Interlukin-6 Levels Research Articles

Overexpression of Annexin A1 Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Factors in PC12 Cells Induced by 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium.

Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is suggested to have anti-inflammatory function. However, the precise function of ANXA1 has remained unclear. In this study, we therefore examined the potency of ANXA1 in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and suppressing pro-inflammatory responses in PC12 cells induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). In this experimental study, cDNA of ANXA1 was cloned and inserted to the PGL268 pEpi-FGM18F vector to produce a recombinant PGL/ANXA1 vector for transfection into the PC12 cells. ANXA1 transfected cells were then treated with MPP+. Apoptosis and the content of pro-inflammatory factors including ROS, Interlukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were assessed by flow-cytometry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot in ANXA1-transfected cells and the data were compared with those obtained from mock and control cells. Data revealed that overexpression of ANXA1 is associated with decreased levels of ROS and expression level of IL-6 and iNOS transcripts, and NF-κB protein in MPP+ treated PC12 cells. ANXA1 may be considered as an agent for prevention of neurodegenerative or inflammatory conditions.

Peripheral surgical wounding may induce cognitive impairment through interlukin-6-dependent mechanisms in aged mice.

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is associated with morbidity, mortality and increased cost of medical care. However, the neuropathogenesis and targeted interventions of POCD remain largely to be determined. We have found that the peripheral surgical wounding induces an age-dependent Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in aged mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interlukin-6 (IL-6) has been reported to be associated with cognitive impairment in rodents and humans. However, the role of IL-6 in the neuropathogenesis of POCD is unknown. We therefore employed pharmacological (IL-6 antibody) and genetic (knockout of IL-6) approach to investigate whether IL-6 contributed to the peripheral surgical wounding-induced cognitive impairment in aged mice. Abdominal surgery under local anesthesia (peripheral surgical wounding) was established in 18-month-old wild-type and IL-6 knockout mice (n = 6 to 10 in each group). Brain level of IL-6 and cognitive function in the mice were determined by western blot, ELISA at the end of procedure, and Fear Conditioning System at 7 days after the procedure. The peripheral surgical wounding increased the level of IL-6 in the hippocampus of aged wild-type, but not IL-6 knockout mice. IL-6 antibody ameliorated the peripheral surgical wounding-induced cognitive impairment in the aged wild-type mice. Finally, the peripheral surgical wounding did not induce cognitive impairment in the aged IL-6 knockout mice. These data suggested that IL-6 would be a required pro-inflammatory cytokine for the peripheral surgical wounding-induced cognitive impairment. Given this, further studies are warranted to investigate the role of IL-6 in the neuropathogenesis and targeted interventions of POCD.

Influance of regular swimming on serum levels of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic rats.

Due to key role of inflammation in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), aim of this study was evaluating the influance of regular swimming on serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interlukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Fourty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, diabetic, exercise and diabetic-exercise groups (n = 10). Diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). In exercise groups, after induction of diabetes, animals were subjected to swimming (60 min/5 days a week) for 10 weeks. At the end of training, rats were anestatized and blood samples and pancreatic tissues were collected and used for evaluation of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and pancreatic histopatholology. Our results showed significantly increase in lymphocytes, monocytes and decrease in neutrophils in diabetic rats (p < 0.01), which these parameters significantly reversed to control levels by induction of swimming (p < 0.01). In diabetic group, the levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α increased (p < 0.01), and swimming decreased these factors significantly. Histopathological results of this study also showed that swimming can prevent damage induced by diabetes. The present study indicates that swim training is associated with improved inflammation and inflammatory mediators and pancreatic damage.

