the interface among the underlying grounder and solver. We illustrate the aforementioned concepts and techniques throughout this tutorial by means of examples and several nontrivial case studies. In particular, we show how clingo can be extended by difference constraints and how guess-and-check programming can be implemented with both meta and application programming.

Integration Strategy and Tool between Formal Ontology and Graph Database Technology

Ontologies, and especially formal ones, have traditionally been investigated as a means to formalize an application domain so as to carry out automated reasoning on it. The union of the terminological part of an ontology and the corresponding assertional part is known as a Knowledge Graph. On the other hand, database technology has often focused on the optimal organization of data so as to boost efficiency in their storage, management and retrieval. Graph databases are a recent technology specifically focusing on element-driven data browsing rather than on batch processing. While the complementarity and connections between these technologies are patent and intuitive, little exists to bring them to full integration and cooperation. This paper aims at bridging this gap, by proposing an intermediate format that can be easily mapped onto the formal ontology on one hand, so as to allow complex reasoning, and onto the graph database on the other, so as to benefit from efficient data handling.

Hi-C Data Formats.

Processing, storing, and visualizing high-resolution Hi-C data required development of efficient data formats. A sparse matrix format saving only nonzero values has become the norm. A "zoomable" matrix style also became popular, storing multiple resolutions in a single file for interactive visualization. This chapter discusses the latest matrix file formats such as .hic and .mcool, and other intermediate formats including SAM/BAM and random-accessible contact lists.

Obviousness around the clock

Li (Am Econ Rev 107(11):3257–3287, 2017) introduces a theoretical notion of obviousness of a dominant strategy, to be used as a refinement in mechanism design. This notion is supported by experimental evidence that bidding is closer to dominance in the dynamic ascending-clock auction than the static second-price auction (private values), noting that dominance is theoretically obvious in the former but not the latter. We replicate his experimental study and add three intermediate auction formats that decompose the designs’ differences to quantify the cumulative effects of (1) simply seeing an ascending-price clock (after bid submission), (2) bidding dynamically on the clock, and (3) getting (theoretically irrelevant) drop-out information about other bidders. The theory predicts dominance to become obvious through (2), dynamic bidding. We find no significant behavioral effect of (2), however, while the feedback effects (1) and (3) are highly significant. We conclude that behavioral differences between second-price and ascending-clock auctions offer rather limited support for the theory of obviousness and that framing has surprisingly large potential in mechanism design.

Columnar data analysis with ATLAS analysis formats

Future analysis of ATLAS data will involve new small-sized analysis formats to cope with the increased storage needs. The smallest of these, named DAOD_PHYSLITE, has calibrations already applied to allow fast downstream analysis and avoid the need for further analysis-specific intermediate formats. This allows for application of the “columnar analysis” paradigm where operations are applied on a per-array instead of a per-event basis. We will present methods to read the data into memory, using Uproot, and also discuss I/O aspects of columnar data and alternatives to the ROOT data format. Furthermore, we will show a representation of the event data model using the Awkward Array package and present proof of concept for a simple analysis application.

КОНВЕРТАЦІЯ ФОРМАТІВ ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ГРАФОВИХ БАЗ ДАНИХ І ЇЇ РОЛЬ В ОНТОЛОГІЧНОМУ ІНЖИНІРИНГУ НА ПРИКЛАДІ СИСТЕМИ СУПРОВОДЖЕННЯ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ

КОНВЕРТАЦІЯ ФОРМАТІВ ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ГРАФОВИХ БАЗ ДАНИХ І ЇЇ РОЛЬ В ОНТОЛОГІЧНОМУ ІНЖИНІРИНГУ НА ПРИКЛАДІ СИСТЕМИ СУПРОВОДЖЕННЯ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ

Laurelin: Java-native ROOT I/O for Apache Spark

Apache Spark[1] is one of the predominant frameworks in the big data space, providing a fully-functional query processing engine, vendor support for hardware accelerators, and performant integrations with scientific computing libraries. One difficulty in adopting conventional big data frameworks to HEP workflows is the lack of support for the ROOT file format in these frameworks. Laurelin[6] implements ROOT I/O with a pure Java library, with no bindings to the C++ ROOT[2] implementation, and is readily installable via standard Java packaging tools. It provides a performant interface enabling Spark to read (and soon write) ROOT TTrees, enabling users to process these data without a pre-processing phase converting to an intermediate format.

