Interlobular Veins Research Articles

EVALUATION OF THE MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE LIVER BY MORPHOMETRIC METHODS

Objectives. Morphometry of the main vascular and parenchymal structures of the liver which reflect its morphofunctional state.Material and methods. We examined the postmortem liver samples from 15 cases of rapid death of youth and adult men (26.6 % and 40 %, respectively) and women (13.4 % and 20 %, respectively). For histological studies we used archival paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of the liver. A series of 5 μm sections were made. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Random fields of view of histological slides were photographed with the OLYMPUS XC30 digital camera mounted on the OLYMPUS CX41 microscope (Japan) with SWH ocular magnification ×10 and UPLanFL aim magnifications ×10, ×20, ×40 (at least 10 fields of view of each slide). Morphometric data analysis was carried using Image Scope Color viewing program and Olympus cellSens imaging software (Japan). Statistical analysis was carried out using the software STATISTICA 10.Results. The liver microvasculature vessels have different diameters: the largest one corresponds to the interlobular veins ((87.80 ± 1.84) μm), the smallest corresponds to the interlobular arteries ((25.62 ± 2.41) μm). The diameter of the central vein is (54.03 ± 0.86) μm. The diameter of sinusoids is (28.36 ± 0.93) μm, interlobular bile ducts – (13.86 ± 0.80) μm. The areas of hepatocytes and nuclei are of (486.14 ± 11.15) μm2 and (58.89 ± 1.86) μm2, respectively; the area of the cytoplasm is (427.25 ± 9.19) μm2. The nuclear cytoplasmic ratio is 0.137 ± 0.06.Conclusion. The obtained morphometric data can be used for the comparison when studying the pathological features of the liver in other pathological conditions such as alcohol intoxication. Further development of this research area is required to select morphometric characteristics and map the relative morphometric norm of a “healthy” liver.

The result of histochemical research in the diagnosis of steatosis in cows

Ration disbalancing in highly‐productive cows, as well as the influence of toxic elements often leads to the development of steatosis, which almost always occurs latently. As a rule, the development of the first clinical signs is registered already with irreversible damage of hepatocytes, which causing death of animal. In 2018, 13 samples of liver biomaterial obtained from cows with steatosis of different severity of the disease were examined. Material for histological research were fixed in a 95% solution of ethanol for 24 hours. Further, according to the standard method, paraffin is embedded. Slices were made 5–7 microns thick. The resulting sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Schiffod‐iodic acid by McManus to detect glycogen. Morphological study of histological preparations was carried out using a Carl Zeiss light‐optical microscope with a magnification of 50–400. Microphotos were taken using an Axio Scope A1 digital camera. In the analysis of histological samples, pathological changes in the liver were observed in the form of expressed centrolobular local and diffuse small‐droplet and large‐droplet fatty degeneration of hepatocytes (Fig. 1), as well as a decrease and absence of glycogen cells (Fig. 2, 4). The liver had a regular girder structure, it was full‐blooded. The sinusoids of the liver and Disse spaces were medium dilated (Fig. 3). Portal triad had a typical histological structure, in some cases were expanded, in the stroma of the tracts were found hepatic triad, represented by the interlobular artery, vein and bile duct. Thickening of the portal triad with poorly expressed mononuclear infiltration was also noted, with no significant inflammatory changes in the samples presented (Fig. 5). These changes may be toxic. In addition to the above dystrophic and functional changes, a dilation of Disse sinusoidal spaces was also noted (Fig. 3). Staining of Schiff‐iodic acid by MacManus showed the absence of glycogen in four samples. Using the same staining protocol showed positive staining effect of the reticular fibers of the interstitial tissue of the cow's kidney. The remaining samples, the amount of glycogen in the hepatocytes was significantly reduced. In animals whose liver samples showed a lack of glycogen clinical finding of liver dysfunction were expressed. As a result, in the acute form of cows' steatosis, the amount of glycogen in hepatocytes sharply decreases. This leads to irreversible consequences, and often fatal.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Renal Venous Pattern: A New Parameter for Predicting Prognosis in Heart Failure Outpatients.

