Intermediary Segment Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ НА УРОВЕНЬ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

An integrated understanding of investment security as security (of the state, national economy, investors, enterprises and other interested parties) in investment relations is given, based on the concept of economic security. By ensuring the maintenance of the investment climate, investment security presupposes real guarantees for the protection of investments and investors, minimization of risks and threats, formation and maintenance of political and economic stability; loyal public opinion, stability of the institutional environment, including the totality of rights inherent in the circumstances under consideration, minimization of criminal manifestations, stability of the exchange rate and the corresponding legal regime. The concept of the quality of the technological structure of investments is given, improving the quality of which can strengthen economic security. The need to increase spending on applied scientific developments and the restoration of industrial science is substantiated. The results of the study show that to strengthen economic security it is necessary to increase the share of capital acquisitions of an innovative nature in the technological structure of investments. The article identifies and systematizes five stages of the algorithm for implementing investment projects with an innovative focus. The systematization of the stages, structure and composition of investment projects made it possible to identify the main sectors in which the main executors of Russian investment projects operate. Investment sectors include: science, design, mechanical engineering and construction. The construction sector is represented as the main structural element of all investment industries, as well as the main consumer of their financing, which determines and ensures the execution of budget investments, implementing capital-intensive capital works. A feature of the domestic construction sector, inherent in the Russian economy as a whole, is highlighted and explained - the presence of a significant and sometimes excessive number of intermediaries in intra-industry markets. It is concluded that in conditions of economic uncertainty, the instability of construction orders provokes market participants to minimize their resources, replacing them with a strategy of maximizing the involvement of subcontractors. At the same time, the intermediary segment of the construction market is dynamically and even creatively adapting to sectoral government pricing. This is how discrepancies arise between the volumes of state (municipal) property put into operation and the cost of consumed resources.

Cleavage-Mediated Regulation of Myd88 Signaling by Inflammasome-Activated Caspase-1.

Coordination among multiple signaling pathways ensures an appropriate immune response, where a signaling pathway may impair or augment another signaling pathway. Here, we report a negative feedback regulation of signaling through the key innate immune mediator MyD88 by inflammasome-activated caspase-1. NLRP3 inflammasome activation impaired agonist- or infection-induced TLR signaling and cytokine production through the proteolytic cleavage of MyD88 by caspase-1. Site-specific mutagenesis was used to identify caspase-1 cleavage site within MyD88 intermediary segment. Different cleavage site location within MyD88 defined the functional consequences of MyD88 cleavage between mouse and human cells. LPS/monosodium urate–induced mouse inflammation model corroborated the physiological role of this mechanism of regulation, that could be reversed by chemical inhibition of NLRP3. While Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain released by MyD88 cleavage additionally contributed to the inhibition of signaling, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia associated MyD88L265P mutation is able to evade the caspase-1-mediated inhibition of MyD88 signaling through the ability of its TIRL265P domain to recruit full length MyD88 and facilitate signaling. The characterization of this mechanism reveals an additional layer of innate immunity regulation.

Terminological and Metrological Aspects in Siepser-Type Iris Suture Procedures

Instead of contemporary plethora, with tenths of different terms for only 7 elements, I suggest a system in which the main criterion is the length of the 2 filament ends just before the loop is externalized: L: long end, and S: short end. The name of the 2 corneal pathways, and 2 iris bites will rely on the name of the corresponding filament end that passes through, just before the loop is externalized: Sp/SP: short-end puncture/paracentesis, Lp/LP: long-end puncture/paracentesis, SIB: short-end iris bite, LIB: long-end iris bite. When the loop is externalized, the “intermediary segment”: (I) is created from L. The limits of (I) have been adjusted: instead of generally admitted limits from the middistance between SIB and LIB, to the middle of the externalized loop, I suggest that the S/(I) limit be situated at 1mm after the exit point of the loop from SP, and the (I)/L limit be situated at the re-entry point of the loop in SP. The suggested terminology and limits of (I) allow a clear and unequivocal description of techniques, simplify the repartition of functions per filament segment, avoid misunderstanding as cause of failure, facilitate the establishment of rules for success valid in any Siepser-type suture, and allow a new systematization of all iris suture procedures in a structure with a common stem, 2 branches (McCannel, Siepser) and leaves represented by technical variants.

