Interior Heat Research Articles

Determination of protein-unbound rhynchiphylline brain distribution by microdialysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

The stem with hook of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Chinese herbal name Gou-Teng) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been ethnopharmacologically used to extinguish wind and clean interior heat. Rhynchophylline (RHY), a tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid isolated from U. rhynchophylla, displays significant antineuroinflammatory effects. However, there is no evidence to indicate that rhynchophylline can cross the blood-brain barrier and be detected in the brain. In this study, an in vivo microdialysis sampling method coupled with UPLC/MS/MS was employed for the continuous simultaneous monitoring of unbound RHY in rat blood and brain. The precursor ion → product ion transition at m/z 385.2 → 160.0 for rhynchophylline was monitored. A calibration curve gave good linearity (r>0.996) over the concentration range from 0.5 to 1000 ng/mL. The results demonstrated that rhynchophylline could be detected in the brain and plasma from 15 min to 6 h after its administration (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.). All the pharmacokinetic parameters of rhynchophylline in the brain and plasma were obtained. These results show that rhynchophylline can cross the blood-brain barrier and they provide useful clinical information.

『상한론(傷寒論)』 소승기탕증(小承氣湯證)에 대한 연구(硏究)

Objective : The syndrome of daeseunggitang(大承氣湯證) and the syndrome of soseunggitang(小承氣湯證) are different from pathogenesis of the dry stool(燥屎). Due to the lack of body fluid the syndrome of soseunggitang(小承氣湯證)'s dry stool occurs. However, Soseunggitang(小承氣湯) does not have the appropriate remedy. So I will propose a suitable remedy and I suggest it will be available for disease. Method : Study on the syndrome of soseunggitang in Sanghanlon(傷寒論). Result : The syndrome of soseunggitang and Soseunggitang are not corresponded with each other. The treatment of promoting production of body fluid to relax bowels is necessary for the syndrome of Soseunggitang. Conclusion : Through the analysis, I have the following conclusions. Jeungaegseunggitang(增液承氣湯) is more suitable for the syndrome of soseunggitang. Soseunggitang is suitable for disease accompanied by interior heat and dampness.

Analysis of the characteristics of heat and mass transfer of a three-effect tubular solar still and experimental research

A self-made solar-powered or residual heat-powered three-effect tubular solar still is used to analyze the characteristics of heat and mass transfer and study on normal-pressure and fixed-temperature heating in and fixed-power heating, attempting to figure out the principles of heat and mass transfer as well as the parameters of water production by desalination. The interior heat and mass transfer of still is consistent with three-effect energy equilibrium formula, the process of which mainly includes natural convection mass transfer and radiation heat exchange. The experimental results show that there exists a direct-proportion linear relationship between the temperature and water production by desalination at normal pressure, that at negative pressure, the water production is several times as large as that at normal pressure, increasing with the decrease of interior pressure, and reaching as high as 1.12kg/h when the temperature is at 80°C and the interior pressure is close to the saturation vapor pressure of 50kPa at the first level, and that the water yield by desalination increases as the heating power (<300W) increases, the optimal heating power is 300W and its corresponding performance ratio reaches the highest value of 1.3.

Heat Design and Temperature Characteristic Experiment of Fiber-Optic Gyroscope

The interior thermal power consumption of fiber-optic gyro is calculated, According to the interior heat source distributing of fiber-optic gyro, the heat design project of fiber-optic gyro is given and designed two kinds different fiber coil framework. The two kind different fiber coils are simulated on heat exchange by ANSYS software. Contrast on the temperature characteristic of two kind different fiber coil gyro has been done by experiment. The simulation and experiment results show that the temperature characteristic is improved to this fiber-optic gyro with interlayer fiber coil framework, the bias stability of the fiber-optic gyro is improved with temperature variety, and the interlayer fiber coil design project is effective and validated.