Aim of the study: In chronic heart failure (CHF) patients, renal congestion plays a key role in determining the progression of renal dysfunction and a worse prognosis. The aim of this study was to define the role of Doppler venous patterns reflecting renal congestion that predict heart failure progression. Methods: We enrolled outpatients affected by CHF, in stable clinical conditions and in conventional therapy. All patients underwent a clinical evaluation, routine chemistry, an echocardiogram and a renal echo-Doppler. Pulsed Doppler flow recording was performed at the level of interlobular renal right veins in the tele-expiratory phase. The venous flow patterns were divided into five groups according to the fluctuations of the flow. Type A and B were characterized by a continuous flow, whereas type C was characterized by a short interruption or reversal flow during the end-diastolic or protosystolic phase. Type D and E were characterized by a wide interruption and/or reversal flow. The occurrence of death and/or of heart transplantation and/or of hospitalization due to heart failure worsening was considered an event during follow-up. Results: During a median follow-up of 38 months, 126 patients experienced the considered end-point. Venous pattern C (HR 4.04; 95% CI: 2.14–7.65; p < 0.001), pattern D (HR 7.16; 95% CI: 3.69–13.9; p < 0.001) and pattern E (HR 8.94; 95% CI: 4.65–17.2; p < 0.001) were all associated with events using an univariate Cox regression analysis. Moreover, both the presence of pattern C (HR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.09–2.97; p: 0) and of pattern D or E (HR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.16–3.12; p: 0.011) remained significantly associated to events using a multivariate Cox regression analysis after correction for a reference model with an improvement of the overall net reclassification index (0.46; 95% CI 0.24–0.68; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the independent and incremental role of Doppler venous patterns reflecting renal congestion in predicting HF progression among CHF patients, thus suggesting its possible utility in daily clinical practice to better characterize patients with cardio-renal syndrome.

Distribution of Collagen I, III, and IV and Laminin in the Human Liver during Prenatal Development

In the absence of systematized data on the extracellular matrix components during prenatal liver development, the present study aimed to investigate the time of appearance and distribution of collagen types I, III, and IV and laminin. The study material included embryonic and fetal livers, aged 7–37 weeks, categorized into 3 trimesters. The material was stained using hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry methods for the identification of collagen I, III, and IV and laminin. Collagen I was detected near the end of the first trimester in the capsules and walls of interlobular veins. As the liver matures, collagen I is increasingly abundant in the capsules, portal area connective tissues, arterial walls, interlobular veins, sinusoids, and central veins. Collagen III and collagen IV appear in the middle of the first trimester in the capsules, portal areas, and walls of central veins, as well as the sinusoids particularly. In trimesters 2 and 3, these collagens are increasingly present in all the structures, but collagen IV is also present in nerve fibers. Laminin is sporadically present adjacent to the sinusoids in trimester 1, while in trimesters 2 and 3 this protein commonly appears in the walls of arteries and interlobular veins, in the basal membrane of bile ducts, and in nerve fibers. The contents of collagen I, III, and IV increase during prenatal development in the liver capsule, arterial and vein walls, sinusoids, and portal area. Laminin expression is consistent with that of the collagens with the exception that, within lobules, laminin disappears with liver maturation.

Morphologic and morphometric study on microvasculature of developing mouse kidneys

A proper morphogenesis of the renal microvasculature is crucial not only for fulfilling the renal function but also to slow down the progression of chronic kidney disease in adulthood. However, the current description of the developing microvasculature is incomplete. The present study investigated the morphogenesis and volume densities of the renal microvasculature using computer-assisted tubular tracing, immunohistochemistry for CD34, and unbiased stereology. The earliest glomerular capillaries were observed at the lower cleft of the S-shaped nephrons, as simple loops connecting the afferent and efferent arterioles. In parallel with this, the peritubular capillaries were established. Noticeably, from early nephrogenesis on, the efferent arterioles of the early-formed glomeruli ran in close proximity to their own thick ascending limbs. In addition, the ascending vasa recta arising from the arcuate or interlobular veins also ran in close proximity to the thick descending limb. Thus, the tubules and vessels formed the typical countercurrent relation in the medulla. No loop bends were observed between descending and ascending vasa recta. The volume density of the cortical and medullary peritubular capillary increased 3.3- and 2.6-fold, respectively, from 2.34 (0.13) and 7.03 (0.09)% [means (SD)] at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) to 7.71 (0.44) and 18.27 (1.17)% at postnatal day 40 (P40). In contrast, the volume density of glomeruli changed only slightly during kidney development, from 4.61 (0.47)% at E14.5 to 6.07 (0.2)% at P7 to 4.19 (0.47)% at P40. These results reflect that the growth and formation of the renal microvasculature closely correspond to functional development of the tubules.

