Interim Regime Research Articles

Disputes Emanating from the Infringement of Articles 74(3) and 83(3) and Optional Exception under Article 298(1)(a)(i) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Maritime delimitation, which ensures the jurisdiction exertion and effective use of maritime spaces of coastal States, never involves minimal efforts. In the transitional period pending the final delimitation agreement of overlapping areas in the exclusive economic zone or continental shelf, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets out obligations for State Parties to take provisional measures under Articles 74(3) and 83(3). The violation of these obligations may lead to disputes between States that will potentially be brought before the compulsory dispute settlement procedure under UNCLOS. Whether disputes arising from the violation of Articles 74(3) and 83(3) fall into the scope of application of optional exception under Article 298(1)(a)(i) remained debatable. Accordingly, this research paper is conducted to analyse the separation and independence between the interim regime and maritime delimitation to support the opinion that disputes emanating from the infringement of Articles 74(3) and 83(3) are not disputes ‘relating to sea boundary delimitation’ under Article 298(1)(a)(i). This paper uses the doctrinal approach on the provisions in international treaties or conventions, international customary law, and decisions and awards of international courts and tribunals.

Gated reactions in discrete time and space.

How much time does it take for two molecules to react? If a reaction occurs upon contact, the answer to this question boils down to the classic first-passage time problem: find the time it takes for the two molecules to meet. However, this is not always the case as molecules switch stochastically between reactive and non-reactive states. The reaction is then said to be "gated" by the internal states of the molecules involved, which could have a dramatic influence on kinetics. A unified, continuous-time, approach to gated reactions on networks was presented in a recent paper [Scher and Reuveni, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 018301 (2021)]. Here, we build on this recent advancement and develop an analogous discrete-time version of the theory. Similar to continuous-time, we employ a renewal approach to show that the gated reaction time can always be expressed in terms of the corresponding ungated first-passage and return times, which yields formulas for the generating function of the gated reaction-time distribution and its corresponding mean and variance. In cases where the mean reaction time diverges, we show that the long-time asymptotics of the gated problem is inherited from its ungated counterpart. However, when molecules spend most of their time non-reactive, an interim regime of slower power-law decay emerges prior to the terminal asymptotics. The discretization of time also gives rise to resonances and anti-resonances, which were absent from the continuous-time picture. These features are illustrated using two case studies that also demonstrate how the general approach presented herein greatly simplifies the analysis of gated reactions.

Juvenile Criminality: Evidence From Prisoners in Two Brazilian States

The aim of this article is to identify the socioeconomic context that can influence young peoples’ decision to engage in crime. The sample is composed of youngsters (aged between 18 and 23 years old) convicted or detained in an interim regime accused of property crimes, serving a sentence in Brazilian prison units. A survey with 302 respondents was conducted in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states. Logistic regression models reveal that a young people’s family composition, use a firearm, be motivated by the idea of easy gain, have a favorable attitude toward drug legalization, and consume alcohol—all factors contribute to an increased probability of the young person engage in crime. This article finalizes with a discussion of the results and policy implications.

Towards a Democratic New Normal? Investor Reactions to Interim‐Regime Dominance during Violent Events

AbstractAlthough interim regimes in former autocracies are generally tasked with initiating a democratic ‘new normal’, they may privately intend to become their country’s new autocratic rulers. We argue that, to cope with the uncertainty stemming from this possibility, investors infer an interim regime’s intentions from the dominance displayed by the regime during government‐related violence, as reflected in the share of civilian fatalities. Specifically, we propose that investors interpret higher interim‐regime dominance as a signal of weaker democratic intentions and associate such weaker intentions with a gloomier political outlook for local firms. We therefore hypothesize that investors react more negatively to violent events characterized by higher interim‐regime dominance. We also hypothesize a less negative effect of such dominance for firms with larger foreign footprints, lower indebtedness, or more concentrated ownership, since investors will likely consider such firms more resilient to political deterioration. Applying event study methodology to 94 spells of violence in Egypt during the Arab Spring, we find substantial support for our hypotheses, thus contributing to management research on investor decision‐making, violence, and political uncertainty.