On accounting for screen resolution in adaptive video streaming: QoE‐driven bandwidth sharing framework

SummaryScreen resolution along with network conditions are main objective factors impacting the user experience, in particular for video streaming applications. User terminals on their side feature more and more advanced characteristics resulting in different network requirements for good visual experience. Previous studies tried to link mean opinion score (MOS) to video bitrate for different screen types (e.g., Common Intermediate Format [CIF], Quarter Common Intermediate Format [QCIF], and High Definition [HD]). We leverage such studies and formulate a Quality of Experience (QoE)‐driven resource allocation problem to pinpoint the optimal bandwidth allocation that maximizes the QoE over all users of a network service provider located behind the same bottleneck link, while accounting for the characteristics of the screens they use for video playout. For our optimization problem, QoE functions are built using curve fitting on datasets capturing the relationship between MOS, screen characteristics, and bandwidth requirements. We propose a simple heuristic based on Lagrangian relaxation and Karush Kuhn Tucker (KKT) conditions to efficiently solve the optimization problem. Our numerical simulations show that the proposed heuristic is able to increase overall QoE up to 20% compared to an allocation with a TCP look‐alike strategy implementing max‐min fairness.

Data Integration into OMOP CDM for Heterogeneous Clinical Data Collections via HL7 FHIR Bundles and XSLT.

Data integration is an important task in medical informatics and highly impacts the gain out of existing health information data. These tasks are using implemented as extract transform and load processes. By introducing HL7 FHIR as an intermediate format, our aim was to integrate heterogeneous data from a German pulmonary hypertension registry into an OMOP Common Data Model. First, domain knowledge experts defined a common parameter set, which was subsequently mapped to standardized terminologies like LOINC or SNOMED-CT. Data was extracted as HL7 FHIR Bundle to be transformed to OMOP CDM by using XSLT. We successfully transformed the majority of data elements to the OMOP CDM in a feasible time.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Models for Predicting Inflammatory Potential of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles.

Background:Although substantial concerns about the inflammatory effects of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) have been raised, experimentally assessing toxicity of various ENMs is challenging and time-consuming. Alternatively, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models have been employed to assess nanosafety. However, no previous attempt has been made to predict the inflammatory potential of ENMs.Objectives:By employing metal oxide nanoparticles (MeONPs) as a model ENM, we aimed to develop QSAR models for prediction of the inflammatory potential by their physicochemical properties.Methods:We built a comprehensive data set of 30 MeONPs to screen a proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta () release in THP-1 cell line. The in vitro hazard ranking was validated in mouse lungs by oropharyngeal instillation of six randomly selected MeONPs. We established QSAR models for prediction of MeONP-induced inflammatory potential via machine learning. The models were further validated against seven new MeONPs. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were exploited to decipher the key mechanisms driving inflammatory responses of MeONPs.Results:Seventeen out of 30 MeONPs induced excess production in THP-1 cells. In vivo disease outcomes were highly relevant to the in vitro data. QSAR models were developed for inflammatory potential, with predictive accuracy (ACC) exceeding 90%. The models were further validated experimentally against seven independent MeONPs (). DFT computations and experimental results further revealed the underlying mechanisms: MeONPs with metal electronegativity lower than 1.55 and positive were more likely to cause lysosomal damage and inflammation.Conclusions: released in THP-1 cells can be an index to rank the inflammatory potential of MeONPs. QSAR models based on were able to predict the inflammatory potential of MeONPs. Our approach overcame the challenge of time- and labor-consuming biological experiments and allowed for computational assessment of MeONP inflammatory potential by characterization of their physicochemical properties. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6508