Emphysematous change with scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease: the potential contribution of vasculopathy?

BackgroundPulmonary emphysema combined with systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) occurs more often in smokers but also in never-smokers. This study aimed to describe a new finding characterized by peculiar emphysematous change with SSc-associated ILD (SSc-ILD).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of 21 consecutive patients with SSc-ILD diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy and focused on the radio-pathological correlation of the emphysematous change.ResultsPathological pulmonary emphysema (p-PE) with SSc-ILD was the predominant complication in 16 patients (76.2%) with/without a smoking history, of whom 62.5% were never-smokers. A low attenuation area (LAA) within interstitial abnormality on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was present in 31.3%. Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was lower, disease extent on HRCT higher, and intimal/medial thickening in muscular pulmonary arteries more common in the patients with p-PE with SSc-ILD. However, forced vital capacity (FVC) was well preserved regardless of whether p-PE was observed. Most SSc-ILD patients had pulmonary microvasculature changes in arterioles (90.5%), venules (85.7%), and interlobular veins (81.0%).ConclusionsPulmonary emphysematous changes (LAA within interstitial abnormalities on HRCT and destruction of fibrously thickened alveolar walls) are specific and novel radio-pathological features of SSc-ILD. Peripheral vasculopathy may help to destroy the fibrously thickened alveolar walls, resulting in emphysematous change in SSc-ILD.

Development of an experimental model of a decellularized kidney scaffold by perfusion mode and analyzing the three-dimensional extracellular matrix architecture by edge detection method

Renal transplant is treatment of choice for the patients with end stage renal disease. The kidney transplants are expensive and there are risks of immunological and infectious complications. We planned to develop an in vitro decellularized kidney scaffold model using sheep kidney. Kidney decellularization was carried out by perfusing chemical detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), SDS and trypsin, and SDS and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solvent solution. Complete kidney was decellularized in 5 days by perfusing various chemical detergents in time-dependent intervals. Histological finding revealed the complete removal of cellular material in various regions of renal corpuscle, distal convoluted tubules, other cortex and medulla region. Details of interlobular veins and arteries were seen through naked eyes after trypan blue dye injection. We used edge detection technique for developing a three-dimensional (3-D) image (Image J software) for nephrological vasculature constructed of decellularized kidney scaffold specimen. This technique opens a gateway for the whole organ decellularization by perfusion technology and further imaging of its 3-D extracellular matrix texture by edge detection technique software.

Морфологічні особливості кровоносних судин тимуса новонароджених телят

The blood vessels of thymus of newborn calves were studied by using a complex of histological methods and methods of injection of blood vessels. Calf thymus gland is an unpaired organ consisting of a pair of cervical, unpaired cervical and thoracic lobes. Radiating insertions (septa) extrude from the capsule, dividing organ on lobules. Stroma (6.53 ± 2.33%) consists of loose connective tissue. The base of the lobules is formed by a lymphoid tissue (epithelial with cells of the lymphoid series). The area of the parenchyma of the diurnal calves’ thymus is 80.57 ± 3.46%. The thymus lobes consist of cortex (57.97 ± 3.38%) and medulla (22.60 ± 2.71%). There are concentric, nest-like bodies called Hassall's corpuscles in the medulla. The blood vessels of the thymus are interlobular and intralobular. Interlobular arteries are a continuation of extraorganic arteries. The diameter, caliber and thickness of the wall of arteries and veins, as well as microcirculatory vessels are different, which is due to functional activity. Some blood vessels branch out in the interlobular stroma, while others penetrate into the lobules, where they branch into microcirculatory vessels. In the cortex the blood vessels are radially branched, and in the medulla they form polygonal plexuses. Blood vessels of the thymus are represented by arteries, veins and microcirculatory vessels. The parameters of the wall of intralobular vessels are less than interlobular. The total area of the blood vessels of the thoracic part of the thymus is 12.89 ± 0.97%, interlobular – 4.28 ± 0.61% and intralobular – 8.61 ± 0.54%. The area of interlobular arteries is 11.71 ± 0.41%, which is slightly smaller than the area of interlobular veins (19.09 ± 0.86%).Microcirculatory vessels occupy the smallest area – 2.33 ± 0.05%. The area of intralobular arteries (9.60± 0.83%) is less, and the veins (22.08 ± 0.45%) are larger than interlobular. Microcirculatory vessels occupy the largest area in the lobe – 35.14 ± 0.88%. The wall of arteries and veins consists of intima, media and adventitia. Microcirculatory vessels are represented by arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries and venules. The wall of arterioles consists of an intima, which is formed by endotheliocytes on the basement membrane, a media, which is made up principally of smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibers arranged in roughly spiral layers, and an adventitia. The structure of the precapillary wall is similar to such in arterioles, but only single smooth muscle cells are in the media. The wall of capillaries and venous section of microcirculatory vessels are formed by endotheliocytes and the basement membrane.