Segmental tibial fractures treated with Ilizarov circular fixator

Background/Aim. Segmental fractures represent complex tibial injuries, featuring a unique fracture type that is most commonly caused by high-energy trauma. These fractures are considered to be a treatment challenge for orthopaedic surgeons due to their sporadic presentation, wide zone of soft tissue injury, and increased rate of complications. They are characterized by a highly unstable intermediary segment and a high rate of open fractures. The method of Ilizarov with its characteristics could offer many advantages over the existing operative techniques. This method, using a percutaneous approach, minimizes the intraoperative trauma and avoids the additional compromising of the biological environment at the fracture site. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the Ilizarov fixator in the treatment of segmental tibial fractures. Methods. We analyzed 30 patients treated with the Ilizarov fixator between 2012 and 2017. The average age of patients was 36 years (from 24 to 65). The most common mechanism of injury was a road traffic accident. Open fractures were noted in 22 cases. All fractures were reduced using indirect percutaneous techniques with a great focus on achieving the correct length, rotation, and axial alignment of fragments. All patients were advised to bear weight as tolerated from the second postoperative day. Bone healing and functional results were evaluated according to the criteria established by the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov. Results. Bone healing was achieved in all patients. The average time to union was 25 weeks (19 to 36 weeks). Bone results were excellent in 23 patients, good in five, and fair in two patients. Functional results were excellent in 22 cases, good in 5, and fair in three cases. Eight patients had minor pin-tract infections, successfully treated with oral antibiotics. Patients were without any major complications. Conclusion. The Ilizarov method is a safe and efficient treatment modality for segmental tibial fractures.

Molecular Investigation of the Gel Structure of Native Starches

Starch gels are prepared by varying the starch source (regular potato: PS; regular corn: CS; high amylose [AM] corn: HACS), the disintegration temperature (95 and 140 °C) and the storage time (1 and 7 days). The mechanical strength is determined and found to be increased with increasing disintegration temperature and storage time. Enhanced AM content of the starch enables stronger gels under specific preparation conditions. For the purpose of a detailed analysis of the gel composition, a new method is developed separating the system by means of centrifugation in two phases, a liquid (dissolved polymers; supernatant) and a swollen phase (polymers involved in gel network structure; sediment). Most of the starch is found to be involved in the swollen gel network phase. That structure is selectively degraded by means of specific enzyme combinations (pullulanase and α‐amylase; pullulanase and β‐amylase) to obtain different resistant portions representing the crystalline “junction zones” (α‐amylase) and the polymer chains involved in both crystallized areas as well as amorphous intermediary segments (β‐amylase), respectively. The portions are subsequently characterized by means of SEC. Within the present study, highest gel strength (HACS; 140 °C) is accompanied by the highest amounts of α‐ and β‐amylase resistant portions (10% and 50%, respectively), and the regular starches had lower gel strength to accompany the lower amounts of resistant portions. In general, the starch polymers within the β‐amylase resistant portions had higher Mw compared to those building the “junction zones,” and the Mw of the β‐amylase resistant portions is higher for HACS compared to the regular starches. The amylopectin‐fraction is not imagined to be strongly involved in the gel network structure. The limitations of the analytical method are also discussed.

Assessment & Evaluation of the Outcome for Closed and Open Method in Treatment of Segmental Tibial Fracture

