Interior Decoration Materials Research Articles

Sustainable Innovation: Fabrication and Characterization of Mycelium-Based Green Composites for Modern Interior Materials Using Agro-Industrial Wastes and Different Species of Fungi.

Mycelium-based bio-composites (MBCs) represent a sustainable and innovative material with high potential for contemporary applications, particularly in the field of modern interior design. This research investigates the fabrication of MBCs for modern interior materials using agro-industrial wastes (bamboo sawdust and corn pericarp) and different fungal species. The study focuses on determining physical properties, including moisture content, shrinkage, density, water absorption, volumetric swelling, thermal degradation, and mechanical properties (bending, compression, impact, and tensile strength). The results indicate variations in moisture content and shrinkage based on fungal species and substrate types, with bamboo sawdust exhibiting lower shrinkage. The obtained density values range from 212.31 to 282.09 kg/m3, comparable to traditional materials, suggesting MBCs potential in diverse fields, especially as modern interior elements. Water absorption and volumetric swelling demonstrate the influence of substrate and fungal species, although they do not significantly impact the characteristics of interior decoration materials. Thermal degradation analysis aligns with established patterns, showcasing the suitability of MBCs for various applications. Scanning electron microscope observations reveal the morphological features of MBCs, emphasizing the role of fungal mycelia in binding substrate particles. Mechanical properties exhibit variations in bending, compression, impact, and tensile strength, with MBCs demonstrating compatibility with traditional materials used in interior elements. Those produced from L. sajor-caju and G. fornicatum show especially promising characteristics in this context. Particularly noteworthy are their superior compression and impact strength, surpassing values observed in certain synthetic foams multiple times. Moreover, this study reveals the biodegradability of MBCs, reaching standards for environmentally friendly materials. A comprehensive comparison with traditional materials further supports the potential of MBCs in sustainable material. Challenges in standardization, production scalability, and market adoption are identified, emphasizing the need for ongoing research, material engineering advancements, and biotechnological innovations. These efforts aim to enhance MBC properties, promoting sustainability in modern interior applications, while also facilitating their expansion into mass production within the innovative construction materials market.

Analysis of Indoor Radon Concentration Levels and Influencing Factors in Kunshan

Radon is a natural radioactive gas widely existing, in order to study the indoor radon level and influencing factors in Kunshan City, the indoor radon concentration of three buildings was analyzed. It was found that all of them met the indoor radon concentration limit specified in the national standard, and the indoor radon concentration was mainly related to soil radon concentration, indoor ventilation and climate. Indoor radon can be controlled from the following points: (1) While building a new building, test the radon concentration in the soil and try to avoid areas with high concentrations. (2) Pay attention to daily window ventilation, especially in cold weather and poor air circulation in winter. (3) Find and prevent indoor radon sources, building materials will also release a certain amount of radon, and interior decoration materials must be selected to meet national standards.

Application of green plant elements in office space

“green plant elements” visualization of modern office space design is the “green plant space” design development process. The transformation from “green plant element” to “green plant space” is the main expression of interior design in recent years. Explore the green plant elements in modern office space innovation. Green plants in the building has good ecological performance, light weight, easy to shape, has become an indispensable material in modern architecture and interior decoration materials. With the help of natural green plants, green relaxation, fresh and other elements, to create a new modern office environment.