12 Eylül Ara Rejimi Döneminde Türkiye’de Siyasi Gelişmeler (1980-1983)

12 Eylül Ara Rejimi Döneminde Türkiye’de Siyasi Gelişmeler (1980-1983)

Ventajas y desventajas del régimen de incorporación fiscal a cuatro años de vigencia

Desde el 01 de enero de 2014 entro en vigor el nuevo régimen para las empresas pequeñas Régimen de Incorporación Fiscal (rif), en sustitución de otros dos que en su momento pudieron adherirse al nuevo, este novedoso esquema se creó con la intención de incentivar a aquellas personas físicas que no se encontraban en la formalidad, a través de nuevos beneficios, en la presente investigación de analizan las ventajas y desventajas del Régimen Intermedio, el Régimen de Pequeños Contribuyentes y el Régimen de Incorporación Fiscal y se hace un comparativo de éste último con los dos anteriores.

Understanding the development of a regulated market approach to new psychoactive substances (NPS) in New Zealand using Punctuated Equilibrium Theory.

The short-lived regulated legal market for new psychoactive substances (NPS) in New Zealand marked a radical departure from the traditional prohibition-based approach to drugs. This paper aimed to enhance understanding of this policy change using Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET). The analysis draws on 3years of evaluative research, including interviews with key stakeholders, analysis of legislation and policy documents and academic and grey literature. The reframing of the NPS issue from one of drug control to the need for stricter market regulation was achieved by the efforts of strategic policy entrepreneurs, including the legal high industry, drug law reform advocates, influential politicians and an independent legal advisory institution. This reframing was aided by the perceived saliency of the NPS problem and ineffectiveness of previous prohibition-based responses. In the absence of any political opposition to the regulatory approach, the Psychoactive Substances Act rapidly progressed through the Parliament. However, once the interim legal market was established, portrayal of the issues shifted away from experts and lobbyists to critique from local communities, local government, animal rights activists and the media, who viewed the new regime as a source of social and health problems. The mobilization of criticism ('Schattschneider mobilization') drew on ideas of animal welfare and community safety. With a looming national election, the government responded by ending the interim market with the urgent passage of amendment legislation. Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) helps explain how New Zealand's Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA) policy first emerged on the political agenda and how the initial positive tone of expert support for reform shifted to a tide of popular criticism during the interim regime. However, with its emphasis on explaining agenda-setting, PET does not account for the legislative design shortcomings of the PSA.

Choosing the Exchange Rate Regime-a Case for Intermediate Regimes for Emerging and Developing Economies

The main objective of the paper is to verify the vanishing interim regime hypothesis (so-called bipolar view) and to analyse factors that may influence the probability of use of intermediate exchange rate regimes, especially in emerging and developing economies. In order to accomplish the research objectives the evolution of exchange rate regimes is presented with the special consideration of decisions of IMF member states in this respect. Next a logistic regression model that estimates the probability of use of an intermediate regime is applied. The results achieved allow a challenge to the vanishing interim regime hypothesis. Empirical observations support this hypothesis only in advanced countries and not in their emerging and developing peers.

Reflexiones sobre las consecuencias de la finalización de la interinidad en el sector público tras la reciente jurisprudencia del TSJCE

Las sentencias del TJCE que vamos a comentar han desempolvado una realidad que quizá en esos últimos años, como consecuencia de la paralización general de la contratación de empleados públicos, había quedado ciertamente olvidada. Ésta no es otra que el empleo en precario por parte de las Administraciones Públicas de trabajadores públicos, saltándose las limitaciones legales en cuanto se refiere a la contratación en régimen de interinidad.

CH3OH⋯(H2O)n [n = 1-4] clusters in external electric fields

For hydrogen-bonded neutral molecular clusters, response to an externally applied electric field can critically affect molecular cooperativity. In this light, response of dilute methanol-water admixtures to an external, perturbative electric field is studied at the simplest molecular level in the cluster configurations CH3OH⋯(H2O)n with "n" chosen to range from 1 to 4, employing the M06-2X hybrid functional in conjunction with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set, well-suited for hydrogen bonding. Methanol is seen to favorably bond with the water molecules at its hydroxyl end up to certain characteristic maximum threshold field strengths beyond which the HOMO-LUMO energy-gap abruptly drops to zero culminating into a complete breakdown of the cluster. In the interim regime prior to breakdown, the electric field significantly alters the hydrogen bonding pattern primarily by elongating the cluster, resulting in a marked enhancement in its electric dipole moment leading to alterations in the molecular electrostatic potential. With the application of electric field, certain "exotic" O-H vibration bands appear that at the threshold field fall in the frequency range of 2510 cm(-1)-1880 cm(-1) in the IR spectra, in contrast with their normal (zero-field) counterparts that occur in the range of ∼3300-3900 cm(-1).

