Interior States Research Articles

Puppet bodies: reflections and revisions of marionette movement theories in Philippe Gaulier’s Neutral Mask pedagogy

This article examines two aspects of Philippe Gaulier’s pedagogy in relation to the development of Neutral Mask pedagogies in twentieth-century French mime training, specifically those responding to nineteenth and early twentieth-century marionette theories of movement. The first is his strategic use of disorientation through lack of instruction (via negativa) in order to make visible inculturated embodied habits; the second is his emphasis on the performer embodying genuine ‘pleasure’ as she pretends to have a different emotion. The paper examines these techniques in the context of Neutral Mask training, and its development during the twentieth century in France, in order to consider the ways in which they both reflect and revise nineteenth- and early twentieth-century marionette theories of performer movement as espoused in particular by Heinrich von Kleist and Edward Gordon Craig. It considers the ways in which constructions of the ‘natural’ body as pursued by Jacques Copeau and later Étienne Decroux and Jacques Lecoq respond to these marionette theories which seek to do away entirely with interior states such as consciousness and emotion, and in placing these responses alongside Gaulier’s deployments of disorientation and ‘pleasure’. It suggests that Gaulier’s techniques of disorientation serve a similar function to donning the neutral mask in stripping away learned habits of movement, and that his emphasis on experiencing and demonstrating ‘pleasure’ in the pretence of performance both reflects marionette theories by replicating the puppeteer/puppet dynamic, and revises them by foregrounding emotionality.

A Riemann solver for a system of hyperbolic conservation laws at a general road junction

The kinematic wave model of traffic flow on a road network is a system of hyperbolic conservation laws, for which the Riemann solver is of physical, analytical, and numerical importance. In this paper, we present a new Riemann solver at a general network junction in the demand-supply space. In the Riemann solutions, traffic states on a link include the initial, stationary, and interior states, and a discrete Cell Transmission Model flux function in interior states is used as an entropy condition, which is consistent with fair merging and first-in-first-out diverging rules. After deriving the feasibility conditions for both stationary and interior states, we obtain a set of algebraic equations, and prove that the Riemann solver is well-defined, in the sense that the stationary states, the out-fluxes of upstream links, the in-fluxes of downstream links, and kinematic waves on all links can be uniquely solved. In addition, we show that the resulting global flux function in initial states is the same as the local one in interior states. Hence we presents a new definition of invariant junction models, in which the global and local flux functions are the same. We also present a simplified framework for solving the Riemann problem with invariant junction flux functions.

Excess electrons in methanol clusters: Beyond the one-electron picture.

We performed a series of comparative quantum chemical calculations on various size negatively charged methanol clusters, CH3OHn-. The clusters are examined in their optimized geometries (n = 2-4), and in geometries taken from mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations at finite temperature (n = 2-128). These latter structures model potential electron binding sites in methanol clusters and in bulk methanol. In particular, we compute the vertical detachment energy (VDE) of an excess electron from increasing size methanol cluster anions using quantum chemical computations at various levels of theory including a one-electron pseudopotential model, several density functional theory (DFT) based methods, MP2 and coupled-cluster CCSD(T) calculations. The results suggest that at least four methanol molecules are needed to bind an excess electron on a hydrogen bonded methanol chain in a dipole bound state. Larger methanol clusters are able to form stronger interactions with an excess electron. The two simulated excess electron binding motifs in methanol clusters, interior and surface states, correlate well with distinct, experimentally found VDE tendencies with size. Interior states in a solvent cavity are stabilized significantly stronger than electron states on cluster surfaces. Although we find that all the examined quantum chemistry methods more or less overestimate the strength of the experimental excess electron stabilization, MP2, LC-BLYP, and BHandHLYP methods with diffuse basis sets provide a significantly better estimate of the VDE than traditional DFT methods (BLYP, B3LYP, X3LYP, PBE0). A comparison to the better performing many electron methods indicates that the examined one-electron pseudopotential can be reasonably used in simulations for systems of larger size.