PATRONIZING INTERIOR DECORATORS IN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA: THE HOMEMAKERS PERCEPTION

This study aimed at investigating the use of interior decorators by homemakers living in staff quarters in the University of Nigeria Nsukka. Four specific purposes guided the study as it sought answers to four research questions. The study used descriptive survey design. Simple random sampling technique was used A sample size of 120 home makers living within the staff quarters of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus was used for the study. A questionnaire which was designed and developed by the researchers in line with the objectives of the study was used to collect data for the study. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the collected data that was used for the study. The results analyzed revealed that majority of the Home makers residing in University of Nigeria Nsukka staff quarters are knowledgeable about interior decoration and its importance to the home (88%).The perception of homemakers living in University of Nigeria Nsukka towards patronizing interior decorators is positive as they are willing to patronize interior decorators (56%)but are constrained by a number of factors such as unavailability of funds, lack of value for interior decoration, scarcity of interior materials which leads to high cost of interior decoration materials among others (80%). However, these constraints can be reduced by making interior decoration affordable for the people, creating more awareness of interior decoration, implementing the right tools for decorating, among others (91%). It was recommended based on the outcome of the study , that the awareness of interior decoration and decorators should be intensified, this could come in form of workshop, seminars, exhibitions to get more people to know about the potential in interior decoration. There should be more practical lessons on interior decoration in the Home Economics program at various level as this would challenge students to explore the creativity in interior decoration. Discounts should be given to clients so that they can keep referring other people to patronize interior decorators.

Simulation of Indoor Pollutant Distribution in Residential Buildings under Different Ventilation Modes

For clear residential indoor pollutant concentration under different ventilation modes and contaminant distribution, to explore the emission efficiency of different ventilation way, choose suitable way of ventilation, different season in Shenyang, this article selects some typical residence as the research object, interior decoration materials commonly used as indoor pollutant source, based on CFD fluid mechanics principle, Airpak3.0.16 software was used to simulate indoor air flow field and indoor concentration distribution field of formaldehyde, benzene and VOC, and to compare and analyse indoor pollutant distribution law, air age and pollutant discharge efficiency under natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation in winter and summer. The results show that ventilation can effectively discharge most of indoor pollutants. 69% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by natural ventilation in summer, 46% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by natural ventilation in winter, 57% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by mechanical ventilation in summer, and 51% of indoor pollutants can be discharged by mechanical ventilation in winter. Under the condition of the same ventilation volume in the same season, natural ventilation has the best effect in summer, and considering that the energy consumption of mechanical ventilation is much higher than that of natural ventilation, natural ventilation is recommended in summer. The effect of mechanical ventilation is better in winter, and because Shenyang is not suitable to open Windows for ventilation for a long time in winter, mechanical ventilation should be used in winter.

UV-Activated Formaldehyde Sensing Properties of Hollow TiO2@SnO2 Heterojunctions at Room Temperature