A dynamic Quantized State System execution framework for Hybrid Automata

Cyber–physical Systems (CPS) involve a network of discrete controllers that control physical processes, e.g., pacemakers controlling the heart rhythm. The intuitive and formal Hybrid Automata (HA) based modelling approach for CPS is gaining momentum. HA combines the model of the plant along with its discrete controller resulting in a piece-wise continuous system with discontinuities. Accurate detection of these discontinuities, using appropriate level crossing detectors, is a key challenge to simulation of CPS modelled in HA. Existing techniques employ time discrete numerical integration with bracketing for level crossing detection. These techniques involve back-tracking and are highly non-deterministic and hence error prone. As level crossings happen based on the values of continuous variables, Quantized State System (QSS)-integration may be more suitable.We propose a dynamic quanta based execution framework for HA. A CPS modelled as a HA is first translated into the proposed formal intermediate format called the Quantized State Hybrid Automata (QSHA). The QSHA is then executed using a discrete event simulation algorithm based on quantized state semantics. The developed formal model and the associated simulation framework guarantees that: ① all level crossings are accurately detected and ② the time of the level crossing is also accurate within floating point error bounds. Interestingly, benchmark results reveal that the proposed simulation technique takes 720, 2.17, 1.33 and 4.41 times fewer simulation steps compared to QSS-1, QSS-3, Runge–Kutta (RK)-45, and Differential Algebraic System Solver (DASSL) integration based techniques, respectively.

ІНТЕРМЕДІАЛЬНІСТЬ ТА ЕКФРАЗИС У РОМАНАХ М. ПАВИЧА

The multifaceted interrelationships of the various media are now considered to be a particular productive area of comparative strategy. The generalized typology among the types of intermedia at the present stage is considered to be the most fruitful and effective, in particular, ephrasis and intermedia – a particular manifestation of intermedia, the phenomenon of specific expressive mediation – mediation – of one media in the figurative field of another. Intermediate format, developed by the interaction of different sign systems and the content encoded by them, mainly – literature and other arts with emphasis on the sign and semantic correspondence of comparisons, has significant artistic effectiveness. At the same time, the preferred determinant of ephrasis as a description of a work of art in a literary text is suggested to be its relation to a specific work of authorship, although it also assumes the spread of the ephrasis to similar or non-existent but genre conventional art variants with a pre-eminent inheritance of the corresponding art. In determining the universal common principles of organizing such sovereignty of sign systems, positioned in the status of local variants of different discursive practices in the process of their syncretic interaction in the literary dimension, effective for illuminating the raised issue are primarily the tendencies of the extracurricular direction of literary criticism, initiated by the first concept. the imposition and intersection of semantic spaces capable of generating new meaning. The empiricism of intermedia and ephrasis is vividly and convincingly actualized in the novels of the prominent Serbian writer M. Pavic. Intermediate and extravagant improvisations are evident in the complex, multifaceted organization of the poetics of the novel form, emphasized in literary works, which brought this postulate to the level of traditional scientific views. Innovative creative experience of the artist, covered in the works of «Khazar Dictionary», «Inner Side of the Wind», «Last Love in Constantinople», «The Second Body», attests to the individual sophistication, content, precision of design and variety of potential, meaningfulness, significance poetics of syncretism of the arts to the organizational form-meaning components of the figurative structure of the novel as a whole.

One Step Away from Technology but One Step Towards Domain Experts-MDRBridge: A Template-Based ISO 11179-Compliant Metadata Processing Pipeline.

