International Governmental Organizations Research Articles

Інтернаціоналізація громадянської війни в Сирії (регіональний вимір)

Syrian civil war that started in 2011 is characterized by an extremely high degree of internationalization. The country has become the focus for the different actors in the world and regional politics, as separate states and international governmental and nongovernmental organizations. In this sense neighboring (regional) countries, whose own security and stability directly depends on the situation in Syria, show the greatest interest and activity. The Syria’s civil war is seen as an internationalized intrastate conflict – an armed conflict between a government and a non-government party where the government side, the opposing side, or both sides, receive troop support from other governments that actively participate in the conflict. This article focuses on the interventions of regional actors in the conflict, especially the most powerful regional states (Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia). The intervention of regional powers in the Syria’s civil war can be explained by the combination of realist and constructivist approaches. In such an insecure region, all major states seek to maximize their power, famously creating a security dilemma, in which all end up less secure. Against this insecurity, all states “power balance”, in particular by forming alliances against shared threats. The inter-state rivalry for leadership of supra-state communities is endemic, expressed in recurring “cold wars”, in which stronger states deploy ideology and identity discourses to gain allies and subvert rival governments in the search for regional hegemony. Syria became a battleground in «proxy war», in which the warring parties actually serve the interests of their external patrons, who are fighting for regional leadership. Largely as a result of the internationalization of the conflict, Syria became a typical «fragile state» that will produce problems for a long time to come, even when the fighting finally stops: regional instability, refugees problem, criminal activities and extremism. Notwithstanding the Assad regime’s survival and clear victory in the civil war, the main regional interveners’ (Iran and Turkey) interference in Syria will continue, because threats to its national security and regional influence have not been completely eliminated.

When Collectivism Encountering Individualism in Legal Settings: An Analysis of the CAS Public Hearing Regarding Sun Yang’s Case

People’s interactions with others are usually reflections of their value, at both individual level and cultural level. In international legal settings where there are designed and professional questions, this is reflected distinctly in the confrontations between two parties. Drawing on the second dimension of Hofstede’s value system, namely individualism and collectivism, and taking the first hearing in the CAS arbitration between WADA, Sun Yang and FINA which was held in Switzerland in November 2019 as an example, this paper aims at elaborating on the collectivism-orientated or individualism-orientated values that are reflected in intercultural legal settings. To be more specific, collectivism-orientated value such as “We” Consciousness, Confrontation Avoidance, Facts/Rules Neglecting, High-context Communication and individualism-orientated value like Facts/Rules Focusing were all revealed in the testimony of Chinese witnesses by Sun Yang’s party. These values may have led to either negative or positive influence on the efficiency of Chinese witnesses’ defence in varying degrees. Analysis in this paper is based on the transcript of the video file of CAS public hearing on Sun’s case. I hope that the finding of the research may provide a reference to researchers on cultural values and communications in professional contexts such as international companies, schools, governmental organizations and tribunals.

Global Humanitarian Governance and the COVID-19 Moment: The Evolution of Sacrifice