Introduction Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important chemical raw material that has a wide range of applications in interior decoration materials such as adhesives, building materials and coatings. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde can cause headaches, memory loss, especially harmful for pregnant women and infants [1]. Therefore, timely and accurate detection of formaldehyde in indoor environments is very important.In this aspect, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a typical n-type of semiconductor. Due to its good photocatalytic performance, low cost, non-toxicity and high thermal stability, it has been explored for chemical gas sensors [2]. As reported in literature [3], the construction of heterojunction structure could significantly enhance the gas-sensing performance, and the use of UV irradiation can greatly reduce the working temperature of the sensor, or even down to room temperature [4]. Therefore, the gas sensing properties of SnO2 and TiO2@SnO2 heterojunctions have investigated in this work. Experiment First, the carbon nanospheres templates were prepared by hydrothermal method. Hollow SnO2 nanospheres were obtained by using carbon nanospheres as templates via hydrothermal method at 170 °C for 36 h. Then, hollow SnO2 nanospheres were dispersed into absolute ethanol, tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and ammonia were added into above solution. Stirred for 24 h at room temperature. Finally, the as-obtained precipitates were calcined at 500 °C for 2 h. The as-prepared hollow SnO2 nanospheres and TiO2@SnO2 heterojunctions powder were dispersed in an alcohol solution. The paste was deposited onto the alumina substrates with Au interdigital electrodes. Then, the sensors were dried at 70 °C for 12 h. Results and conclusions 1. Structure and MorphologyFig.1a shows the XRD patterns of as-synthesized hollow SnO2 nanospheres, hollow TiO2 nanospheres and hollow TiO2@SnO2 heterojuction nanospheres, All the diffraction peaks of TiO2 and SnO2 can correspond to JCPDS card No. 21-1272 and JCPDS card No. 41-1445, respectively. There are no other diffraction peaks of impurity in the XRD pattern. As Fig. 1b shows that the as-prepared SnO2 nanospheres have a distinct hollow structure and the particle size is about 200-300 nm. Fig. 1c presents that the surface of the TiO2@SnO2 nanocomposites is significantly rougher than pure SnO2, and a layer of granular TiO2 is wrapped around the hollow SnO2 nanospheres. From Fig. 1d, the thickness of hollow SnO2 nanospheres inner shell is about 50 nm. Fig. 1d exhibits the lattice fringes of hollow TiO2@SnO2 heterojunctions. The spacing of lattice fringes of TiO2 and SnO2 in the heterojunctions are measured to be 0.357 nm and 0.238 nm, respectively. They can be assigned to (101) lattice plane of anatase TiO2 structure and (200) lattice plane of rutile SnO2 consistent to the XRD results. Fig. 1f show that the element of Ti is uniformly distributed around the Sn element, and the O element is distributed in the whole region.2. Gas-Sensing PropertiesFig. 2a shows the response curves of the hollow TiO2@SnO2 nanospheres and pure TiO2 nanospheres based sensors to different concentrations of formaldehyde under UV at room temperature. The response of the sensors increases as the formaldehyde concentration increases from 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm. Even at lower formaldehyde concentrations, such as 100 ppb, the response of the TiO2@SnO2 nanocomposite based sensor still higher than that of the pure TiO2 based sensor. Fig. 2b shows the response curves of hollow TiO2@SnO2 nanospheres and pure TiO2 based sensors to 10 ppm formaldehyde under UV illumination at room temperature. The response value of TiO2@SnO2 nanocomposites based sensor is about 20, which is much higher than that of TiO2. The response time and recovery time of TiO2@SnO2 nanocomposites are 20 s and 56 s, respectively. The above results show that after incorporated with SnO2, the gas-sensing property of the TiO2 sensor is significantly improved.

Progress in research of allergen detection methods

Allergic diseases have continued to increase year by year causing serious physical and mental injury to patients, families and individuals. This increase has been driven by conventional environmental and nutritional changes but is also created by the continual introduction of food additives into the diet and novel interior decoration materials into the living space. The causes of allergic diseases are complex and diverse, and the medical laboratory often is not be able to identify the allergic trigger; this creates a difficult environment to identify the appropriate clinical treatment for disease prevention and control. Physicians must be able to identify these triggers to help patients avoid the underlying allergenic cause of their disease. This can only be done by actively knowing a patient's medical history, identifying the clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity and utilizing confirmatory testing as an important clinical tool in identifying the allergic source.

HS-SPME and GC–MS for the analysis of odorous constituents from heat-treated rubberwood and the chemical change of heat-treated rubberwood by XPS analysis

With the increase in heat-treated rubberwood used in interior decoration materials, the odorous constituents have attracted people’s attention. In this study, a headspace solid-phase microextraction method coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the odorous constituents released from heat-treated rubberwood and the gaseous components from the heat treatment process. The results showed that the odorous constituents were classed into aldehydes, esters, ketones, acids, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, aromatics, and others. During the four-month test period, the emissions of aldehydes (47.08% and 65.66%) were the most dominating compounds in VOCs emission from F180 °C and F200 °C. The changes in chemical structure of rubberwood before and after heat treatment were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the O/C ratio of rubberwood decreased from 0.52 to 0.44 after heat treatment with increasing temperature; the contribution of C1 and C2 peaks is more important than C3 and C4. With increasing treatment temperature, the C1 contribution of rubberwood samples increased from 34.37 to 42.47%, whereas the C2 decreased markedly from 55.50 to 48.24% and the C3 began to decrease at higher temperature. These results corresponded to variations observed from the gas chromatographic mass spectrometry results of heat-treated rubberwood.