A Critical Evaluation of Turbulence Modeling in a Model Combustor

Based on the previous benchmark studies on combustion, scalar transfer, and radiation models, a critical evaluation of turbulence models in a propane-air diffusion flame combustor with interior and exterior conjugate heat transfers has been performed. Results obtained from six turbulence models are presented and compared in detail with a comprehensive database obtained from a series of experimental measurements. It is found that the Reynolds stress model (RSM), a second moment closure, is superior over the five popular eddy-viscosity two-equation models. Although the main flow patterns are captured by all six turbulence models, only the RSM is able to successfully predict the lengths of both recirculation zones and give fairly accurate predictions for mean velocity, temperature, CO2 and CO mole fractions, as well as turbulence kinetic energy in the combustor chamber. In addition, the realizable k-ε (Rk-ε) model illustrates better performance than four other two-equation models and can provide comparable results to those from the RSM for the configuration and operating conditions considered in the present study.

A planetary perspective on Earth evolution: Lid Tectonics before Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics requires a specific range of thermal, fluid and compositional conditions before it will operate to mobilise planetary lithospheres. The response to interior heat dispersion ranges from mobile lids in constant motion able to generate zones of subduction and spreading (Plate Tectonics), through styles of Lid Tectonics expressed by stagnant lids punctured by volcanism, to lids alternating between static and mobile. The palaeomagnetic record through Earth history provides a test for tectonic style because a mobile Earth of multiple continents is recorded by diverse apparent polar wander paths, whilst Lid Tectonics is recorded by conformity to a single position. The former is difficult to isolate without extreme selection whereas the latter is a demanding requirement and easily recognised. In the event, the Precambrian palaeomagnetic database closely conforms to this latter property over very long periods of time (~2.7–2.2Ga, 1.5–1.3Ga and 0.75–0.6Ga); intervening intervals are characterised by focussed loops compatible with episodes of true polar wander stimulated by disturbances to the planetary figure. Because of this singular property, the Precambrian palaeomagnetic record is highly effective in showing that a dominant Lid Tectonics operated throughout most of Earth history. A continental lid comprising at least 60% of the present continental area and volume had achieved quasi-integrity by 2.7Ga. Reconfiguration of mantle and continental lid at ~2.2Ga correlates with isotopic signatures and the Great Oxygenation Event and is the closest analogy in Earth history to the resurfacing of Venus. Change from Lid Tectonics to Plate Tectonics is transitional and the geological record identifies incipient development of Plate Tectonics on an orogenic scale especially after 1.1Ga, but only following break-up of the continental lid (Palaeopangaea) in Ediacaran times beginning at ~0.6Ga has it become comprehensive in the style evident during the Phanerozoic Eon (<0.54Ga).

3D Model-Based Simulation Analysis of Energy Consumption in Hot Air Drying of Corn Kernels

To determine the mechanism of energy consumption in hot air drying, we simulate the interior heat and mass transfer processes that occur during the hot air drying for a single corn grain. The simulations are based on a 3D solid model. The 3D real body model is obtained by scanning the corn kernels with a high-precision medical CT machine. The CT images are then edited by MIMICS and ANSYS software to reconstruct the three-dimensional real body model of a corn kernel. The Fourier heat conduction equation, the Fick diffusion equation, the heat transfer coefficient, and the mass diffusion coefficient are chosen as the governing equations of the theoretical dry model. The calculation software, COMSOL Multiphysics, is used to complete the simulation calculation. The influence of air temperature and velocity on the heat and mass transfer processes is discussed. Results show that mass transfer dominates during the hot air drying of corn grains. Air temperature and velocity are chosen primarily in consideration of mass transfer effects. A low velocity leads to less energy consumption.

Experimental Study of Gravity Heat Pipe with ECT

Gravity heat pipe’s interior phase change and heat transfer mechanisms are hardly to research, yet significant for strengthening heat transfer and enhancing energy utilization. This paper reports experimental study on the reconstructed images and concentration measurement of liquid (ethanol) at condensation section of gravity heat pipe with electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Furthermore, signals’ noises collected by ECT have been reduced with Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). Finally, reconstruction images have been compared with M. Shiraish’s model, and ECT has provided alternative experimental platform for the research of gravity heat pipe’s mechanisms.