Global Humanitarian Governance and the COVID-19 Moment: The Evolution of Sacrifice Peter J. Hoffman (bio) and Thomas G. Weiss (bio) This article was contributed to Forum—the edition’s portfolio of thematic content—by GJIA’s Global Governance section. In the rush to help victims, develop vaccines, and otherwise confront COVID-19, analytical attention has rightly focused on the direct operational problems of resources, scale, and coordination. The bulk of analysis has concentrated on state-led responses within their own jurisdictions, which is where the preponderance of efforts has taken place. However, discussion around the very nature of responses and their significance is missing-in-action in the context of humanitarian emergencies—especially in war zones, large-scale disasters stemming from natural hazards, or “protracted crises” (that is, where perennially vulnerable populations suffer because of limited state capacities and development infrastructure). This essay sheds light on how providing relief in the context of COVID-19 affects the authority and capacity of global humanitarian governance—the web of inter-governmental and international nongovernmental agencies dedicated to this work. Our concern is the hierarchies, inequalities, and institutions that determine who lives and who dies, which indicate shifting relationships between aid workers and the needy; they reveal larger questions of justice and power. Humanitarianism is a touchstone for sacrifice in international politics: it reflects the power to aid and save some while abandoning others to suffer and die. Public service is more than a theoretical exercise; the values underpinning humanitarian action have practical repercussions. If they are tainted, the sector’s legitimacy is undermined. This essay explores humanitarianism’s past, present, and future. It does so not only to explain how customary challenges are compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, but also to spotlight how responses exhibit inherent limits, shifts in power relations, questions about the role of aid agencies, and ultimately soul-searching about the meaning of humanitarianism and its ramifications for sacrifice. Timeless humanitarian challenges, a brief history Rescuing those imperiled by wars and natural disasters has never been easy—there was no “golden age” of humanitarianism because moral, operational, and political challenges routinely plague humanitarian action. The ethical foundations for succor are ubiquitous in religious and [End Page 36] cultural traditions. But institutionalizing the humanitarian impulse raises questions about who is entitled to assistance, how to distribute it, and its impact. To that end, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was founded on core principles—humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence—which uphold that all in need should receive aid regardless of other interests and agendas. The success of these principles helped alleviate suffering in armed conflicts from the Franco-Prussian War (1870– 1871) through World War II (1939–1945) and they guided the ICRC and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that built their reputations as protectors of the vulnerable and as viable components of global governance. Yet, the patina of these accomplishments was tarnished. World War II witnessed a particularly shameful chapter in humanitarian history as the ICRC faced an impossible choice: publicly denouncing the Holocaust or collaborating with the Third Reich to secure access to prisoner-ofwar (POW) camps.1 Respecting neutrality and state sovereignty was the price to provide relief; it was a price that the ICRC paid, choosing to protect allied POWs over concentration camp victims. A similar conundrum arose during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), when the central government sought to manipulate relief by denying aid for those supporting Biafra’s attempted secession. The British Red Cross adhered to traditional principles whereas the French Red Cross objected. This skirmish over the sanctity of humanitarian principles foreshad-owed the tumultuous 1990s and gave birth to an alternative organization and norm: Médecins Sans Frontières, and the Doctors Without Borders movement, which prioritized maintaining solidarity with the needy and bearing witness.2 The humanitarian fallout from wars in the 20th century’s final decade made apparent new possibilities for access and action—including more humanitarian space opened by military force and greater resources from public and private agencies—while also exposing new difficulties of coordination and coherence in the “business.”3 In particular, an infusion of more resources and the proliferation of...

КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОЇ ЦІЛІСНОСТІ ЯК СКЛАДОВОЇ СУЧАСНОГО БЕЗПЕКОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The study aims at consideration of modern academic and applied approaches to the construction of social and cultural cohesion as a component of social cohesion in order to further explore the prospects for the consolidation of Ukrainian society. Methods. Interdisciplinary approach, axiological approach, structural analysis, methods of political science and sociology are used to study the division of modern societies along the lines of ethnic, linguistic, religious differences, and inequality of opportunities to fully perform their potential through education, access to health care, digital technology, communication, income gap, ideological differences that hinder internal transformations. It is founded that the growing gap in opportunities and inequality exacerbated by the pandemic creates an environment of mistrust both within societies and between collective communities, an atmosphere of alienation and irritation, which often become conflict triggers. Such social fragmentation and differentiation raise the question of inclusion and exclusion of individuals and collective groups (in particular, states) in / from the sphere of social interaction and, as a consequence, generates academic and analytical search for answers to the question of social cohesion as a guarantee of steadily progressive development and hence, security. The deficit of socio-cultural cohesion as a high degree of solidarity and cohesion between groups and members of these groups, which should be a fundamental prerequisite for building resilience, makes the state vulnerable to external threats and makes the national security system poorly managed. It is this context that challenges Ukraine with construction of socio-cultural cohesion as a guarantee of progressive security development and resilience. The study analyses approaches to the interpretation of social and cultural cohesion in the modern search for conflict-free forms of interaction, the dichotomy of social and cultural / social cohesion in the approaches of international governmental organizations to the assessment of political and social transformations. Recommendations are provided for building the social and cultural cohesion of Ukrainian society on the basis of indicators for assessing social and cultural integrity, taking into account the international political context and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.