The effect of neonatal phototherapy on serum level of interlukin-6 and white blood cells′ count

Introduction: Recent progress in medical sciences approved phototherapy (PT) as a standard method of treatment and care for hyperbilirubinemia in the neonatal period. Previous studies which assessed the effect of PT on serum cytokines levels and white blood cells' (WBCs) count in infants mentioned different results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neonatal PT on serum level of interleukin-6 (IL) and WBCs' count in healthy neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytic study, which was conducted on 97 term newborns admitted to 17 th Shahrivar Hospital, Rasht (Northern part of Iran), with the chief complaint of indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Data were gathered by a form, which consisted of demographic characteristics and laboratory results. Four lamps with a wavelength of 400-500 nm were used at a distance of 30 cm for PT. Blood samples were taken to measure WBCs' count and IL-6 level before and 48 h after PT. Data were analyzed by t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient in SPSS 19 software. Results: The mean age of the infants was 6.82 ± 2.16 days and 62.9% were males. The mean amount of WBCs before and after PT was 9235 ± 2215 and 9700 ± 2163, respectively (P = 0.001). The mean level of IL-6 before and after PT was 1.14 ± 0.98 and 1.42 ± 1.17, respectively (P = 0.004). There was a positive correlation between WBCs' count and IL-6 levels before and after PT (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that an increased level of serum IL-6 and WBCs' count in healthy term neonates after PT could be indicated as its complications. Therefore, it seems that PT can change the function of the neonatal immune system.

Inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 protects against pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction in septic rats

Objective To explore the effects of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) inhibition on pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction in septic rats. Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly (random number) divided into three groups: sham-operated group, sepsis group, and sepsis plus MRP4 inhibitor treatment group, with 20 rats in each group. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. MRP4 inhibitor MK571 (20 mg/kg) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before induction of sepsis. Twenty-four later, serum interlukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung injury was assessed by histopathological examination. Lung vascular permeability was evaluated by quantitation of Evans blue dye extravasation from vascular space to lung parenchyma. Results Compared with sham group, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in sepsis group. In addition, lung injury and lung vascular permeability were elevated in sepsis group compared to sham group. Importantly, MRP4 inhibitor treatment significantly decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, improved lung injury and reduced lung vascular permeability in septic rats. Conclusions Inhibition of MRP4 protects against pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction in septic rats. Key words: Sepsis; Vascular endothelial barrier; Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4

The Effects of Topical Ketamine Gel on Saliva and Serum Level of Interlukin-6 in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration

Aims: To evaluate the effect of topical application of ketamine gel )0.5%( and gel alone)without ketamine( on salivary and serum level of human interlukin-6)IL-6 (in patient with recurrent aphthous ulceration )RAU( and compare the results with control group having no RAU. Materials and methods: The investigation was carried out on)36( subjects with mean ± SD ages )25.11±6.31(years and different sex )20 males,16 females(. These subjects were divided into three groups. Group1: The study group consisted of )12(patients having minor RAU received topical ketamine gel )0.5%( applied on the lesion. Group2: The placebo group consisted of )12(patients having minor RAU received topical gel alone. Group3: The control group consisted of )12( healthy subjects having no RAU.Peripheral venous blood and saliva samples were collected from all subjects before treatment, and four days after treatment from group1and group2 only, to assess the levels of serum and salivary )IL-6( by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assays )ELISA( method. Patients were subjectively assessed for the intensity of pain which was recorded pre and four days post treatment in group1 and 2 by using Verbal Pain Scale )VPS(. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, One way ANOVA and Willcoxon Signed Ranks test. Results: The results showed that the mean of serum IL-6 concentrations were high in the study and placebo groups )18.49±5.4pg/ml( and )18.97± 7,47 pg/ml( respectively before treatment comparing with mean of serum IL-6 concentration of control group )9.63±2.77pg/ml(, and the mean of salivary IL-6 concentrations were high in the study and placebo groups )63.03±47.28pg/ml( and )62.25±45.14pg/ml( respectively before treatment comparing with mean of saliva IL-6 concentration of control group )13.1±5.08pg/ml(.

Effect of intraoperative glucose fluctuation and postoperative IL-6, TNF-α, CRP levels on the short-term prognosis of patients with intracranial supratentorial neoplasms.