Effect of indoor buoyancy flow on wind-driven cross ventilation

Designing for wind-driven cross ventilation is challenging due to many factors. While studies have focused on the difficulty of predicting the total flow rate and measuring opening characteristics of cross ventilation, few have investigated the impacts on the distribution of indoor air. This paper provides insights on how local heat sources can generate significant buoyancy driven flow and affect indoor mixing during wind-driven cross ventilation scenarios. Measurements of air distribution were conducted by a tracer gas method for a multi-zone test building located in Austin, Texas, USA, along with cross ventilation flow at the openings. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was also developed for this test building, which utilizes the measured flow properties at the openings as boundary conditions. Resulting air distribution patterns from the CFD model were then compared to the experimental data, validating the model. Further parametric analyses were also conducted to demonstrate the effect of interior heat loads in driving internal air mixing. Key findings of the investigation suggest a local heat source smaller than 35 W/m2 can increase the indoor mixing during cross ventilation from less than 1 air exchange to as high as 8 air exchanges per hour. This result also suggests a typical occupancy scenario (people and electronics) can generate enough heat loads to change the indoor air mixing and alter the effect of cross ventilation.

Experimental study on tire fire penetration into a motorcoach passenger compartment

SUMMARYTwo full‐scale fire experiments were conducted to determine the mode of penetration of a tire fire into the passenger compartment of a motorcoach. A special burner was designed to imitate the frictional heating of hub and wheel metal caused by failed axle bearings, locked brakes, or dragged blown tires. For the first experiment, heating to obtain tire ignition was initiated on the exterior of the passenger side tag axle wheel and for the second, on the exterior of the passenger side drive axle wheel. Measurements of interior and exterior temperatures, interior heat flux, and heat release rate were performed. Standard and infrared videos and still photographs were recorded. Both experiments showed that the tire fires ignited the plastic fender and glass‐reinforced plastic exterior side panel (below the windows) upon which the fires spread quickly and penetrated the passenger compartment by breaking the windows. Measurements showed that other potential fire penetration routes (flooring and lavatory) lagged far behind the windows in heating and degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Heating performance characteristics of stack coolant source heat pump using R744 for fuel cell electric vehicles

The objective of this study is to investigate the performance characteristics of a stack coolant source heat pump using R744 with a stack coolant heat source for fuel cell electric vehicles under cold weather conditions. Electric heaters are currently used in fuel cell electric vehicles, and the high levels of energy consumption involved lead to lower fuel efficiency and a reduction in the vehicle’s driving range. In order to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell electric vehicles in this study, a heat pump using R744 as a refrigerant and making use of wasted heat from the stacks is developed to cover the heating capacity. This heat pump is tested and performance optimized for stack coolant heat recovery under the compressor speeds, air temperatures, and flow rates of the interior heat exchanger, as well as the coolant flow rates of the CO2-coolant heat exchanger. In addition, the heating capacity of the tested system was sufficiently attained over 5.0 kW at the coolant flow rate of 5.0 l/min under extremely cold weather conditions of −20°C.

Systematic review on methodology of randomized controlled trials of post-marketing Chinese patent drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) is considered as the gold standard for the efficacy assessment of medicines. With the increasing number of Chinese patent drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes, the methodology of post-marketing RCTs evaluating the efficacy and specific effect has become more important. To investigate post-marketing Chinese patent drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes, as well as the methodological quality of post-marketing RCTs. Literature was searched from the books of Newly Compiled Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine and Chinese Pharmacopeia, the websites of the State Food and Drug Administration and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (SinoMed) and Wanfang Data. The time period for searching ran from the commencement of each database to August 2011. RCTs of post-marketing Chinese patent drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes with intervention course no less than 3 months. Two authors independently evaluated the research quality of the RCTs by the checklist of risk bias assessment and the data collection forms based on the CONSORT Statement. Independent double data-extraction was performed. The authors identified a total of 149 Chinese patent drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes. According to different indicative syndromes, the Chinese patent drugs can be divided into the following types, namely, yin deficiency and interior heat (n=48, 32%), dual deficiency of qi and yin (n=58, 39%) and dual deficiency of qi and yin combined with blood stasis (n=22, 15%). A total of 41 RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Neither multicenter RCTs nor endpoint outcome reports were found. Risk bias analysis showed that 81% of the included studies reported randomization for grouping without sequence generation, 98% of these studies did not report concealment of random numbers, 5% used placebo, 10% reported outcome attrition bias and no study employed the analysis of intention-to-treat and 98% reported the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes. The participants mainly consisted of outpatients without complications (76%). The minimum and maximum sample size was 40 and 300 (106 ± 60), respectively. The inclusion and exclusion criteria and outcome measures did not match the purposes and contents of post-marketing research in the included studies. They also failed to reflect the basic principles of traditional Chinese medicine in the process of diagnosis and treatment. The demographic characteristics of the patients, the indications for medicine and the syndrome differentiation process were not reported sufficiently and transparently. In order to improve the post-marketing research and promote the rational use of Chinese patent drugs, it is recommended that phase IV clinical trials should establish clear research purpose as well as hypothesis first, and choose scientific and evidence-based study design and outcome measures. In addition, guidelines for implementation of post-marketing research should be developed.