「アラブの春」後の移行期過程 -- 帰結を分ける諸要因

「アラブの春」後の移行期過程 -- 帰結を分ける諸要因

Pre-designing democracy: institutional design of interim governments and democratization in 15 post-conflict societies

Does the institutional design of interim governments influence post-conflict democratization? Based on the logic of political engineering we examine whether designing interim regimes to incorporate inclusive representation of all warring parties, constraints on executive power, and decentralized governance enhances the prospects of post-conflict democratization. By analysing 15 interim regimes between 1989 and 2006, we find that while inclusiveness is not associated with democratization, executive constraints and decentralization are. These results point to the importance of establishing institutions that diffuse political power and reduce the zero-sum character of the political contest during transition.

INTEGRACJA FINANSOWA I JEJ WPŁYW NA EWOLUCJĘ SYSTEMÓW KURSOWYCH

This article aims to analyze whether and to what extent financial integration affects the choices of exchange rate systems, made in advanced economies and emerging and developing economies. The study revealed that the process of harmonization of exchange rate systems in advanced economies and emerging and developing economies has been hampered by differentials in the process of financial integration in these economies. Advanced economies, which have achieved a higher degree of financial integration, are attracting the bulk of international capital. The situation is opposite in emerging and developing economies. The volume of capital flowing to and from these economies is much smaller; these flows are also subject to very strong fluctuations. That’s why the monetary authorities in emerging and developing economies do not pick up corner solutions concerning the exchange rate regime. They use interim regimes, treating them as a buffer against excessive volatility of the market exchange rate that protects the autonomy of the monetary policy.

The Fall of the Vanishing Interim Regime Hypothesis: Towards a New Paradigm of the Choice of the Exchange Rate Regimes

This paper verifies strong and weak versions of the vanishing interim regime hypothesis (so-called bipolar view). It is shown herein that the strong as well as weak version of this hypothesis can be discredited. Empirical observations support the bipolar view only for the advanced countries, but not for emerging and developing ones. On the contrary – the number of interim regimes, used by emerging and developing countries more than doubled in the 1999–2008 period. Results of the logistic regression analysis also challenge a bipolar view. Moreover, they provide a strong support for the view that the probability of the use of interim regimes in emerging and developing countries significantly differs in various regions of the world. This can be treated as an evidence of the existence of other factors that influence these countries’ choices concerning exchange rate regimes, partly resulting from differences in institutional fundamentals and different economic structures as well as macroeconomic policy stabilization programs.

Recovery of the Northern Plains Grassland Community – an overview

The grasslands of the northern plains of Victoria have long been recognised to be among the most threatened and poorly-reserved ecosystems in Victoria and Australia with only an estimated 3.8% remaining. As the protected area network (PAN) has greatly expanded in the last decade, there has been a commensurate loss of unprotected grasslands due to legal and illegal clearing. Whether or not the PAN continues to grow, there is now a significant on-going conservation management liability that must be underpinned by an improved understanding of ecosystem function and the role of disturbance. Some encouraging progress has been made by recent research. For instance, only partial recovery from cultivation is possible with long (cultivation) resting and that further improvement requires intervention to overcome the limits in seed dispersal of key functional groups. And although more has been learnt about how patterns in productivity/species-richness interactions can be managed/influenced by biomass manipulation, the use of stock grazing as a sustainable conservation management tool has still not been demonstrated. The interim regime of ‘status quo’ (stock) management persists despite the fact that it has failed to: (a) differentiate itself from standard pastoral practices, and (b) define the pathway to discovering better alternatives. A new technical advisory group has been established to oversee recovery strategy and has chosen the development of a ‘conceptual model of how the system works’, as a key priority. A further priority will be to pursue the renomination of the community under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 following the recent publication of research suggesting these grasslands are naturally treeless, floristically unique and geographically confined to the southern Riverina.