Pulmonary vascular remodeling patterns and expression of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

Heritable pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is linked to mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 (EIF2AK4) gene, leading to a loss of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2). The role of GCN2 expression in pulmonary vascular remodeling remains obscure. We sought to identify specific histologic and biologic features in heritable PVOD. Clinical data and lung histology of 24 PVOD patients (12 EIF2AK4 mutation carriers, 12 non-carriers) were submitted to systematic histologic analysis and semiautomated morphometry. GCN2 expression was quantified by Western blotting in 24 PVOD patients, 44 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; 23 bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II [BMPR2] mutation carriers, 21 non-carriers), and 3 experimental pulmonary hypertension models. PVOD patients showed a significant decrease of pulmonary arterial patency (p < 0.0001) compared with healthy controls. Histology of EIF2AK4 mutation carriers was distinctive from non-carriers regarding (1) arterial remodeling, with significantly more severe intimal fibrosis (p = 0.001), less severe medial hypertrophy (p = 0.001), and (2) stronger muscular hyperplasia of interlobular septal veins (p = 0.002). GCN2 expression was abolished in heritable PVOD (p < 0.0001), but also importantly decreased in sporadic PVOD (p = 0.03) as well as in heritable (p = 0.002) and idiopathic PAH (p = 0.003); moreover, GCN2 was abolished in 2 experimental pulmonary hypertension models and importantly decreased in 1 model (p < 0.0001 for all models). Pulmonary arterial remodeling in PVOD is present to an important extent. A significant decrease of GCN2 expression is a common denominator of all tested groups of PVOD and PAH, including their respective experimental models. Our results underline specific morphologic and biologic similarities between PAH and PVOD and let us consider both conditions rather in one large spectrum of disease than as two distinct and clear-cut entities.

The Vascular Microarchitecture of the Human Fetal Pancreas: A Corrosion Casting and Scanning Electron Microscopy Study.

Detailed knowledge on the development of the pancreas is required to understand the variability in its blood supply. The aim of our study was to use the corrosion casting method combined with scanning electron microscopy to study the organization of the pancreatic microcirculation in human fetuses. The study was conducted on 28 human fetuses aged 18 to 25 gestational weeks. The fetal vasculature was appropriately prepared and then perfused with a low-viscosity Mercox CL-2R resin. The prepared vascular casts of the surface of the fetal pancreas were then examined in scanning electron microscopy and digitally analyzed. The lobular structure of the pancreas has a strong impact on the organization of the microvasculature. The lobular networks were supplied by the interlobular arteries and drained by the interlobular veins. The vascular system of fetal human pancreas has many portal connections, including islet-lobule and islet-duct portal circulations, which likely play a key role in the coordination of both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions. The organization of the microvascular network of the human pancreas in fetuses aged 18 to 25 gestational weeks is very similar to that of an adult but with more prominent features suggesting active processes of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling.

Effects of Melatonin, Aluminum Oxide, and Polymethylsiloxane Complex on the Expression of LYVE-1 in the Liver of Mice with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The effects of melatonin, aluminum oxide, and polymethylsiloxane complex on the expression of LYVE-1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor) in the liver were studied in db/db mice with experimental obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The complex or placebo was administered daily by gavage from week 8 to week 16 of life. The animals receiving the complex exhibited enhanced, in comparison with the placebo group, immunohistochemical LYVE-1+ staining of endothelial cells in sinusoids. Enhanced expression of LYVE-1 was associated with less pronounced dilatation of interlobular arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. Thee findings suggest a protective effect of the complex towards structural changes in the liver of mice with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Lung Pathology in Pediatric Pulmonary Vein Stenosis.