Secondary use of routine medical data relies on a shared understanding of given information. This understanding is achieved through metadata and their interconnections, which can be stored in metadata repositories (MDRs). The necessity of an MDR is well understood, but the local work on metadata is a time-consuming and challenging process for domain experts. To support the identification, collection, and provision of metadata in a predefined structured manner to foster consolidation. A particular focus is placed on user acceptance. We propose a software pipeline MDRBridge as a practical intermediary for metadata capture and processing, based on MDRSheet, an ISO 11179-3 compliant template using popular spreadsheet software. It serves as a practical mediator for metadata acquisition and processing in a broader pipeline. Due to the different origins of the metadata, both manual entry and automatic extractions from application systems are supported. To enable the export of collected metadata into external MDRs, a mapping of ISO 11179 to Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Operational Data Model (ODM) was developed. MDRSheet is embedded in the processing pipeline MDRBridge and delivers metadata in the CDISC ODM format for further use in MDRs. This approach is used to interactively unify core datasets, import existing standard datasets, and automatically extract all defined data elements from source systems. The involvement of clinical domain experts improved significantly due to minimal changes within their usual work routine. A high degree of acceptance was achieved by adapting the working methods of clinical domain experts. The designed process is capable of transforming all relevant data elements according to the ISO 11179-3 format. MDRSheet is used as an intermediate format to present the information at a glance and to allow editing or supplementing by domain experts.

Practical Model Checking of a Home Area Network System: Case Study

The integrated communication infrastructure is the core of the Smart Grid architecture. Its two-way communication and information flow provides this network with all needed resources in order to control and manage all connected components from the utility to the customer side. This latter, named the Home Area Network or HAN, is a dedicated network connecting smart devices inside the customer home, and using different solutions. In order to avoid problems and anomalies along the process life cycle of developing a new solution for HAN network, the modeling and validation is one of the most powerful tools to achieve this goal. This paper presents a practical case study of such validation. It intends to validate a HAN SDL model, described in a previous work, using model checking techniques. It introduces a method to translate the SDL model to a Promela model using an intermediate format IF. After the generation of the Promela model, verification is performed to ensure that some functional properties are satisfied. The desired properties are defined in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), and DTSPIN (an extension of SPIN with discrete time) model checker is used to verify the correctness of the model.

Model Checking of WebRTC Peer to Peer System

The establishment of the multimedia session is crucial in the WebRTC architecture before media and data transmission. The preliminary bi-directional flow provides the network with all the information needed in order to control and manage the communication between end-users. This control includes the setup, management, and teardown of a session and the definition, and the modification of multiple features that will be enabled in the ongoing session. This is performed by a mechanism named Signaling. In this work, we will use the formal verification to increase confidence in our SDL model by checking the consistency and reliability of the WebRTC Peer to Peer system. The verification and validation are proved the most efficient tools to avoid errors and defects in the concurrent system designs. Indeed, by using model-checking techniques we will verify if the WebRTC system adheres to standards if it performs the selected functions in the correct manner. To achieve that, we will first translate the SDL model to an intermediate format IF that will be retranslated to a Promela Model. Second, using the SPIN model checker, we will verify the general correctness of the model before checking if the desired properties are satisfied using the Linear Temporal Logic (LTL).

Engagement as a Literary 20th Century Brand: The Poetic Language of Eugene Guillevic in the Light of Literary Engagement

The multifaceted interrelationships of the various media are now considered to be a particular productive area of comparative strategy. The generalised typology among the types of intermedia at the present stage is considered to be the most fruitful and effective, in particular, ekphrasis and intermedia – a particular manifestation of intermedia, the phenomenon of specific expressive mediation of one media in the figurative field of another. Intermediate format, developed by the interaction of different sign systems and the content encoded by them, mainly – literature and other arts with emphasis on the sign and semantic correspondence of comparisons, has significant artistic effectiveness. A way to realise the ekphrasis of the reception as a description of the case is any kind of art in the literary text. At the same time, the preferred determinant of ekphrasis as a description of a work of art in a literary text is suggested to be its relation to a specific work of authorship, although it also assumes the spread of the ekphrasis to similar or non-existent but genre conventional art variants with a pre-eminent inheritance of the corresponding art. In determining the universal common principles of organising such sovereignty of sign systems, positioned in the status of local variants of different discursive practices in the process of their syncretic interaction in the literary dimension, effective for illuminating the raised issue are primarily the tendencies of the extracurricular direction of literary criticism, initiated by Lotman's semiotic concept, initiated by the first concept, the imposition and intersection of semantic spaces capable of generating new meaning. The empirical plan of ekphrasis is vividly and convincingly actualised in the novels of famous Serbian writers A. Gatalica, M. Pavić, G. Petrović, G. Ćirjanić. Innovative creative experience of artists testifies to a special sophistication, content, accuracy of design and diversity and comprehensibility of meaningful potential, which brings the manifestations of the poetics of syncretism of arts to the organisational components of the poetics of novels in general.