Temperature-dependent thermal stress determination of an isotropic circular annular fin

This paper is concerned with an inverse thermoelastic problem in which we need to determine the temperature distribution, unknown temperature gradient, displacement, stress functions and thermal stresses on the outer curved surface of a thin annular fin when the interior heat flux is known. Finite classical Marchi-Zgrablich transform and Laplace transform techniques have been utilized to obtain the solution for the problem. The results are obtained in the form of Marchi-Zgrablich series and depicted graphically. Key words: Inverse transient problem, circular annular fin, Marchi-Zgrablich and Laplace transform.

Radiating stars with generalised Vaidya atmospheres

We model the gravitational behaviour of a radiating star when the exterior geometry is the generalised Vaidya spacetime. The interior matter distribution is shear-free and undergoing radial heat flow. The exterior energy momentum tensor is a superposition of a null fluid and a string fluid. An analysis of the junction conditions at the stellar surface shows that the pressure at the boundary depends on the interior heat flux and the exterior string density. The results for a relativistic radiating star undergoing nonadiabatic collapse are obtained as a special case. For a particular model we demonstrate that the radiating fluid sphere collapses without the appearance of the horizon at the boundary.

Topographic Effects on the Tropical Land and Sea Breeze

Abstract The effect of an inland plateau on the tropical sea breeze is considered in terms of idealized numerical experiments, with a particular emphasis on offshore effects. The sea breeze is modeled as the response to an oscillating interior heat source over land. The parameter space for the calculations is defined by a nondimensional wind speed, a scaled plateau height, and the nondimensional heating amplitude. The experiments show that the inland plateau tends to significantly strengthen the land-breeze part of the circulation, as compared to the case without terrain. The strengthening of the land breeze is tied to blocking of the sea-breeze density current during the warm phase of the cycle. The blocked sea breeze produces a pool of relatively cold, stagnant air at the base of the plateau, which in turn produces a stronger land-breeze density current the following morning. Experiments show that the strength of the land breeze increases with the terrain height, at least for moderate values of the height. For very large terrain, the sea breeze is apparently blocked entirely, and further increases in terrain height lead to only small changes in land-breeze intensity and propagation. Details of the dynamics are described in terms of the transition from linear to nonlinear heating amplitudes, as well as for cases with and without background winds. The results show that for the present experiments, significant offshore effects are tied to nonlinear frontal propagation, as opposed to quasi-linear wave features.

Interpolated eigenfunctions for volumetric shape processing

This paper introduces a set of volumetric functions suitable for geometric processing of volumes. We start with Laplace–Beltrami eigenfunctions on the bounding surface and interpolate them into the interior using barycentric coordinates. The interpolated eigenfunctions: (1) can be computed efficiently by using the boundary mesh only; (2) can be seen as a shape-aware generalization of barycentric coordinates; (3) can be used for efficiently representing volumetric functions; (4) can be naturally plugged into existing spectral embedding constructions such as the diffusion embedding to provide their volumetric counterparts. Using the interior diffusion embedding, we define the interior Heat Kernel Signature (iHKS) and examine its performance for the task of volumetric point correspondence. We show that the three main qualities of the surface Heat Kernel Signature—being informative, multiscale, and insensitive to pose—are inherited by this volumetric construction. Next, we construct a bag of features based shape descriptor that aggregates the iHKS signatures over the volume of a shape, and evaluate its performance on a public shape retrieval benchmark. We find that while, theoretically, strict isometry invariance requires concentrating on the intrinsic surface properties alone, yet, practically, pose insensitive shape retrieval can be achieved using volumetric information.