The geophysical environment of Bennu

An analysis of the surface and interior state of Asteroid (101955) Bennu, the target asteroid of the OSIRIS-REx sample return mission, is given using models based on Earth-based observations of this body. These observations have enabled models of its shape, spin state, mass and surface properties to be developed. Based on these data the range of surface and interior states possible for this body are evaluated, assuming a uniform mass distribution. These products include the geopotential, surface slopes, near-surface dynamical environment, interior stress states and other quantities of interest. In addition, competing theories for its current shape are reviewed along with the relevant planned OSIRIS-REx measurements.

Horizon strings and interior states of a black hole

We provide an explicit construction of classical strings that have endpoints on the horizons of the 2D Lorentzian black hole. We argue that this is a dual description of geodesics that are localized around the horizon which are the Lorentzian counterparts of the winding strings of the Euclidean black hole (the cigar geometry). Identifying these with the states of the black hole, we can expect that issues of black hole information loss can be posed sharply in terms of a fully quantizable string theory.

Observation of surface-state transport in ultrathin Sb

We report magnetotransport studies of ultrathin Sb films. Sb has been identified as a topologically nontrivial element; as a semimetal, however, the interior states dominate the transport in bulk samples. In the ultrathin films studied here, quantum confinement suppresses the interior transport such that surface transport accounts for about $15%$ of the conduction in 10-bilayer-thick Sb structures. For thicknesses between 5 and 16 bilayers, the conduction increases linearly with film thickness, extrapolating to a finite remnant conductivity at zero film thickness. Weak antilocalization (WAL) is observed at low magnetic fields with thickness independent values of the phase breaking length and prefactor ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) implying surface transport coupled to residual interior conduction. At high fields we see an evolution of the magnetoresistance (MR) field dependence from parabolic to sublinear as a function of film thickness. The data are reproduced by a simple model combining parallel parabolic MR from the interior and WAL from the surface.

Analysis of Kinematic Waves Arising in Diverging Traffic Flow Models

Diverging junctions are important network bottlenecks, and a better understanding of diverging traffic dynamics has both theoretical and practical implications. In this paper, we present a new framework for constructing kinematic wave solutions to the Riemann problem of kinematic wave models of diverging traffic with jump initial conditions. Within this framework, the function space of weak solutions is enlarged to include interior states that occur with stationary discontinuities, and various discrete flux functions in cell transmission models of diverging traffic are used as entropy conditions to pick out unique physical solutions. Then in demand-supply space, we prove that the Riemann problem can be uniquely solved for existing discrete flux functions, in the sense that stationary states and, therefore, shock or rarefaction waves on all links, can be uniquely determined under given initial conditions. We show that the two diverge models by Lebacque and Daganzo are asymptotically equivalent. We also prove that the supply proportional and priority-based diverge models are locally optimal evacuation strategies. With numerical examples, we demonstrate the validity of the analytical solutions of interior states, stationary states, and corresponding kinematic waves. This study presents a unified framework for analyzing traffic dynamics arising at diverging junctions and could be helpful for developing emergency evacuation strategies.

What do stakeholders need to manage for climate change and variability? A document-based analysis from three mountain states in the Western USA

Resource managers and governments at all scales are becoming more aware of the challenges and opportunities that climate change and variability pose for their operational goals. At the same time, providers of climate information are learning that simply creating and disseminating information without context does not necessarily serve the needs of decision makers. As a result, calls for new ways of supporting decision making and supplying information abound. Many of these calls suggest that much more consultation with stakeholders is necessary in order to effectively serve their needs and provide usable information. While this is undoubtedly true, there is also in many cases an existing wealth of experience understanding needs of stakeholders that could be assessed before additional interaction is warranted. The goal of this study was to produce a baseline of stakeholder needs with respect to climate-related decision making from existing documents in three interior western states in the USA to examine patterns of needs and avoid stakeholder fatigue. The results suggest that stakeholders express needs for additional data and research, improved communication and coordination among data and information providers, education of their various publics, and changes to policy and legal frameworks to better manage under a changing climate. Stakeholders express these needs in the context of trying to assess expected impacts, characterize their current and future vulnerability, and manage for future change. The needs and gaps identified suggest opportunities for additional interagency coordination, methods for prioritizing and funding data streams, and partnerships for understanding future climate scenarios.