To investigate the effect of intraoperative glucose fluctuation and postoperative interlukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels on the short-term prognosis of patients with intracranial supratentorial neoplasms. Eighty-six patients undergoing intracranial excision were selected in The Second Hospital of Jilin University. According to the condition of glucose fluctuation, the patients were divided into group A (glucose fluctuation <2.2 mmol/L, n=57) and group B (glucose fluctuation ≥2.2 mmol/L, n=29). Glucose was assessed by drawing 2 mL blood from internal jugular vein in two groups in the following time points, namely fasting blood glucose 1 d before operation (T0), 5 min after anesthesia induction (T1), intraoperative peak glucose (T2), intraoperative lowest glucose (T3), 5 min after closing the skull (T4), immediately after returning to intensive care unit (ICU) (T5) and 2 h after returning to ICU (T6). 1 d before operation and 1, 3 and 6 d after operation, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and CRP level with immunoturbidimetry. Additionally, postoperative adverse reactions were monitored. There was no statistical significance between two groups regarding the operation time, anesthesia time, amount of intraoperative bleeding and blood transfusion (P>0.05). The glucose levels in both groups at T1~T6 went up conspicuously compared with that at T0 (P<0.01), and those in group B at T2, T4, T5 and T6 were significantly higher than in group A (P<0.01). Serum IL-6, TNF-α and CRP levels in both groups 1, 3 and 6 d after operation increased markedly compared with 1 d before operation (P<0.01), but the increased range in group A was notably lower than in group B (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Postoperative incidences of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and myocardial ischemia in group A were significantly lower than in group B (P<0.05), and respiratory support time obviously shorter than in group B (P<0.01). The glucose fluctuation of patients undergoing intracranial excision is related to postoperative IL-6, TNF-α and CRP levels and those with small range of glucose fluctuation have better prognosis.

Effect of omega-3 supplementation on inflammatory parameters in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Background:End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a state of micro inflammation that attenuates patient's life span and quality of life. Inflammatory markers like interlukin 6 (IL-6) and C- reactive protein (CRP) can predict inflammatory state in ESRD patients. Dietary limitations are risk factors for omega-3 deficiency in these patients. Omega-3 supplementation is an attractive material that proposed in inflammation modulation. The aim of this study is evaluation of effect of omega-3 supplementation on IL-6 and CRP level in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.Materials and Methods:This randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial is performed in 40 CAPD patients in two academic hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. One group received 1000 mg omega-3 capsule (each capsule contains 180 mg Eicosapentanoic and 120 mg Dosahexanoic acid) three times a day orally for 8 weeks (n = 20) and the other matched group by placebo (n = 20). Serum level of IL-6 and quantitative CRP (Q-CRP) were measured in beginning and the end of the study. Finally all data were analyzed by SPSS version 18.Results:Mean age of patients was 53 years old in omega-3 group patients and 54 years old in placebo group. There were not any differences in CRP and IL-6 level in the beginning and the end of study between two groups (P: 0.81 and 0.10 for CRP and 0.26 and 0.23 for IL-6, respectively).Conclusion:Omega-3 supplementation did not effect on inflammatory markers (Q-CRP and IL-6) in CAPD patients after 8 weeks.

Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interlukin-6, and paraoxonase-1 in childhood obesity

Background/aim Obesity is becoming an epidemic health problem. Elevated cytokines and chemokines are prominent features in obesity, which play a main role in the development of other chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in childhood obesity. Materials and methods The present study included 40 obese school-aged children (5-15 years) and 40 healthy children as controls. The patients were presented to the outpatient clinic in National Institute of Nutrition. MCP-1, IL-6, PON1, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured in all participants. Results The mean serum levels of MCP-1, IL-6, and total cholesterol were significantly higher in obese participants than in controls ( P P P P P 0.0001). Conclusion Childhood obesity is associated with increased serum MCP-1 and IL-6 and decreased PON1 and hypercholesterolemia suggesting an increase in adulthood disease risk. Measuring serum MCP-1, IL-6, PON1 activity in obese children may be a good predictor for future chronic disease development and complications.

Prostate stromal cells express the progesterone receptor to control cancer cell mobility.