Analysis on the Causes of Crack Formation and New Methods of Temperature Control during Construction of Super-High Arch Dam

In this paper, the mechanism of typical temperature crack is systemically analyzed and the main cause for crack is discussed. Some efficient methods such as surface heat preservation, low temperature placing, interior heat gradient control, cooling height control, selection of water cooling mode have been discussed in depth. In additional, temperature monitoring, feed-back simulation instantaneous and crack risk early-warning are also considered as indispensable component for the temperature control and crack prevention work. At last, a series of temperature control and crack prevention new methods for super-high arch dam are suggested to ensure the safety of the dam under construction.

Appraisal of thermal performance of a glazed office with a solar control coating: Cases in Mexico and Canada

The use of solar passive strategies such as new solar control coatings on windows for buildings with large glazed areas, have recently become important and helpful tools, mainly because these developments help to reduce heat gains and/or losses through transparent materials, diminishing energy loads, and improving the environment inside buildings. This paper shows an assessment of the thermal performance for an office on top of a building with four different configurations of window glass, and their influence on the indoor conditions. The window glass configurations are: clear glass, glass-film ( SnS– Cu xS solar control coating), double-glass-film, and double clear glass. The simulations were carried out using weather data from Mexico City and Ottawa, which are a good representation of two extreme weather conditions, in order to assess the thermal behaviour inside offices, such as energy loads, costs for air conditioning, and the influence of interior heat transfer coefficient correlations. The results indicate that the glass-film proves to be the less appropriate configuration due to the high temperatures reached on the film surface, which has an impact on the air temperatures inside the office and contributes to increase the energy consumption. In general, the double glass-film configuration results to be adequate for both climates, nevertheless it shows a better performance for Ottawa than Mexico City, where a simple double clear glass would work the same way.

Improved Computation Formula of Thermal Conductivity of Fibrous Porous Materials

For the complexity of convective term, the interior heat transfer is important for the engineering testing of heat conduction of fibrous porous materials. In this paper the heat transfer through the body of fibrous porous materials was simulated with finite volume method. By the simulation, it is found that the total heat flux through the body of fibrous porous materials is a linear function of the thermal conductivity when it is measured by the guarded plate, and some constants in the linear function are related with the thickness and permeability coefficient of the sample. The simulated data are employed to fitting the variation curves of the total heat flux with thermal conductivity, thickness and permeability coefficient, respectively. The improved calculating formula of thermal conductivity for fibrous porous materials is established based on the fitting estimation. Through the experimental, it is demonstrated that the improved calculating formula is more accurate than the original one, which is based on the assumptions of single component continuum material and one dimensional heat transfer.

Wear Performance of Rubber Wheel of Roller Guide Shoes

A wear tester was developed. MC PA (nylon) filled with MoS2 and PU (polyurethane) were used as the material of the rubber wheel of roller guide shoes. Their wear performances was investigated with the tester. The results show that the wear rate of MC PA increases firstly and then decreases with increasing load, and reverses with increasing velocity. The wear rate of PU decreases firstly and then increases with increasing velocity. In addition, the main wear mechanisms of PU are plough wear and abrasive wear at the low load (200N). At the loads of 200N~500N, the main wear form of MC PA is the adhesive wear. Adhesive wear is the main mechanism of MC PA at the low velocity (3m/s). Due to inner heat accumulation by friction, squama-peering occurs on MC PA surface at the high velocity (8m/s). The dominant wear mechanisms of PU are abrasive wear and fatigue pitting. And the main reason of PU’s failure is the interior heat accumulation caused by friction.