Urban Forests and Carbon Sequestration

Climate change amidst rapid unplanned urbanisation and unsustainable development has taken centre stage amongst the most prominent challenges in today's world, with greater impacts on the society and economy of developing countries such as India. Forestry activities have gained traction due to huge pollution mitigating potentials which have become a focal point of intergovernmental agencies. Nonetheless, despite studies suggesting that forests play significant mitigation roles, the role of urban forests has not assumed equal significance despite their significant role in sequestering carbon and other various social-economic-cultural-aesthetic benefits. This review primarily focuses on carbon sequestration potentials and methodologies for urban forests. The author(s) reveal that urban forests in general and urban educational institutional campuses in particular can make significant contributions in maintaining and managing GHG emissions and sequestrations to ensure sustainability. These results can provide future direction and ample knowledge for academics, urban planners and policy makers.

Biofictions: Race, Genetics and the Contemporary Novel by Josie Gill

582 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 48 (2021) publication of Oryx and Crake between “speculative fiction” (hers) and “science fiction” (not hers). But the default hierarchy remains in place elsewhere. Oddly enough, there is hardly any discussion of the aesthetics of form and genre in a collection mainly focused on the novel, and most essays take up the thematics of science-in-society in fiction rather instrumentally. I think this is why Kim Stanley Robinson’s SCIENCE IN THE CAPITAL trilogy (2004-2007) features fairly regularly in the collection. It is fine if treated thematically, because the series wears its fieldwork into science research funding in Washington on its sleeve, but no one seems to notice that Robinson consistently distends and breaks open the aesthetic form of the novel in even his most “realistic” works. In fact, he has chosen increasinly to challenge the limits of the Realist novel. The Ministry for the Future (2020) might share our contemporary world and have “realistic” representations of intergovernmental agencies of science, but the book utterly explodes the traditional novel form for an overtly Bakhtinian array of registers, styles, and forms (the lecture, the transcript, the diary, the scientific report, etc.). And Robinson has to do that, because the traditional Realist novel does not have the scale in its characterological and domestic focus to address the climate crisis. These are familiar arguments to sf scholars. Sherryl Vint, in looking at works by Robinson or Nancy Kress or Paolo Bacigalupi, does an admirable job of quietly and politely dismantling the implicit divide that builds up in the collection very effectively, yet largely concurs with the presentist frame of the editors that the blurring of mainstream and sf literature has occurred only in the last 30 years. Victorianist or Modernist literary scholars and historians of science might well beg to differ. There are some strong and informative essays here, nevertheless, including Carol Colatrella on novels depicting women in science through the lens of feminist science studies and a really useful essay by Uwe Schimank, “The Economization of Science,” that defines this as “the increasing importance of explicitly articulated economic considerations for financial costs and profits” (148). It is also helpful in general to witness the process of an attempt at canon formation for the “contemporary science novel” as you read through the collection. But to anyone interested in the embeddedness of science in society and cultural representations of science, the work undertaken in Under the Literary Microscope can only be a small portion of a much larger picture. The limits of the collection are announced from the title onwards, and it may be that the device really needed to explore this field is actually a macroscope.—Roger Luckhurst, Birkbeck College, University of London Wanna Be an Antiracist? Keep Science and Fiction Entangled. Josie Gill. Biofictions: Race, Genetics and the Contemporary Novel. Bloomsbury, 2020. x+270 pp. $115 hc, $39.95 pbk. Spending two weeks and 2500 miles of summer 2021 on the Great American College Road TripTM , I was struck that every institution I visited with my high-school senior advertised itself as “interdisciplinary.” The term’s 583 BOOKS IN REVIEW apparent meaning, of course, varied considerably. Most of our predominately undergraduate tour guides offered vague testimony to valuing classes outside one’s major; a few recognized that one discipline might helpfully supplement or critique another. None, however, ventured into the daring realms explored by Josie Gill’s tightly organized and consistently insightful Biofictions. Here, the often illusory nature of disciplinary boundaries themselves come under direct assault. For Gill, unlike many critics of “literature and science,” the issue is not how stories reflect or contort facts. The question is not representation. Nor is the focus on how science “explains” stories. There is no attempt to turn literary criticism into a science in and of itself, whether via big data or distant reading. Instead of utilizing a Venn diagram, Gill is interested in the fundamental illegibility of separate “science” and “fiction” categories. Rather than place terms such as “genetics” and “literature” (or “the humanities,” or “the arts,” or “the liberal arts”) in binary opposition, she recognizes that each field and the forms of knowledge it fosters can...