Variable climate’s effect on wood material’s equilibrium moisture content in Turkey

Some negative attributes of wood material have numerous practical consequences. The most important of these attributes is that wood, as a hygroscopic material, is dependent on the relative humidity of its environment. The hygroscopic nature of wood material can lead to serious problems when used in doors, windows, and interior or exterior decoration materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on wood materials equilibrium moisture due to different climates in selected provinces in Turkey. This study examined pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus rubra L.) woods, both of which are commonly used in industry. Over 12 months, the equilibrium moisture value of these wood was determined in the Bursa, Antalya, İzmir, Malatya, Trabzon, Karabük, Van, and Kars provinces of Turkey. Pine and oak samples, prepared per standards TS 2471 (1976) and TS 2472 (1976), were taken from these provinces each month, and the equilibrium moisture values were determined. It was observed that the use of Scotch pine wood samples for both indoor and outdoor use was more appropriate over the 12-month period. Malatya was the province in which the Scotch pine samples were the least affected. It was also determined that Van was the most suitable province for the interior use of oak wood material. It was not found that indoor use gave better results than outdoor use.

Analysis of Adsorption and Decomposition of Odour and Tar Components in Tobacco Smoke on Non-Woven Fabric-Supported Photocatalysts

The release of substantial amounts of toxicologically significant, irritant, and malodourous compounds during the complete combustion of tobacco can generate an unpleasant environment, especially indoors. Herein, we developed non-woven fabric-supported UV- and visible-light-responsive photocatalysts capable of adsorbing and decomposing the odour and tar components of tobacco smoke under irradiation with UV or visible light. The processes of odour component adsorption and subsequent decomposition under irradiation were evaluated in terms of colour changes in the catalytic system and by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. By considering three different photocatalysts, namely TiO2, Fe(III)-grafted TiO2, and Cu(II)-grafted WO3, we assessed the magnitude of odour and tar component adsorption on the fabric fibres, as well as the decomposition of these species after specific visible light or UV irradiation periods. Considering the expansion of our technology for practical applications, the best results among the three tested materials were obtained for non-woven fabric-supported Fe/TiO2. We believe that our technology can be implemented in the design of interior decoration materials for creating a comfortable environment.

Fabrication of densified wood via synergy of chemical pretreatment, hot-pressing and post mechanical fixation

Wood densification can improve the strength of low density wood species and extend wood product applications. To enhance the wood compressive quality, chemical pretreatments for pristine wood have widely been used. Densified Abies wood was fabricated by combining NaOH/Na2SO3 solution treatment, hot-pressing and post mechanical fixation. The appearance, color, chemical composition, and physiology and mechanical properties before and after the densification treatment were examined by the colorimeter, FTIR and mechanical testing machine, respectively. Surface color of Abies wood was changed obviously after the densification. The values of brightness L* and b* decreased but the value of a* showed a slight increase in the densified wood. FTIR results confirmed that the color changes can be explained by the degradation of hemicellulose and lignin in wood cell walls and migration of extractives during the densification process. Sufficient removal of wood polymers resulted in the average compression ratio of about 80% in the radial direction of the natural wood. The density of densified wood increased with the wood thickness up to 1.227 g cm−1, accounting for a 169% increase compared to that of the pristine wood. Modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) in the thickness direction of densified wood also markedly enhanced. Degradation of polymers in wood cell walls also was reconfirmed by the difference of fracture interface. All the results suggested that the densified softwood can be easily fabricated using the proposed method and the new densified softwood can be appropriately used as interior decoration materials.

Formaldehyde‐free resin impregnated paper reinforced with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC): Formulation and property analysis

ABSTRACTThe formaldehyde‐free resin impregnated paper is expected to be applied to interior decoration materials and furniture. This is not only conducive to the development of indoor environment toward green and environmental protection, but also beneficial to people's health. In this work, the formaldehyde‐free resin (waterborne polyurethane and waterborne acrylic acid) mixed with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) were separately coated on a raw decorative paper by a dipping method to obtain formaldehyde‐free impregnated paper with outstanding surface bound strength and abrasion resistance. The surface bound strength and abrasion resistance were tested by means of universal ability test machine and abrasion tester. The results showed that waterborne polyurethane and waterborne acrylic acid enhanced by CNC had excellent dispersion, and the bonding properties of formaldehyde‐free impregnated paper were improved by 41.3 and 33.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the abrasion resistance of formaldehyde‐free impregnated paper was improved by the crystal effect of CNC. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48931.