BackgroundReciprocal interactions between epithelium and stroma play vital roles for prostate cancer development and progression. Enhanced secretions of cytokines and growth factors by cancer associated fibroblasts in prostate tumors create a favorable microenvironment for cancer cells to grow and metastasize. Our previous work showed that the progesterone receptor (PR) was expressed specifically in prostate stromal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. However, the expression levels of PR and its impact to tumor microenvironment in prostate tumors are poorly understood.MethodsImmunohistochemistry assays are applied to human prostate tissue biopsies. Cell migration, invasion and proliferation assays are performed using human prostate cells. Real-time PCR and ELISA are applied to measure gene expression at molecular levels.ResultsImmunohistochemistry assays showed that PR protein levels were decreased in cancer associated stroma when compared with paired normal prostate stroma. Using in vitro prostate stromal cell models, we showed that conditioned media collected from PR positive stromal cells inhibited prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, but had minor suppressive impacts on cancer cell proliferation. PR suppressed the secretion of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) by stromal cells independent to PR ligands. Blocking PR expression by siRNA or supplementation of exogenous SDF-1 or IL-6 to conditioned media from PR positive stromal cells counteracted the inhibitory effects of PR to cancer cell migration and invasion.ConclusionsDecreased expression of the PR in cancer associated stroma may contribute to the elevated SDF-1 and IL-6 levels in prostate tumors and enhance prostate tumor progression.

Role of Serum Adiponectin, IL-6 and Hs CRP in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Egyptian Patients

Scientific Background: Non alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is accumulation of fat in the liver cells of peoples who drink little or no alcohol causing mild steatosis with mostly no signs, symptoms or complication but this may progress to steatohepatitis (NASH) and may liver cirrhosis then failure. NAFLD is recognized as the most common type of chronic liver disease in Western countries and the leading cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the latter being considered as the hepatic component of IR or metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully elucidated, a complex interaction between adipokines and cytokines produced by adipocytes and/or inflammatory cells infiltrating adipose tissue appears to play a crucial role in MetS and NAFLD and its progress. A number of factors are linked with NAFLD such as obesity, type 2 diabetis mellitus (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, gastric Original Research Article International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 4(6): 493-504, 2014 494 bypass, and its progress to NASH correlate with certain cytokines secreted like adiponectin, interlukin-6 (IL-6), and Creactive protein CRP. Adiponectin is a novel adipocyte-specific protein, which, it has been suggested, plays a role in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. The role of (IL-6) in liver pathology is very complex, and its participation in the development of NAFLD remains unclear. IL-6 is a key element in the acute phase response, mediating the synthesis of several acute phase proteins (such as CRP and serum amyloid A). Thus, we cannot exclude the possibility that IL-6 might also play an indirect deleterious role in NAFLD pathogenesis. In diet-induced obese mice, treatment with IL-6 antibodies improved sensitivity to insulin. Objective: This study aim is to evaluate the level of adiponectin, IL-6 and CRP in Egyptian patients with NAFLD. Methods: This study was conducted on 2 groups 104 NAFLD as diagnosed by ultrasound examination and 21 healthy participants as control group. All the subjects were subjected to an abdominal ultrasonography, liver enzymes ALT & AST, lipid profile (triglycerides, HDL, LDL, cholesterol, CRP, IL-6 & Adiponectin). Results: Plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in NAFLD patients than control gp (3.05±2.65μg/ml vs 10.52±3.35 (μg/ml). IL-6 level was higher in NAFLD than control gp but not significant (114.24±22.32pg/ml vs 104.9±19.98pg/ml). CRP was significantly higher in NAFLD than control gp (17.86±11.59mg/L vs 5.4±3.81mg/L). Adiponectin ROC curve showed an AUROC curve in NAFLD gp (0.918 p=0.0001). IL-6 ROC curve showed an AUROC curve in NAFLD gp (0.703 p=0.0003). CRP ROC curve showed an AUROC curve in NAFLD gp (0.853 p=0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with NAFLD have lower adiponectin levels and higher IL-6 and CRP levels compared with their control group.