Hydrologic Prediction over the Conterminous United States Using the National Multi-Model Ensemble

Abstract The authors analyzed the skill of monthly and seasonal soil moisture (SM) and runoff (RO) forecasts over the United States performed by driving the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model with forcings derived from the National Multi-Model Ensemble hindcasts (NMME_VIC). The grand ensemble mean NMME_VIC forecasts were compared to ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) forecasts derived from the VIC model forced by resampling of historical observations during the forecast period (ESP_VIC), using the same initial conditions as NMME_VIC. The forecast period is from 1982 to 2010, with the forecast initialized on 1 January, 1 April, 5 July, and 3 October. Overall, forecast skill is seasonally and regionally dependent. The authors found that 1) the skill of the grand ensemble mean NMME_VIC forecasts is comparable with that of the individual model that has the highest skill; 2) for all forecast initiation dates, the initial conditions play a dominant role in forecast skill at 1-month lead, and at longer lead times, forcings derived from NMME forecasts start to contribute to forecast skill; and 3) the initial conditions dominate contributions to skill for a dry climate regime that covers the western interior states for all seasons and the north-central part of the country for January. In this regime, the forecast skill for both methods is high even at 3-month lead. This regime has low mean precipitation and precipitation variations, and the influence of precipitation on SM and RO is weak. In contrast, a wet regime covers the region from the Gulf states to the Tennessee and Ohio Valleys for forecasts initialized in January and April, the Southwest monsoon region, the Southeast, and the East Coast in summer. In these dynamically active regions, where rainfall depends on the path of the moisture transport and atmospheric forcing, forecast skill is low. For this regime, the climate forecasts contribute to skill. Skillful precipitation forecasts after lead 1 have the potential to improve SM and RO forecast skill, but it was found that this mostly was not the case for the NMME models.

Hydration dynamics in water clusters via quantum molecular dynamics simulations

We have investigated the hydration dynamics in size selected water clusters with n = 66, 104, 200, 500, and 1000 water molecules using molecular dynamics simulations. To study the most fundamental aspects of relaxation phenomena in clusters, we choose one of the simplest, still realistic, quantum mechanically treated test solute, an excess electron. The project focuses on the time evolution of the clusters following two processes, electron attachment to neutral equilibrated water clusters and electron detachment from an equilibrated water cluster anion. The relaxation dynamics is significantly different in the two processes, most notably restoring the equilibrium final state is less effective after electron attachment. Nevertheless, in both scenarios only minor cluster size dependence is observed. Significantly different relaxation patterns characterize electron detachment for interior and surface state clusters, interior state clusters relaxing significantly faster. This observation may indicate a potential way to distinguish surface state and interior state water cluster anion isomers experimentally. A comparison of equilibrium and non-equilibrium trajectories suggests that linear response theory breaks down for electron attachment at 200 K, but the results converge to reasonable agreement at higher temperatures. Relaxation following electron detachment clearly belongs to the linear regime. Cluster relaxation was also investigated using two different computational models, one preferring cavity type interior states for the excess electron in bulk water, while the other simulating non-cavity structure. While the cavity model predicts appearance of several different hydrated electron isomers in agreement with experiment, the non-cavity model locates only cluster anions with interior excess electron distribution. The present simulations show that surface isomers computed with the cavity predicting potential show similar dynamical behavior to the interior clusters of the non-cavity type model. Relaxation associated with cavity collapse presents, however, unique dynamical signatures.

Critiquiness

Research Article| September 01 2013 Critiquiness Christopher Castiglia Christopher Castiglia Pennsylvania State University cxc67@psu.edu Christopher Castiglia is liberal arts research professor at The Pennsylvania State University. His publications include Bound and Determined: Captivity, Culture-Crossing and White Womanhood From Mary Rowlandson to Patty Hearst (1996), Interior States: Institutional Consciousness and the Inner Life of Democracy in the Antebellum U.S. (2008), and If Memory Serves: Gay Men, AIDS, and the Promise of the Queer Past (with Chrisotpher Reed) (2011). Current projects include The Practices of Hope: Critical Possibility after the Cold War. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google English Language Notes (2013) 51 (2): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-51.2.79 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Christopher Castiglia; Critiquiness. English Language Notes 1 September 2013; 51 (2): 79–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-51.2.79 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsEnglish Language Notes Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2013 Regents of the University of Colorado2013 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Level–phase independent stationary distributions for GI/M/1-type Markov chains with infinitely-many phases