Pulmonary vein stenosis is a rare progressive narrowing of the extrapulmonary pulmonary veins, presenting predominantly in infancy and virtually always lethal. It typically arises following repair of congenital heart disease, particularly anomalous pulmonary venous return. Histologic characterization of pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis, not previously well described, may provide insight into the disease pathobiology. We retrieved archival lung specimens (biopsy, explant, or autopsy) from patients with pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis. Medical records were reviewed. Microscopic examination included hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides, and for a subset of patients, elastic, trichrome, smooth-muscle actin, and D2-40. Groups with different clinical disease features were compared using Fisher's exact test. A total of 33 patients (median age, 7 months) had available tissue and 52% had congenital heart disease; 18% were premature. Within the lungs, interlobular septal veins showed thickened muscular coats (in 58%), proliferation/tortuosity (in 6%), and fibromyxoid intimal proliferation (in 3%). Associated arterial hypertensive changes were seen in 30 (91%). The one patient with intrapulmonary venous fibromyxoid intimal proliferation was the only patient with apparent primary familial disease. Lymphangiectasia and arterial medial hypertrophy were histologic features that correlated with clinical grouping. We conclude that in pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis, intrapulmonary pulmonary veins commonly show muscular thickening, best interpreted as venous hypertensive remodeling. Fibromyxoid intimal proliferation resembling that of the extrapulmonary pulmonary veins is uncommon. Awareness of intrapulmonary features in various clinical subtypes of pulmonary vein stenosis may be diagnostically and therapeutically informative considering that current catheter-based and surgical therapy is directed at the extrapulmonary component of pulmonary vein stenosis.

Angiogenesis of interlobular hepatic arteries and veins and the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in peroxisome proliferator-induced rat hepatomegaly

Angiogenesis of interlobular hepatic arteries and veins and the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in peroxisome proliferator-induced rat hepatomegaly

REGENERATIVE PECULIARITIES OF LIVER TISSUE AFTER HEMOSTASIS BY NONEQUILIBRIUM PLASMA ON 90TH AND 180TH DAY (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)

Liver damages occur to 17.8% of blunt abdominal trauma cases. Postoperative mortality in liver damage is a high. It amounts to 4–10% in case of stab wounds, to 30.4–35,2% in case of closed injury, to 39.3% in case of concomitant injury. Complete hemostasis without damage to organ parenchyma is needed for liver surgical operation. The aim of research is to evaluate the regenerative characteristics of liver tissue after hemostasis by nonequilibrium plasma in a long-term period. Material and methods. Research was performed on 20 laboratory rats, 3 experimental groups. 10 intact animals and 5 animals in groups on 90th and 180th day. Surgery is resection of liver left lobe and coagulation with cold plasma coagulator. The biochemical control (glucose, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, direct, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, urea, α-amylase, CRP, fibrinogen, aPTT, PTT, INR), morphological study of rat liver were performed. Results. After surgery with cold plasma hemostasis animals are active, early begin to eat. Fatal cases are not. Analysis of biochemical markers doesn't reveal statistically significant differences from the norm for the majority of indicators. Decrease of glucose concentration in the blood serum is observed in a long-term period. Histological analysis reveals an increase of the central and interlobular veins and moderate signs of edema on the 90th day. Hepatocytes with pronounced signs of protein and fatty degeneration are identified. Liver histology corresponds to the usual structure and is represented by liver lobules, separated by a small layer of connective tissue on the 180th day. Conclusion. Cold plasma coagulation in liver surgery showed effective hemostasis, minimal trauma of organ parenchyma, the lack of systemic effect and the subsequent complete regeneration of liver tissue in the treatment area.

In situ visualization of a glycoform of transferrin: localization of α2,6-sialylated transferrin in the liver.