The effect of exercise training on the level of tissue IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer bearing mice.

The goal of this study was assessing the prophylactic effect of exercise and its role as an adjuvant therapy on level of cytokines involved in angiogenesis in estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to exercise-tumor-exercise (ETE), exercise-tumor-rest (ETR), rest-tumor-exercise (RTE) and rest-tumor-rest (RTR) groups. After orientation in the environment, two groups of mice performed continuous endurance exercise for 8 weeks, and thereafter estrogen-dependent MC4L2 cancer cells were injected to them. Then, one group of each of trained and non-trained mice performed endurance exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Tumor volume was measured by a digital caliper weekly. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed, immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Tumor sample was homogenized; levels of cytokines were measured and quantified using ELISA. There was significant reduction in the level of interlukin-6 (IL-6) (P=0.001), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P=0.0001) and tumor volume (P=0.0001) among the groups performing endurance exercise after malignancy (RTE and ETE) in comparison with groups not performing endurance exercise (ETR and RTR), and these results were in agreement with tumor growth rate. Exercise can cause reduction in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumor tissue. Decreased IL-6 production could reduce the generation of VEGF, resulting in reduced intra-tumor angiogenesis. Due to reduction of the level of these cytokines in groups doing exercise before and after malignancy, exercise is presumed to be an adjuvant therapy in estrogen-receptor dependent tumors in addition to its effective prophylactic role.

Evaluation of over the counter vaginal lubricants Nonoxynol-9 and KY Jelly as potential inducer of proinflammatory cytokines in human immune cells

Topical microbicides such as Nonoxynol-9 (N9) and KY jelly have been used as vaginal microbicides in clinical trials as anti-HIV-1 products. The objective of this study was to determine if the use of these microbicides may cause production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Such cytokines include, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interlukin-1β (IL-1β), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and Interlukin-8 (IL-8). Cellular viability was determined for the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Macrophages by culturing them for 24 hours in the presence of serial dilutions of product or placebo. Product and placebo dilutions that gave culture viabilities of ≥ 60% compared to control cultures were considered to be nontoxic. The non-toxic dilutions were 1:100 for KY jelly in both PBMCs and Macrophages. Whereas, the non-toxic dilutions were 1:1000 for N9 in both PBMCs and Macrophages. The values of IL1β, TNF-α, were 0.1 &lt; 2.0 pg/mL for both PBMCs and macrophages. The levels of IL-8 ranged between 9-13 pg/mL and 12-16 pg/mL for PBMCs and macrophages, respectively. The levels of IL-6 were 0.11 g/mL and 0.019 pg/mL for PBMCs and macrophages, respectively. The results were not statistically significant in difference for IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 (p > 0.001) when N9 was compared to KY jelly. However, the results were significant when comparing N9 to KY jelly for TNF-α (p &lt; 0.001) production. The two microbicides tested in their non-toxic formulation in the two models of PBMCs and macrophages showed relatively low levels of IL-1b, TNF-α and IL-6. This indicated safety and low toxicity of these microbicide in terms of cytokines release. On the other hand, IL-8 has shown relatively higher levels in all microbicide tested in their non-toxic formulation.

Influence of rosmarinic acid early intervention on the behavior change and the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus of PTSD model rats

Objective To investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid on the behavioral changes in enhanced single prolonged stress(ESPS) model rats and the levels of interlukin-1β(IL-1β) and interlukin-6(IL-6) in the hippocampus. Methods 48 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8): Control group, Control+ RA(L) group, Control+ RA(H) group, ESPS group, ESPS+ RA(L)group and ESPS+ RA(H) group.Behavioral changes of these rats were analyzed by open field test and elevated plus-maze.The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results (1) Open field test showed that the number of central region entering and the fraction of time exploring in center of ESPS group were significantly reduced than that of Control group((18.13±10.15)times, (26.68±10.06)%) and ESPS+ RA(H) group((16.88±8.81)times, (25.08±8.52)%)(P 0.05). It also showed no significant difference among Control+ RA(L) group, Control+ RA(H) group and Control group.(3) Compared with ESPS group, RA(10mg/kg) reduced the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus, but RA(5mg/kg) did not have this effect.(4) Correlation analysis results showed the level of IL-1β in the hippocampus was negatively related with the ameliorated PTSD-like behaviors of ESPS exposure rats. Conclusion RA can ameliorate PTSD-like behaviors of ESPS exposure rats, and this effect may be carried out by down-regulating the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus, especially the IL-1β. Key words: Rosmarinic acid; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Interlukin-1β; Interlukin-6; Rat