Mainly red and a hidden blue – Laboratory and MSI investigations on the Carolingian wall paintings in the Chapel of the Holy Cross of Müstair (Switzerland)

Abstract The Carolingian wall paintings on the upper floor in the Chapel of the Holy Cross were conserved from 2008 till 2016. In support of these measures and the investigations on the construction history, the interior decoration, renders, whitewashes and painting materials were analysed. Towards the end of the conservation work and in view of the future public display of the wall paintings to a larger public, the question was risen whether it would be possible to make the depictions more clearly visible by special photographic techniques, and if these photographic techniques could also help to transfer the laboratory results of a few individual samples to the surface area. This led to the investigation of selected areas of the wall paintings using multispectral imaging (MSI). In this paper, we report on the results of the laboratory analysis and of the scientific photography. It shows how the two methods have supplemented and supported each other during the investigation of the Chapel of the Holy Cross, how these results complemented the observations relevant to restoration and conservation, and how these observations enabled the interpretation of the scientific photography and laboratory results. Hence, we give an example that describes the potential of result-oriented interdisciplinary exchange.

Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Building and Decoration Materials and Their Potential Burdens in Newly Decorated Houses in China.

Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been increasingly used in various building and decoration materials to fulfill fire safety standards since the phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. We determined OPFR concentrations in the most commonly used building and decoration materials available in local markets and online in China. The OPFR concentrations varied significantly, from 14.78 ng/g (putty powder) to 9649000 ng/g (expanded polystyrene panel (EPS)). Relatively high concentrations of OPFRs were found in foam samples, followed by nonwoven and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallpaper, PVC pipes, sealing materials, boards, and paints. Low concentrations were found mostly in wall decoration powders, suggesting that no OPFRs had been added to these powders. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the most detected halogenated OPFRs, while tri-n-butyl phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were the dominant nonhalogenated OPFRs, implying that they are commonly used in building and decoration materials. The estimated OPFR burden in interior decoration using nonwoven wallpaper was 330- and 2110-fold higher than that using latex paint and diatomite, respectively. The emission periods of OPFRs from nonwoven and PVC wallpaper may be greater than 13 years. We estimated that the total burden of OPFRs for decoration using wallpaper in newly decorated houses in China is ∼63 t/y. Significantly higher concentrations of OPFRs in interior decoration materials, especially nonwoven wallpaper, pose potential health risks to the people using the buildings.

Measurement of Gamma Emitting Radionuclides for Assessment, Environmental Hazards of Radiation in Rock and Soil Samples of Shabwah and Hadramout Regions, Yemen

The natural radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K and the fallout of 137Cs in soils and granite rocks of two regions in Yemen (Shabwah and Hadramout) were measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry (HPGe) detector. The average values of the radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples are 14.34, 25.78 and 566.05 Bq/kg respectively. For rock samples, the average activity concentration for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are 45, 106 and 1235 Bq/kg respectively. Low concentration values of 137Cs in soil and rock samples under investigation, are not radiologically important. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and external hazard index (Hex) of all samples are less than the limits of 370 Bq·kg-1 and unity, respectively. The average values of total absorbed dose rate due to three primordial radionuclides in soil and rock samples are 46.5 nGy/h and 138.36 nGy/h, respectively, where the absorbed average value of the granite is higher than the permitted limit. So, the local people must avoid using these granite samples as the interior decorative materials of dwelling without radioactivity control.

Analysis on Thermal Hazard of Foam Decoration Materials

The occurrence and spread of fire often result from the flammables in interior decoration materials, which mostly contain fireproof foam to avoid fire damage. In this study, the foams with reportedly fire resistance, such as general foam, PU foam, melamine foam, and rubber foam, are compared via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis to build a thermal parameter database of decoration materials of fireproof foams and provide green building materials, technologies, and fire preventive measures to the industry or consumers.