Segmental tibial fractures are considered to be a special type of injury associated with high complication rates and are defined by the presence of two or more distinct fracture lines with completely isolating an intermediary segment і.е interruption of bone integrity at two levels(majority) or moreand are usually caused by a high-energy direct trauma with important soft tissue damage effect the both intramedullary and periosteal vascularization, which are predisposed to slow healing with creation of unsuitable biological conditions for fracture union. The aim of our study was to evaluate and assess the outcome of our policy on dealing with closed segmental fracture of the tibia treated by (closed or open) application of external tubular device fixator (AO group of ASIF) .Within the period between October 1, 1998 and September 30, 2010 in Al Nasiriya military hospital, AL Amara military hospital and Al Husain teaching hospital, we collect 38 patients with displaced and minimally displaced closed segmental tibial fractures. We exclude the multiply injured patients died after surgical treatment in the course of further management, open fractures, and all the patients lost for follow up. The minimally or undisplaced fractures were treated by closed application of the external device, while those with significantly displaced fractures, firstly managed by calcaneal continuous traction for a few days as an attempt for reduction, some of them were reduced to minimally displaced or acceptable position which were treated also by closed method, and some are remain significantly displaced, treated by open reposition and external fixation with the help of X-ray control for all cases. A range of motion exercise of ankle and knee joints post operatively were encouraged. The mean age was 38.81 years. We collect and study 38 closed segmental tibial fractures i.e. (two fractures focuses for one bone), so we are dealing with 76 fractures in 38 patients. All the patients were treated by AO unilateral external fixator arranged in multiplanartechnique for more rigid fixation and regarded as a definitive procedure for holding the fractures until clinical& radiological union.Once a considerable callus seen, a loosening of the distal clamps and a very graduated weight bearing started, with the help of the crutches to permit an axial compression on the fractures sites until a secure union of the bone. Then the external fixation was removed and a partial weight bearing was continued with the help of the crutches until consolidation. Healing of the bone occurred in 52 fracture focuses (68.42%) patients, and 24 fractures (31.57%) patients reported significant complications in the course of treatment that required further surgical management, 18 of them delayed union (23.68%) patients and 6 of the fracture focuses(7.89)patients go to nonunion.The delayed union treated simply by dianamyzation with chips bone graft and sometimes rearrangement of the external fixator particularly the loose pines, all of them healed completely, while the nonunited were treated by (Revision procedure):(revision of the external fixator with wider pins and extensive refreshment of the fracture ends and added a considerable amount of bone graft), so all of them were united successfully. We conclude that the external fixation is a suitable method for the treatment of segmental tibial fractures with an acceptable rate of

Otimização dos flutuadores de risers com catenária em configuração complexa

Risers are pipes that conduct oil and gas from the subsea wellhead to the floating production unit. For such structures, the pre-sizing approach is usually based on a trial-and-error methodology, fairly dependent on the designer’s experience. The use of catenary risers in complex configuration brings the advantage of overcoming the challenges imposed by deep-water fields for oil exploitation. On the other hand, pre-sizing complexity increases as new design variables are added to define the geometrical parameters of the buoyancy modules attached to a riser intermediary segment. This work presents the pre-sizing approach of catenary risers in complex configuration using optimization techniques for the definition of the riser static equilibrium configuration. Thus, the optimization problem is numerically represented and formulated resulting in a computational application that couples the framework DOOLINES, a simulator for the static and dynamic analysis of mooring lines and risers, with the MATLAB® optimization toolbox, for managing this process, applying a hybrid method, starting with the application of Genetic Algorithms followed by the Sequential Quadratic Programming. A case study is presented and discussed to demonstrate the functionality of this applicative that produces the optimal result according to an objective performance measure

Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal stem: clinical relevance and correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking

The authors used a fiber dissection technique to describe the temporal stem and explain the tendency of malignant tumors to spread within both the frontal and temporal lobes. The authors focused on the morphological characteristics and course of various fasciculi of the temporal stem, including the uncinate fascicle, occipitofrontal fascicle, anterior commissure, loop of the optic radiations (Meyer loop), and the ansa peduncularis. Eight previously frozen, formalin-fixed human brains were dissected under an operating microscope using the fiber dissection technique described by Klingler. Lateral, inferior, and medial approaches were made. Cross-sectional 3D MR images obtained in 10 patients without brain lesions demonstrated that fibers of the temporal stem, which were intermingled together in various ways, curved laterally within the basal forebrain. Various pathological entities affecting the temporal stem are described and discussed. The uncinate fascicle has 3 portions: a ventral extension, an intermediary segment called the isthmus, and a dorsal segment. The inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus is a layer of more superficial white matter that appeared to be superior to the uncinate fasciculus. A short ventral portion of the radiations of the corpus callosum was sometimes noted to run ventrally to enter the temporal stem and to reach both temporal lobes. To the authors' knowledge, a detailed anatomy of the temporal stem has not been previously described in the literature. The unique anatomy of the temporal stem provides a route for tumor spread between the frontal and temporal lobes.

Structure and assembly of the catalytic region of human complement protease C1r: a three-dimensional model based on chemical cross-linking and homology modeling.