We previously found that a lectin, Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin (SSA), bound to α2,6-sialylated glycan epitopes on transferrin and inhibited anti-transferrin antibody binding to the antigen in ELISA (SSA inhibition). Here we report that SSA inhibition is applicable to immunohistochemistry, localizing α2,6-sialylated transferrin in the liver. Immunohistochemistry using anti-transferrin polyclonal antibody revealed that transferrin was detected in hepatocytes near interlobular veins. Addition of SSA lectin markedly attenuated the staining. Sialidase treatment of a liver section abolished SSA binding and concomitantly cancelled SSA inhibition, suggesting that SSA binding to glycan epitopes on the section was essential for the inhibition. To examine the importance of proximity between antigen epitopes and SSA-binding (glycosylation) sites, we prepared two anti-peptide antibodies against partial amino acid sequences of transferrin. One antibody (Tf-596Ab) is against a peptide sequence, Cys596-Ala614, which is proximal to N-glycosylation sites (Asn-432 and Asn-630). The other (Tf-120Ab) is against a peptide sequence, Val120-Cys137, distal to the sites. The staining signals of Tf-596Ab were reduced by the addition of SSA, whereas those of Tf-120Ab were reduced only a little. This result suggests that proximity of the antigen epitope to SSA binding sites is critical for SSA inhibition in immunohistochemistry.

Renal failure due to renal vein thrombosis in a fetus with growth restriction and thrombophilia

We report a case of renal vein thrombosis diagnosed at 27 weeks of gestation in a dichorionic twin pregnancy. The left kidney of one fetus was hyperechoic and enlarged with echoic streaks following the direction of interlobular veins and the loss of corticomedullary differentiation. In the following weeks, left kidney became smaller and echoic, and Doppler examination showed no flow in both artery and vein. The right kidney had totally normal appearance in the beginning, but it became enlarged and hyperechoic, and progressed into a small echoic kidney with no flow in artery and vein. In the postnatal ultrasound examination, both kidneys appeared hyperechoic with no vascularization in the hilum region. There was thrombosis in arteries and veins of both kidneys, as well as in the inferior vena cava. The investigation for thrombophilia resulted with the combined presence of heterozygote mutation in factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210 genes.

Intrathoracic Ectopic Liver in a Cow

ABSTRACTA solitary spherical mass was found in the caudal part of the cranial lobe of the left lung of a 28-month-old Japanese Black cow. The mass was circumscribed, embedded in the lung parenchyma and not connected to the liver or diaphragm. Histologically, the mass comprised hepatocytes, portal structures consisting of interlobular bile ducts, interlobular arteries and interlobular veins, and central veins. Based on the histological findings, a diagnosis of intrathoracic ectopic liver was made. Considering the absence of any previous history of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia or surgery, the mass might have resulted from a congenital abnormality. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intrathoracic ectopic liver in a cow that might have resulted from a congenital abnormality.

Effects of high frequency noise on female rat's multi-organ histology.

To investigate the pathological damage of high-frequency stable noise exposure on the brain, heart, liver, and spleen of female rat's. Controlled animal intervention study. Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the experimental group were exposed to continuous high-frequency stable noise for 2 weeks (3 h/day)followed by the pathological damages in the rat's brain, heart, liver, and spleen were compared with those of the control group. After 2 weeks' continuous exposure to high-frequency stable noise, compared with the control group, the most prominent histopathologic changes in the brain tissue structures of the experimental group included loose disorder, hyperemia, edema, blood vessels expand, glial cell hyperplasia, mild atypia in some areas (hyperchromatic nuclei, irregular karyotype), and no degeneration and necrosis. There were dilatation and congestion of central vein, hepatic sinus, and interlobular veins of liver tissue. The structure of hepatic lobule was destroyed by inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as lymphoid nodule formation. There was hyperemia in spleen, but the structure was clear. There was extravasated blood, and the splenic sinuses were highly expanded by a blood clot. Hyperplasias of the lymphoid of white pulp were also active. There was dilation and congestion in myocardial interstitial vascular, and there was mild degeneration and hyperemia in myocardial cells. No hemorrhage and myocardial necrosis were observed. High-frequency stable noise can cause pathological damage in brain, liver, spleen, and heart tissues of female rat at a various degree.