The Neoliberal Restructuring of Turkey's Social Security System

For almost thirty years Turkish capitalism has taken the form of neoliberalism. Turkey's subordination to the world neoliberal order started in the late 1970s and was pursued consistently after the 1980 military coup. The coup reflected Hayek's contention that a transition to "free markets" may require a dictatorship.1 By dissolving political and social opposition, the coup provided the necessary political environment for the shift from the import substitution industrialization that framed economic policy since the 1960s to an export-oriented economics. During the interim regime (1980-83), Turkey experienced a fierce process of depoliticization, which limited the opportunities for an effective opposition against the launch of neoliberal policies. All segments of the labor movement that had made political gains in the preceding decade were banned from politics and the majority of prominent activists were imprisoned. The general elections held in 1983 were a farce. The military rulers banned all political parties that had organic links to pre-coup political organizations and that were in opposition to the coup and the interim regime, and allowed only three political parties to participate.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

A child of necessity

Nigeria, which is variously described by some people as ‘a geographical expression’, ‘a unique nation’, ‘the giant of Africa’, ‘the most populous black nation on earth’, among several others, had three distinct governments in the year 1993 alone. Against this background of political instability, numerous discourses which should be of interest and significance to linguists, political scientists, historians, social anthropologists and discourse analysts of various persuasions are examined in this work. Notable is the emergence of the metaphorical use of the word child in the farewell speech of the deposed Head-of-State, Chief Ernest Oladeinde Shonekan, when he spoke of the interim regime as ‘a child of circumstance’ and in the inaugural speech of the then new Head-of-State, General Sani Abacha, as ‘a child of necessity’. These expressions were used not only as part of the reasons for either taking up or rather seizing the mantle of leadership but also as descriptive signals both to the state of the nation and the kind of government that they purported to lead. Using articles in some national newspapers, I attempt in this paper a functional-semiotic discourse analysis of the relevant statements, responses and comments on these national, dramatic, political changes. This paper is therefore an analysis of aspects of the linguistic features of discourses engendered by the diverse problematic, economic, socio-cultural and political events within the Nigerian polity and the political implications for putting in place adequate democratic principles in a developing nation.

The Perils and Promises of Democratization through United Nations Transitional Authority – Lessons from Cambodia and East Timor

This article compares democratization under the aegis of the United Nations in Cambodia and East Timor. The analysis points to the inherent contradictions and problems of democratization in post-conflict situations and discusses the difficult issue of timing. It draws four generalized conclusions about democratization through international interim governments in post-conflict societies. First, UN-led interim governments can provide a solution to the problems of civil strife, insecurity, and political instability in disrupted states. Second, democratization through international interim governments in civil-war countries can be successful if the transitional authority is able to maintain a stable ‘hurting balance of power’ and to guarantee the parties' compliance with democratic procedures. Third, international interim regimes like UNTAC are designed on the premise that reconciliation among the domestic parties is possible. If the premise turns out to be inaccurate, the very foundation of the peace process is challenged and it will be almost impossible successfully to adjust the interim government's institutional structure. Fourth, the cases of Cambodia and East Timor demonstrate that democratization must be embedded in a comprehensive agenda of political, social, and economic methods of peace-building. If interim governments end before the roots of democracy are deep enough and before democratic institutions are strong enough to stand alone, then the entire endeavour may fail.

Historia general de América Latina. vol. 5. La crisis estructural de las sociedades implantadas

Historia general de América Latina. vol. 5. La crisis estructural de las sociedades implantadas

Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security

The globalization of economics, politics, and human affairs has made individuals and groups more ontologically insecure and existentially uncertain. One main response to such insecurity is to seek reaffirmation of one's self identity by drawing closer to any collective that is perceived as being able to reduce insecurity and existential anxiety. The combination of religion and nationalism is a particularly powerful response (“identity‐signifier”) in times of rapid change and uncertain futures, and is therefore more likely than other identity constructions to arise during crises of ontological insecurity.