C1r is the modular serine protease responsible for autocatalytic activation of C1, the first component of the complement classical pathway. Its catalytic region is a noncovalent homodimer of two gamma-B monomers, each comprising two contiguous complement control protein (CCP) modules, IV and V [also known as short consensus repeats (SCRs)], a 15-residue intermediary segment, and the serine protease B domain. With a view to gain insight into domain-domain interactions within this region, fragment C1r (gamma-B)2, obtained by autolytic proteolysis of the active protease, was cross-linked with the water-soluble reagent 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide. Cross-linked species gamma-B intra and gamma-B inter, containing intra- and intermonomer cross-links, respectively, were isolated and then fragmented by CNBr cleavage and trypsin digestion. N-Terminal sequence and mass spectrometry analyses of the resulting cross-linked peptides allowed us to identify one intramonomer cross-link between Lys426 of module V and the C-terminal Asp688 of the serine protease B domain and one intermonomer cross-link between the N-terminal Gly280 of fragment gamma and Glu493 of the B domain. Three-dimensional homology modeling of the CCP modules IV and V and of the B domain was also performed. The complementary information provided by chemical cross-linking and homology modeling studies was used to construct a three-dimensional model of the gamma-B monomer, in which module V interacts with the serine protease on the side opposite to both the active site and the Arg446-Ile447 activation site. Also, a tentative three-dimensional model of the (gamma-B)2 dimer was built, indicating a loose "head to tail" association of the monomers, with the active sites facing opposite directions toward the outside of the dimer. The latter model is compared with available low-resolution structural data, and its functional implications are discussed in terms of the conformational changes occurring during C1r activation.

Structure-linked latency of muscarinic receptors in axonal transport

Muscarinic receptors that accumulated above a ligature in rat sciatic nerves were labelled in vitro under isotonic conditions with N[ 3H]methylscopolamine. The addition of 0.005% of digitonin doubled the binding in proximal segments above and close to the ligature but not in the intermediary segments between two ligatures. Osmotic shock and freeze-thawing treatments also enhanced the binding. Digitonin did not affect the affinity of muscarinic receptors but revealed a greater number of sites by increasing the membrane permeability to the hydrophilic ligand. We conclude that presynaptic muscarinic receptors that undergo fast axonal transport in rat sciatic nerves exist under a latent form because they are associated with vesicles. This is the first demonstration of a structure-linked latency for receptors.

THE HYPOTHALAMUS

Since the two major subjects in the title deal with the question of segmental and suprasegmental structures, on the one hand, and the control of glands on the other, some definitions are in order to clear the way for the presentation of the proofs which can be offered to substantiate the thesis of the paper. By segmentation is meant a process of division of the body and its controlling nervous system from head to tail-end in such a manner that, in primitive animals at least, each segment is identical to each of the others. In the process of evolution changes have occurred in many segments, particularly in those of the cephalic and caudal ends. The intermediary segments in some instances are also modified. However, in spite of this, the segments of the body are recognized with comparative ease, and so far as their neural elements are concerned, each has an

Observations on the isolated pyloric segment.

The technic of isolating the pyloric segment from the remaining portion of the stomach in the dog was as follows: Anterior gastroenterostomy was performed between the fundus and jejunum 25 cm. aboral of the pyloric sphincter. The stomach was divided through two planes: first, through the sphincter pylori and second, through the pyloro-fundic region. The pyloric end of the intermediary segment thus created was brought into the wound as a fistula, while the other three cut ends were closed. By this means a closed pyloric pouch of stomach was established, communicating only with the skin surface of the animal. By means of the gastrojejunostomy the animal was fed and kept alive. (See diagram of experiment No. 1.) Five experiments were carried out according to this technic. Each animal lived from 10 days to 4 months, or long enough to determine (1) the acidity of the pyloric segment under the above experimental conditions, (2) the effects of acetylcholin, pilocarpin, and adrenalin respectively, upon the secretion of the pyloric segment, (3) the motor function of the residual stomach, and (4) the histology of the fundic and pyloric mucosae. The conclusions were as follows : (1) The reaction of the secretion from the pyloric segment was in every instance strongly acid in terms of litmus. (2) Acetylcholin and pilocarpin produced no appreciable increase in the amount or variation in the acidity of the pyloric secretion. Pilocarpin appeared to be followed by a more mucoid secretion. The adrerialin administration was followed by a distinct decreax in the amount of pyloric secretion. (3) The residual stomach emptied within 2½ hours through the gastrojejunostomy, in terms of the barium meal and X-ray. (4) Chief cells predominated in the vestibular portion, the aboral end of the body of the stomach, and parietal cells in the juxtapyloric mucosa.