GI/M/1-type Markov chains are two-dimensional processes, with one dimension called the level and the other the phase. When such a chain is positive-recurrent and the phase space is finite, much is known about the properties of the stationary distribution. In particular, it is known how to derive the decay rate as the level variable approaches infinity. However, when the phase space is infinite, the properties are more complicated. A range of decay rates may be achievable and the transition structure at the boundary has a strong influence on the stationary distribution.In this paper, we show that, for given transition probabilities in the interior states, it is possible under mild conditions to change the boundary transition probabilities in such a way that the level and phase are independent under the stationary distribution and furthermore, one may choose the decay rate of the stationary distribution from the entire range compatible with the interior transition rates.

Carbon benefits from protected areas in the conterminous United States.

BackgroundConversion of forests to other land cover or land use releases the carbon stored in the forests and reduces carbon sequestration potential of the land. The rate of forest conversion could be reduced by establishing protected areas for biological diversity and other conservation goals. The purpose of this study is to quantify the efficiency and potential of forest land protection for mitigating GHG emissions.ResultsThe analysis of related national-level datasets shows that during the period of 1992–2001 net forest losses in protected areas were small as compared to those in unprotected areas: -0.74% and −4.07%, respectively. If forest loss rates in protected and unprotected area had been similar, then forest losses in the protected forestlands would be larger by 870 km2/yr forests, that corresponds to release of 7 Tg C/yr (1 Tg=1012 g). Conversely, and continuing to assume no leakage effects or interactions of prices and harvest levels, about 1,200 km2/yr forests could have remained forest during the period of 1992–2001 if net area loss rate in the forestland outside protected areas was reduced by 20%. Not counting carbon in harvested wood products, this is equivalent to reducing fossil-fuel based carbon emissions by 10 Tg C/yr during this period. The South and West had much higher potentials to mitigate GHG emission from reducing loss rates in unprotected forests than that of North region. Spatially, rates of forest loss were higher across the coastal states in the southeastern US than would be expected from their population change, while interior states in the northern US experienced less forest area loss than would have been expected given their demographic characteristics.ConclusionsThe estimated carbon benefit from the reduced forest loss based on current protected areas is 7 Tg C/yr, equivalent to the average carbon benefit per year for a previously proposed ten-year $110 million per year tree planting program scenario in the US. If there had been a program that could have reduced forest area loss by 20% in unprotected forestlands during 1992–2001, collectively the benefits from reduced forest loss would be equal to 9.4% of current net forest ecosystem carbon sequestration in the conterminous US.

Surface properties for α-cluster nuclear matter

We introduce a new microscopic model for α-cluster matter, which simulates the properties of ordinary nuclear matter and α-clustering in a curved surface of a large but finite nucleus. The model is based on a nested icosahedral fullerene-like multiple-shell structure, where each vertex is occupied by a microscopic α-particle. The novel aspect of this model is that it allows a consistent description of nuclear surface properties from microscopic parameters to be made without using the leptodermous expansion. In particular, we show that the calculated surface energy is in excellent agreement with the corresponding coefficient of the Bethe-Weizäcker semi-empirical mass formula. We discuss the properties of the surface α-cluster state, which resembles an ultra cold bosonic quantum gas trapped in an optical lattice. By comparing the surface and interior states we are able to estimate the α preformation probability. Possible extensions of this model to study nuclear dynamics through surface vibrations and departures from approximate sphericity are mentioned.