Joint Exercise of Sovereign Powers of the Member States of the European Union. The French Approach to Legal Understanding of the European Union

Introduction. This article analyses the legal nature of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the Union). The research presented in this article is based on two closely related theses. On the one hand, the Union is a legally qualifying entity, and on the other hand,the Unionists for a long time exercising legal (judicial) activism because they have been trying to form their own entity. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the legal identification of the Union and the semantic and conceptual category of ‘joint exercise of powers’. Taking into account the data from the analysis of doctrinal sources, Union law, applying the methodological tools of functionalism as a sociological and anthropological theory, which offers an explanation of the functioning of society based on elements that ensure stability, the author concludes that the stability manifest¬ed in the independence of the Union leads to the opposite effect – a break with the democratic foundations of states that united in the Union, yielding part of their sovereignty. Results. The author of the article concludes that the peculiarity of the Union lies in the particular way in which it exercises the state powers delegated to it. What distinguishes it from other categories of international governmental organisations is not so much the accumulation of powers, their scope and multipolarity, but rather how they are exercised. In this context, Member States are faced not so much with the deprivation of national powers as with a new manifestation of shared sovereignty embodied in the concept of shared exercise of powers. Discussion and Conclusion. From a legal point of view, the Union is a unique, distinctive legal and political entity. The Member States rejected the federal (state-legal) form of the Union. It cannot be reduced to an international intergovernmental organisation, although it borrows much from this legal category. The Union has many specific features in economic, political and legal terms that characterise it as a special subject of public international law. The concept of the Union reflects the legal traditions of the Member States. The author summarises in the article that French legal doctrine has been able to offer a theoretical vision of the Union in terms of the particularities of its political-legal culture. The author therefore believes that the joint exercise of powers is a tool that reveals the essence of the Union. This makes it difficult for France, which has a very developed concept of national sovereignty, to legal understanding of nature of the Union.

Nuevas guerras, nuevos desafíos

Este trabajo expone la naturaleza de los conflictos contemporáneos y los desafíos que se derivan para la aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario. A partir de un análisis sobre el cambio en las formas de hacer la guerra en el mundo globalizado, este artículo explica algunos factores clave para entender cómo se han desarrollado los conflictos después de la Guerra Fría. La globalización política y económica ha traído consigo nuevas características en los métodos, medios y objetivos de la guerra, teniendo como punto central los factores de identidad. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se plantó la necesidad de crear ciertas reglas y normas internacionales para la guerra. Por lo tanto, se desarrolló el derecho internacional humanitario como un mecanismo de equilibrio entre las exigencias militares de los Estados y las preocupaciones humanitarias derivadas de los conflictos.
 El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los desafíos que actualmente las nuevas guerras plantean al derecho internacional humanitario. El argumento final de esta reflexión es que las nuevas guerras han desafiado al derecho internacional humanitario, pues sus principios no han logrado contener la losa taques intencionados y deliberados contra la población civil. Por lo tanto, es necesario una actualización de estos principios, pero sobretodo, la correcta y uniforme aplicación del derecho que existe hasta la actualidad. La comunidad internacional, conformada por Estados, organizaciones internacionales gubernamentales y no gubernamentales tienen la oportunidad de demostrar su voluntad política para discutir sobre nuevos mecanismos de protección a los civiles y las opciones para reducir las afectaciones en medio de la guerra.

Care Strategies and Trends in Taiwan During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has currently spread to over 100 countries, infecting over thirty million people and causing nearly one million deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic is the most serious pandemic crisis faced by the world medical system for at least a century. To address the impacts of pandemic prevention and control measures and of societal concerns regarding risks of contraction in healthcare environments, related policies and management must be adopted to provide effective care and future prevention. The author introduces the prevention policies implemented during the pandemic under coordinated medical systems, the National Health Insurance program, pandemic management, and national and international governmental organizations to provide readers with a reference for the current situation of the pandemic in Taiwan and the world.

THE INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ROLE IN GLOBAL HEALTH

International government organizations with a global outreach are working on global health issues to achieve the objective of Health for All. The key actors in global health working on global health problems are the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (Johnson, Stotskopt, & Shi, 2018). These international organizations participate in generating and sharing knowledge, engage in advocacy,provide global funds for health efforts. Our paper will analyze the structure, goals, and processes of global health organizations, UNESCO and UNAIDS.

CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE TERRITORIES OF THE CARPATHIAN EUROREGION IN THE CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION

In the context of globalisation interstate borders in relation to economic relations have acquired a new meaning, which required the creation of a new system of regulation based on the principles of liberalisation, elimination of trade barriers, ensuring free movement of capital. On the one hand, the process of economic globalisation highlights the problems and contradictions remaining at the national level between the regulatory functions of state administrative bodies and the needs of unimpeded development of the Carpathian Euroregion. In this respect, inter-state institutions, as well as the harmonised legal norms underpinning them, prevent attempts to disrupt the competitive environment at the regional level. On the other hand, multilateral organisations are the mechanisms within which representatives of national administrations of the participating countries can negotiate the mutual removal of obstacles at the level of inter-state relations. Determined that, Those "dimensions" of the economy dominated by the "symbolic mediation" of relations - the financial market and consumption driven by consumerism - are most susceptible to globalisation. Much less globalised are commodity production and the labour market. There are theoretical justifications of the necessity of movement of the world community on the way of standardization in the field of economy. They found their adherents in the idea of combination, interpenetration, enrichment of national ways of development of economy not simply adjusting them to the general tendencies through destruction and suppression, but the way of connection on principles of equality, collectivism, preservation of traditional orientation of development. A certain development of theoretical views on the processes of globalisation influence on economic processes of specific countries we find in the works of specialists of the Club of Rome, as well as representatives of many international governmental and non-governmental organisations. They analyse in detail the processes of globalisation themselves and the obstacles that stand in their way. At the same time, external limits - limits arising from the past, and internal limits - limits arising from the future, which give birth to a more dangerous alternative to globalization - the movement of anti-globalization. Thus, it is hardly appropriate to speak of globalisation only as a process of continued growth of mutual trade, investment, increasing interdependence of countries and transcountry territories. Such an understanding of globalisation would be too simplistic and superficial and would not reveal qualitatively new elements of the globalisation process taking into account the manifestations of the specific development of the Carpathian Euroregion.

Implementation and factors affecting the nursing process among nurses working in selected government hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundThe nursing process was initially adopted from the general system theory, and was developed and implemented in the field of education. There is a demand to implement the nursing process in practical care in every health institution, but the perception remains that it is time-consuming and impractical. If the nursing process is not valued and not used, nurses may continue to intervene on the basis of a medical diagnosis rather than on the basis of a rational nursing Process steps. In any of the steps, oversight or omission can result in less than optimal nursing care. The purpose of this study was to assess implementation and factors affecting the nursing process among nurses working in selected government hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March 10 to April 1, 2015 in three hospitals in southwest Ethiopia using self-administered questionnaires. This study included a total of 138 nurses using simple random sampling. Data were classified, coded and entered into epidemiological information version 3.5.3, and exported to the statistical package for social science version 20 for analysis, descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to see the effect of each variable on the dependent variable.ResultThe nursing process was found to be 73.9% implemented. Compared to a Bachelor of Science nurses’, the likelihood of implementing the nursing process was less likely among diploma nurses. Nurses working in administratively supported hospitals implemented the nursing process more compared to those without administrative support. The nursing process had been implemented higher by trained nurses compared to untrained nurses.ConclusionThe implementation of nursing process was good where; nearly seven in every ten nurses implemented the nursing process. Low educational qualification, lack of training, and non-supportive hospital administration were predictors of the nursing process implementation. The health service management, in collaboration with Ethiopian nursing/professional associations and international governmental and non-governmental organizations should give continuous on the job professional development education, and develop nursing practice guidelines.

BUILDING THE NATION: SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN ALGERIA, 1962-1978

Since the middle of the 1950s, the Socialist countries led by the Soviet Union had made significant contribution to the economic advancement of the developing countries. Under the umbrella of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), Soviet aid programs extended on many African countries, including Algeria. Founded by the Soviet Bloc in 1949, the CMEA was a response to the Marshall Plan. Within the confines of the Cold War, this international governmental organization aimed to promote the socialist economic integration not only of its members but also the emerging nations beyond the Iron Curtain. In case of Algeria, the massive construction projects sponsored by the CMEA turned into the crucial platforms of the new nation building. Erection of industrial enterprises projected economic, political, social, and cultural development of Algeria. This article presents the construction works in Algeria as the crucial sites for spreading Soviet influence in North Africa. In addition, it demonstrates the role of youth from Algeria and the Soviet Bloc in the establishment of these country-wide projects and the formation of Algerian nationhood.