A high throughput two-dimensional discrete cosine transform and MPEG4 motion estimation using vector coprocessor

In this work a configurable and scalable vector coprocessor for real time processing of MPEG4 motion estimation (ME) and two-dimensional DCT (2D DCT) is presented. A sequential DSP processor based on a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor architecture would require a frequency of 15 GHz for the real time processing of these two processes for a common intermediate format (CIF) sized sequence at 25 frames per second (fps). This frequency requirement will increase further if the image dimensions are increased. On the other hand our architecture on FPGA can achieve the real time processing rate at low frequency for CIF sized sequence and at higher frequency for full high definition (FHD) sequence for combined ME and 2D DCT. Due to configurable nature of the architecture and FPGA, this can be extended to higher dimensional image sequences. An important aspect of the architecture is that same datapath that is used for ME is also used for 2D DCT, with minor modification, leading to saving in area and time consumption. In addition the processor–coprocessor architecture has lower energy consumption and cost than the sequential processor.

Are intermediate constraint question formats useful for evaluating student thinking and promoting learning in formative assessments?

There is a broad movement in science classes to emphasize higher-order thinking and complex skills over simple accumulation of facts. A major barrier to making this shift is a lack of good assessment tools for evaluating higher-order thinking that can be used with low effort by instructors. Computerized assessments aid instructors and increase efficiency, and potentially allow for immediate feedback. But easily-used question formats tend to be highly constrained (e.g. multiple-choice) and thus less informative on student thinking, while low constraint open-response formats (e.g. essay questions) are difficult to grade automatically. This is particularly problematic for formative assessments where immediate feedback specific to a student's current understanding is important to their learning.Here we explore two question formats that are intermediate in degree of constraint between open-response and multiple-choice formats. Intermediate constraint formats have the potential to allow some response construction while still enabling automatic feedback. We examine 15 questions in the two formats, with data from student interviews as well as from use in dozens of classrooms (both high school and university) as part of their regular curriculum. We find that the intermediate constraint questions enable automatic scoring of answers into specific categories of understanding and confusion, thus allowing for specific feedback to each student; that the intermediate constraint formats do encourage students to construct their own answers to a greater degree than multiple-choice; that they are usable by students; and that questions in those formats can show similar ranges of student answers as open-response. Further, using a split-class design in high school classrooms, we show that intermediate constraint questions can impact student learning to a greater degree than short answer questions. We conclude that these two question formats, and by extension perhaps other question formats with intermediate levels of constraint, are a useful addition to the toolbox of the educational software developer, but because they require a higher effort to construct than other formats, they should be reserved for key points in an online lesson.

Peculiarities of accounting of reserves and unfinished production in the system of national accounts

The article has been devoted to the study of the problems of applying the information of financial statements of enterprises and organizations in the formation of fundamental macroeconomic indicators. The features of the methodology of the agreed accounting systems have been examined, the theoretical aspects of inventory accounting and unfinished production, when assessing the market output in the System of National Accounts, have been studied. The main macroeconomic indicators in International financial reporting standards (IFRS) and the System of National Accounts have been considered. The main components of the gross output and assumptions, on the basis of which the choice of the intermediate account format, have been adduced.