The Dissolving Specific

The Dissolving Specific Robert Glick (bio) A Tendency To Be Gone. Pamela Ryder. Dzanc Books. http://www.dzancbooks.org. 168 pages; paper, $15.95 In Pamela Ryder’s second book, A Tendency to be Gone, very little remains safe from the risk of dissolution. Objects, people, self, language, knowledge—all gravitate towards disappearance; some are provisionally recovered. “I have a tendency to lose things,” explains the narrator of the title track. “A tendency to lose what I am telling.” Through many of the stories in the collection, what is lost is not simply the thread of the narrative, but rather any certainty about origins, about what we know. In “Three Men,” the narrator’s father looks for the source of the narrator’s rotting house. “Seraphim,” the longest story in the collection, takes place during the Black Death: in the priory, the community of women discuss learn and relearn how to use the land as they learn and unlearn how to avoid the plague. Whether in the nunnery, rural Africa, or the wilderness, Ryder takes into specific realms that force us to evaluate what we do or do know. Ultimately, the tension between uncertainty and epistemology forms an extended meditation on the relation between knowledge, gender, and language. In part, A Tendency to be Gone is an elusive book because its stories, narrated often in the first person, enact an uncertainty about the self. The “I” rarely has a name attached to it, which results in a character named “I” (perhaps, oddly, similar to the narrator in Italo Calvino’s Cosmicomics) who seems to travel through time and space. The bleeding of pronouns extends to other characters; most notably the numerous “he” figures in the story. Further, a repeated use of passive tense either removes the subject entirely or gives the subject a collective, yet still unnamed identity. The notion of a readable character, made instable by the blurring of pronouns, is further distilled by the fact that the stories in A Tendency to be Gone are not plot heavy and spend very little time in flashback or memory. Temporally, even though some stories take place in the distant past, the narrative tense gives the feel of a present continually unfolding; the experience of the past cannot act as a guide. Ryder’s development of character traits runs less by what the characters think (there’s almost no interiority), do, or say than by their interaction with language or their exploration of the natural world. If there are external dramas (the devolution of a marriage, an illicit affair, a quest to be unalienated from the natural world), the interior states of the narrators are played out through the external objects narrated and the desire to narrate through the vocabulary of these objects. In this respect, Ryder’s work stands in dialogue with the late novels of David Markson (odd couple!), in which character is described by the choice of quotes chosen by the narrator. If A Tendency to be Gone is difficult, it is not because its lyrical, punning, and inquisitive sentences are complex, or because its stories do not prioritize character or plot, but because the collection uses language in simultaneously unfamiliar and repetitive ways that force a reexamination of how we use specific vocabularies to engage with the material world. In the opening story, “Hovenweep,” the first-person narrator’s relationship with her (presumably) partner is exposed and complicated by his unceasing technical denotation of the land’s formations, its rocks and branches. “‘Basalt,’ he says, ‘Apache’s tears,’ and ‘travertine,’ and names hard things. But sandstone is what this canyon is—wind-scoured, river cut and carved, leached through and leaving behind the buttes and mesas, the solid buttresses that fall to pieces in a breeze.” This passage gives us Ryder’s lyrical prose through specific vocabularies: a defamiliarized language used by the narrator to learn and relearn, to gain access to the actual material signified. These specific sets of signifiers—the discussions of making things by hand, of using the land as salve and nourishment, of preventing sickness, take us into a state of unknowing. These worlds contain objects (including language) that are still potent, still...

Hierarchies of intramolecular vibration–rotation dynamical processes in acetylene up to 13,000 cm−1

The vibration–rotation dynamics of acetylene are computed from a spectroscopic Hamiltonian with 468 parameters fit to 19,582 vibration–rotation transitions up to 13,000 cm−1 of vibrational energy. In this energy range, both the bending and the CH stretching vibrations can reach large amplitudes, but the maximum energy remains below the threshold for isomerization to vinylidene. In contrast to the behavior at energies below 5000 cm−1 [Mol. Phys. 108, 1115 (2010)], excitation of single bright states leads, in almost all cases, to computed intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) that is irreversible on the timescales investigated. Hierarchies of IVR processes on timescales ranging from 20 fs to 20 ps result when different bright states are excited. Different parts of the vibrational quantum number space are explored as a result of the four different classes of coupling terms: vibrational l-type resonance, anharmonic resonances, the rotational l-type resonance, and Coriolis couplings. The initial IVR rates are very different depending on whether the bright states are bending states or stretching states, normal modes or local modes, edge states or interior states. However, the rates of the rotationally mediated couplings do not depend substantially on these distinctions.