Levels of interlukin-2, interlukin-6 and its soluble receptors in the first episode depression of Uygur patients before and after treatment with venlafaxine

Objective To investigate the action of interlukin-2(IL-2), interlukin-6(IL-6) and its soluble receptors(sIL-2R, sIL-6R) in the first episode of depression in the patients of Uyghur nationality and the differences in IL-2, IL-6 and sIL-2R, sIL-6R levels between the responsive depressed patients and the refractory depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. Methods A case-control study design was conducted.57 first-episode patients with depression (patient group) and 55 healthy people matched with gender and age (control group) were recruited in the study.An intervention with sustained-releasing venlafaxine tablets at fixed dose of 150 mg/d was performed in the patient group.The severity of the illness was evaluated by using the Hamilton's depression scale (HAMD-17) before and after the therapy.And by calculating the reduction rate of HAMD-17 (≥ 50% or <50%), the patients were divided into the responsive or refractory groups.The serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, sIL-2R and sIL-6R in patients and controls were tested by ELISA, and a re-test was done with the patients after treatment. Results There were statistical significant differences of the levels of serum IL-2, IL-6 and sIL-2R, sIL-6R between the patients and the control group (P 0.05). There were positive correlations between HAMD, serum IL-2(r=0.677; P=0.000) and IL-6(r=0.197; P=0.033)before treatment in all patients. Conclusion Serum IL-2 and IL-6 may play a role in the onset of the depression.The efficacy of venlafaxine is negatively correlated with the levels of serum IL-2 and IL-6.Regulating the imbalanced inflammatory cytokines and the immune system may be one of the mechanisms of drug therapy of depression. Key words: Depression; Antidepressant; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6

Effects of dexmedetomidine on early and late cytokines during polymicrobial sepsis in mice

We investigated whether dexmedetomidine provided protective effects on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic mice, through suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-6 (IL-6)] and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). The model of sepsis was set up by CLP in 136 male BALB/c mice (40 mice for survival studies and 96 for cytokine studies) which were divided into four groups, including a C, CLP, DEX+CLP and CLP+DEX group. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 were detected at 6, 12, 24 and 48h after operations, and lung HMGB1 mRNA were analyzed at 24 and 48h. The mortality rates were calculated 7days after the operations. The mortality rates 7days after operations were significantly lower in the CLP+DEX (50%) and DEX+CLP (30%) groups than in the CLP group (90%). Serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased significantly in dexmedetomidine administration groups compared with the CLP group. The levels of HMGB1 and lung HMGB1 mRNA were lower in the dexmedetomidine administration groups than in the CLP group. There was a significant correlation between lung HMGB1 mRNA and serum HMGB1(r=0.858). Dexmedetomidine could reduce the mortality rate and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine responses during polymicrobial sepsis in mice.