Investigation of formaldehyde and TVOC in underground malls in Xi'an, China: Concentrations, sources, and affecting factors

Along with the speeding up of Chinese urbanization process, the contradiction between urban land demand and supply had increased significantly, more and more underground structures appeared, and were used as crowed shopping malls, etc. However, concentrations of formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in underground malls were higher than that of outdoors. In this study, concentration levels of formaldehyde and TVOC were investigated from 9 underground malls in Xi'an, China. Simultaneously, the sources and affecting factors were discussed. Results showed that the mass concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC in underground malls exceeded the allowed figures and the over-standard rate reached 66.7% and 77.8%, respectively. The mean mass concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC in all 9 underground malls ranged from 0.05 mg/m3 to 0.26 mg/m3 and from 0.34 mg/m3 to 3.56 mg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC pollution were more serious in oversize underground malls than those in small ones. The main pollution sources of formaldehyde and TVOC in underground malls were interior decoration materials and merchandises sold, which illustrated that the lack of ventilation volume in the underground malls. Further analysis indicated that a strong negative correlation existed between formaldehyde and TVOC concentrations and indoor air velocity, while those significant positive correlations existed between formaldehyde and TVOC concentrations and indoor temperature and indoor relative humidity, respectively. Correlations noted that increased indoor ventilation rates or reduced the indoor temperature and indoor relative humidity appeared to decrease the indoor concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC.

Design and Development of Crystal Eco-Brick Shell

Crystal Eco-brick is a new ecological generality of decoration material. The shell is a key component of indoor stereo virescence concept combined with interior decoration materials. After crystal Eco-brick shell design had been finished, related technology research as well as development for the first, the second and third generations productions were done. The third generation of Crystal Eco-brick shell reached excellent characters such as strong universality, simple operation, high strength, more suitable for indoor afforestation.

Region-Dot Conversion Fusion Algorithm and Application

The interior decoration materials and the new furniture using formaldehyde, ammonia, and other poisonous substances are known as the main sources of indoor air pollutions. However, it is still a big challenge to estimate accurately the overall air quality by using the current measuring tools. Accordingly, the region-dot fusion (RDF) algorithm is proposed to evaluate the air quality in this paper. For the conversion from a region to a dot, the region-dot function is firstly defined as the summation of the belief function and the weighted width of the belief interval. In the RDF algorithm, the belief intervals of the two sensors with the basic probability functions are calculated based on the measurements of formaldehyde sensor and ammonia sensor. Then, the belief intervals are converted to the specific values. After the computation of collision degree and combination, the pollution level represented by a belief interval with the maximum probability is selected as the outcome of fusion decision. Compared with the weighted fusion algorithm and D-S evidence reasoning method, it is experimentally proved that the RDF algorithm can improve the separability of the belief intervals of the belief functions. Also, the evidence collision degree is decreased dramatically.

Sick Building Syndrome by Indoor Air Pollution in Dalian, China

This study assessed subjective symptoms related to indoor concentrations of chemicals among residents in a housing estate in Dalian, China, where indoor air pollution by interior decoration materials has recently become a major health problem. Fifty-nine males and 50 females were surveyed for their symptoms related to sick building syndrome. Formaldehyde (HCHO), NO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their dwellings were collected using a diffusion sampler and measured by GC/MS. For residents with one or more symptoms in the past, HCHO, butanol or 1,2-dichloroethane concentrations were significantly greater in their bedrooms or kitchens compared with those of subjects without previous symptoms. For residents with one or more symptoms at the time of the study, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, xylene, butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and styrene concentrations in their bedrooms or kitchens were significantly greater compared with those of residents without symptoms. HCHO, NO2, and VOCs were detected in all rooms, but their levels were lower than the guideline values except for HCHO in two rooms. Chemical substances from interior decoration materials at indoor air levels lower than their guideline values might have affected the health status of residents.