A kinematic wave theory of multi-commodity network traffic flow

A systematic understanding of traffic dynamics on road networks is crucial for many transportation studies and can help to develop more efficient ramp metering, evacuation, signal control, and other management and control strategies. In this study, we present a theory of multi-commodity network traffic flow based on the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model. In particular, we attempt to analyze kinematic waves of the Riemann problem for a general junction with multiple upstream and downstream links. In this theory, kinematic waves on a link can be determined by its initial condition and prevailing stationary state. In addition to a stationary state, a flimsy interior state can develop next to the junction on a link. In order to pick out unique, physical solutions, we introduce two types of entropy conditions in supply-demand space such that (i) speeds of kinematic waves should be negative on upstream links and positive on downstream links, and (ii) fair merging and First-In-First-Out diverging rules are used to prescribe fluxes from interior states. We prove that, for given initial upstream demands, turning proportions, and downstream supplies, there exists a unique critical demand level satisfying the entropy conditions. It follows that stationary states and kinematic waves on all links exist and are unique, since they are uniquely determined by the critical demand level. For a simple model of urban or freeway intersections with four upstream and four downstream links, we demonstrate that theoretical solutions are consistent with numerical ones from a multi-commodity Cell Transmission Model. In a sense, the proposed theory can be considered as the continuous version of the multi-commodity Cell Transmission Model with fair merging and First-In-First-Out diverging rules. Finally we discuss future research topics along this line.

Coercion, Conviction, Conversion: Sovereign Selves and Interior States in Colonial Piracy Trials and Narratives

This essay argues that the legal and religious rhetoric surrounding Anglo-American piracy trials in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries staged an emerging understanding of individual will and sovereignty as both an extension of and in conflict with political sovereignty. Published reports of piracy trials and execution sermons emphasized the role of an alleged pirate’s intention in determining whether he had, in fact, committed piracy, but simultaneously insisted that intention was irrelevant to determining guilt. This rhetorical double bind was played out in colonial venues that themselves exemplified the extension and consequent dispersal of imperial power. By reading both the context and the content of such trials, this essay demonstrates how legal rhetoric sought to legitimate England’s colonial authority by first identifying Englishmen accused of piracy as her political subjects, then stripping them of both that political identity (by declaring them natural law enemies of all humanity) and the agency that might grant them some other form of subjectivity. Doing so allowed the developing British Empire to consolidate its tenuously extended sovereignty, insofar as it ostensibly acted to protect all nations from the predations of pirates. As it did so, however, the conceptual paradox of agents without wills it presented—a paradox comfortably at home with Calvinist theology—contributed to a sense of subjectivity that defined itself in contrast to both political and religious law.

Crimes and violence in Mexico: Evidence from panel data

Drug-related violence is now an everyday occurrence in Mexico's northern border-states. While it often appears that all crimes are on the rise in the border region, the actual number of alleged offenders caught and brought to court differs significantly for different types of crime. Using panel data for Mexico's 31 states plus the Federal District from 2004 to 2008, it was found that there were more alleged offenders caught per 100,000 inhabitants involving theft, property damage, and carrying prohibited arms, in Mexico's northern border-states compared to interior states. The effects of other socioeconomic variables on crime in Mexico, such as GDP, incarceration rates, births to single mothers and expenditures on public security, were also examined.

Drought onset and recovery over the United States

[1] This study employs precipitation (P) and ensemble soil moisture data sets from 1916 to 2007 to study the drought onset and demise over the United States. Both meteorological drought, classified using the standardized precipitation indices (SPIs), and agricultural drought, classified using the soil moisture percentiles, are studied. Drought onset is more predictable than drought demise. It takes 5–8 months for a region to accumulate enough P deficits to begin a drought, whereas a drought demise can come within one month to one season. A few strong rainfall episodes can end drought. The preferred season for the meteorological drought onset is at the beginning of the rainy season. Even though drought has a preferred season to begin, the ratio between the onset occurring in that season and the total drought events is less than 45%. For agricultural drought, the ratio is 60% or higher for the northwestern interior states and the Southwest. Over the Southern Plains, a cold El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event occurs one season before the onset of drought. No drought events occur during the warm ENSO years. Therefore, the occurrence of a cold ENSO event can serve as an early warning for drought. For other areas influenced by ENSO, such as the lower Mississippi basin, the Ohio Valley, the Pacific Northwest, the upper Missouri basin, and the Southeast, most drought events occur during ENSO. The one-to-one correspondence between ENSO and drought is not good. For these areas, ENSO can only serve as a signal for intensive drought watch.