Experimental Model of Lower Pole Nephrectomy Using Human 3-Dimensional Endocasts: Analysis of Vascular Injuries

To establish an experimental model for lower pole nephrectomy using 3-dimensional endocasts of human kidneys. We studied 38 adult kidneys. The ureters, veins, and arteries were dissected and injected with yellow, blue, and red polyester resin, respectively. While the resins were still in a gel state, we performed lower pole guillotine sections at various distances from the hilar zone. The sample was divided into 4 groups: A, At hilar zone (11 kidneys); B, 0.5 cm from the hilar zone (12 kidneys); C, 1.0 cm from the hilar zone (8 kidneys); and D, 1.5 cm from the hilar zone (7 kidneys). At hilar zone-arteries: in 4 cases (36.36%), the lower segmental artery (LSA) was injured; veins: in 5 cases (45.45%), the lower venous trunk was injured (LVT). B: 0.5 cm from the hilar zone-arteries: the LSA was injured in 1 case (8.3%); veins: in 4 cases (33.3%), a lesion occurred to the LVT. C: 1.0 cm from the hilar zone-arteries: there were no lesions to LSA, but the infundibular arteries were damaged in all cases; veins: the interlobular veins were damaged in 3 of 11 cases (27.27%). D: 1.5 from the hilar zone-arteries: we observed lesions to the infundibular arteries in all cases; veins: arcuate veins were damaged in 4 of 7 cases (57.14%). Lower pole nephrectomies performed at less than 1.0 cm from the hilar zone presented a significantly high incidence of injuries to large arteries and veins.

827 EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF LOWER POLE NEPHRECTOMY USING HUMAN TRIDIMENSIONAL ENDOCASTS: ANALYSIS OF VASCULAR INJURIES

You have accessJournal of UrologyTechnology & Instruments: Laparoscopy: Malignant & Benign Disease1 Apr 2013827 EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF LOWER POLE NEPHRECTOMY USING HUMAN TRIDIMENSIONAL ENDOCASTS: ANALYSIS OF VASCULAR INJURIES luciano favorito and francisco jose b. sampaio luciano favoritoluciano favorito rio de janeiro, Brazil More articles by this author and francisco jose b. sampaiofrancisco jose b. sampaio rio de janeiro, Brazil More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.394AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES A good understanding of intrarenal anatomy, especially in relation to lower pole vessels, is of utmost importance for laparoscopy and robotic surgery in nephron-sparing surgery. The aim of the present study is to establish an experimental model for lower pole nephrectomy using tridimensional endocasts of human kidneys. METHODS We studied 38 kidneys from adults. The ureters, veins and arteries (ART) were dissected and injected with yellow, blue and red polyester resin, respectively. While this resin was still in gel state, we performed upper pole guillotine sections at various distances from the hilar zone, thereby dividing our sample in four groups: (a) hilar zone (11 kidneys); (b) 0.5cm from the hilar zone (12 kidneys); (c) 1.0cmfrom the hilar zone (8 kidneys); and (d) 1.5cm from the hilar zone (7 kidneys). After polymerization of the resin, kidney samples were placed in HCl for corrosion of organic matter, which yielded tridimensional endocasts of the arterial, venous and collecting systems. We then examined the casts for damaged structures. To perform the contingence analysis of the populations studied we used Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). RESULTS Retropelvic artery was not damaged in the 38 cases. Hilar zone: A) ART: In 4 cases (36.36%), lower segmental artery (LSA) was injured. All cases in this group presented injury of infundibular art. B) VEINS: In five cases (45.45%) occurred damage of the lower venous trunk (LVT). All cases in this group presented damage of interlobular, arcuate and stellate veins. 0.5 from the hilar zone: A) ART: LSA was injured in 1 case (8.3%). In all cases infundibular art were damaged. B) VEINS: In four cases (33.3%) occurred damage of the LVT. All cases in this group presented damage of interlobular, arcuate and stellate veins. 1.0 from the hilar zone: A) ART: LSA was not damaged in this group. In all cases infundibular art were damaged. B) VEINS: LVT was not damaged in this group. Interlobular veins were damaged in 3 out of 11 cases (27.27%). All cases in this group presented damage of arcuate and stellate veins. 1.5 from the hilar zone: A) ART: LSA was not damaged in this group. In all cases we observed damage of the infundibular art. B) VEINS: There was no damage to LVT and interlobar veins. Arcuate veins were damaged in 4 of 7 cases (57.14%). All cases of this group presented damage to stellate veins. CONCLUSIONS Lower pole nephrectomies performed at less than 1.0cm from the hilar zone presented a significant high incidence of injuries in larger arteries and veins. Nephrectomies at this level should therefore be avoided or performed with maximum care. © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4SApril 2013Page: e339 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information luciano favorito rio de janeiro, Brazil More articles by this author francisco jose b. sampaio rio de janeiro, Brazil More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...