Comparative Study of CSE 1034 and Ceftriaxone in Pneumonia Induced Rat

Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is important due to its high morbidity and mortality. This infection causes acute inflammation in the lung due to characterized by increased activity of neutrophils, generate oxy free radical and decreased the endogenous anti oxidant defense system. CSE1034 is a novel fixed dose combination drug of ceftriaxone plus sulbactam with VRP1034. The aim of this investigation was to compare the efficacy study of CSE1034 drug vs ceftriaxone alone in pneumonia induced rat model. For pneumonia infection in animal model, doses were standardized at concentration 102 to 106 CFU/ml of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Total thirty two male rats (150 ± 5 g) were randomely selected and divided into four groups of eight animals each. Group I was normal saline treated; group II was pneumonia infected; group III was infected plus ceftriaxone treated and group IV was infected plus CSE1034 treated. Pneumonia infection was induced in all group except group I via intranasal instillation, at concentration (log 106 CFU/ml) for 15 days. Infection was confirmed by raised body temperature, bacterial count, cell count and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6) parameters in blood. After conformation of infection, CSE1034 and ceftriaxone drugs treatment were stared for 15 days. At the end experiment, blood and lung tissue were collected and measured the biochemical and enzymatic parameters in all group. The finding showed that a significant decrease lactate dehydrogenase activity, malonaldialdehyde, total protein, albumin, nitrate, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-6 levels and bacterial count along with increase reduced glutathione level in lung homogenate of CSE1034 treated group as compared to pneumonia induced and ceftriaxone treated groups. These findings suggested that CSE1034 is effective than ceftriaxone which reduced bacterial count and enhanced endogenous antioxidant status along with reduces, inflammatory response during pneumonia infection.

Thyroid bone disease

Thyroid bone disease

Role of Oxytocin in Deceleration of Early Atherosclerotic Inflammatory Processes in Adult Male Rats

Objective: The study aimed to examine the effect of exogenous OT administration on the inflammation and atherosclerosis in adult male rats and its possible mechanisms. Thirty adult male rats equally divided into three groups. Control group fed regular diet; group II fed control diet supplemented with L-methionine for 10 weeks. Group III received L-methionine and oxytocin treatment for 10 weeks. RT-PCR analysis showed that OT administration increased oxytocin receptor mRNA (2 fold, P, 0.05). Blood samples were evaluated for total homocysteine, interlukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoatrratant protein-1 (MCP-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) by ELIZA, lipid profile, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined. Specimens from aorta were processed for immunohistochemical staining for Aorta nuclear factor _B (NF-κB) p65 protein. Result showed that OT administration to group III decreased the plasma levels IL-6, MCP-1 and CRP levels which were elevated in group II. Moreover, there was decrease of the oxidative stress of group III in terms of increased plasma levels of NO and GSH and decreased plasma levels of MDA in blood. In addition, rats of group II showed histological abnormalities manifested by thickening and ulceration of the aortic wall. Marked increased expression of NF-κB in aorta of in group II was detected. However, OT administration restores the histological structure of the aorta and decreased the expression of NF-κB in aorta of group III similar to the control group. Conclusion: OT has anti inflammatory pathway in atherosclerosis as it decelerates atherosclerosis by decreasing the proinflammatory responses through many mechanisms, mainly the up regulation of its receptors.

Effects ofPanax ginsengSupplementation on Muscle Damage and Inflammation after Uphill Treadmill Running in Humans

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether Panax ginseng extract intake would influence exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation responses. Eighteen male college students were randomly assigned to either an RG intake group (RG, n = 9) or a placebo group (P, n = 9). All subjects performed a high-intensity uphill treadmill running task (two rounds of 45 min at 10 km/h speed with a 15 degree uphill slope separated by 5 min of rest). The RG group ingested 20 g/day of Korean red ginseng extract (mixed with 200 ml of water) three times/day for seven days prior to performing the uphill treadmill exercise test and for four days after the treadmill test, while the P group ingested 200 ml of water containing Agastachis Herba on the same schedule. Plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured at pre-exercise and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-exercise; the IL-6 level was also measured at 1 and 2 h post-exercise. To evaluate insulin sensitivity, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed 24 h post-exercise. Plasma CK level in RG was significantly lower than that in P 72 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), and IL-6 level was significantly decreased in RG during the 2 h and 3 h recovery period compared to that of P (p < 0.05). Plasma glucose and insulin responses in RG were significantly reduced compared to those of P (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that RG supplementation could reduce exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammatory responses, resulting in improvements in insulin sensitivity.