Global Intergovernmental Initiatives to Minimise Alcohol Problems: Some Good Intentions, but Little Action

While, historically, alcohol production and sale were local matters, commercialised and industrialised alcohol has supervened, globalised initially through European empires, transforming alcohol’s place in everyday life. But alcohol was not included in the current international drug control system, initiated in 1912. In the current “UN system” of 35 intergovernmental agencies, alcohol has been a recurrent concern in the work only of the World Health Organization (WHO). Examples are given of the sporadic involvement in alcohol issues of other agencies, and the history of WHO’s involvement between 1950 and early 2020 is briefly described. At WHO, the place of alcohol programming in its structure and which other topics it is linked with have been recurrent issues. Civil society support for alcohol initiatives has been comparatively weak, and alcohol industry counter-pressure has been strong. Alcohol issues have thus received less attention at the intergovernmental level than the harm would justify. Constraining factors have included not only lobbying by industry interests, but also the multi-sectoral nature of alcohol problems and the international cultural position of alcohol as a luxury good served at gatherings of political and media elites.

STANCES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ON POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

The nation-states retained their target as the basic political units in international relations, with significant influence of the leading economic and military forces in them. Modern international organizations can be classified as government international organizations and non - government international organizations. In the first case, they are financed from government budgets, and non - governmental international organizations have funding sources mainly from state budgets, as well as from other institutions. (Andrew Duff, 2007) . International organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina carry out a large number of projects in the post-war period, and above all it relates to: improving the economy, increasing the competitiveness of producers, gender equality - Gender, improving institutions, supporting returnees, supporting small and medium-sized businesses, reducing unemployment, combating poverty etc. From the above, it can be concluded that a large number of projects are geared towards developing the economy and combating unemployment and poverty, which will be the primary research of this paper. The analysis of International Organizations raises the question of the very purpose of project design in the host countries. The assumption is that it is twofold, both for the host state and for the (state) institutions that fund it. The first is that governmental international organizations are preparing a good business environment for their markets through International Organizations, and are expanding their influence there. The public institutions and the host country’s domestic economy are preparing for the cooperation and eventual entry of their large companies and other interests. On the other hand, there are also non - governmental international organizations, which mainly deal with humanitarian projects and economic ones to a lesser extent. Accordingly, it is justifiable to set the basic aim of this paper’s research: To research and present in tables, graphically, and to interpret theoretically the extent to which international organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina have had an impact in combating poverty and reducing the unemployment rate, and whether there is a difference between accesses in other host countries. In the preliminary research for this paper, it was established that there is no quality data on the invested funds in this segment by the International Organizations, so the primary data collection was started. Primary data were collected from representatives of international organizations, employees of international organizations, as well as foreign diplomacy. The results of the analysis show the impact of the projects they have implemented on poverty alleviation and unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the above, it is possible to set the basic hypothesis of the work, which states: International organizations represented in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not adequately answer the task when it comes to reducing unemployment and combating poverty. In addition to the basic hypothesis of the work, there is an auxiliary one, which reads: International organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina have contributed more to poverty reduction than has been the case with reducing unemployment.

Beyond Fragmentation: Cross-Fertilization, Cooperation and Competition Among International Courts and Tribunals

The international community in the 21st century is more legalized and more judicialized than at any other period in history. Yet today’s international legal order is also fragmented, leading to concerns about the proliferation of specialized legal regimes, adjudicated by an uncoordinated assemblage of international courts and tribunals. In this volume, we and our fellow authors explore international judicial cooperation, competition, and cross-fertilization “beyond fragmentation.” Existing scholarship on international legal fragmentation, we suggest, has moved through three phases in recent decades. In the first phase, practitioners and scholars reacted with alarm to the judicial proliferation of the post-Cold War years, which they feared would create systemic problems of overlapping and contested jurisdiction, as well as conflicting and divergent interpretations of law. Following this period of “postmodern anxieties,” the new century saw the pendulum swing towards towards a second, more optimistic school of thought, which empirically identified (and normatively championed) a series of techniques whereby international judges could “manage” fragmentation through dialogue and cross-fertilization, producing convergence and unity in international law. Most recently, in the opening salvos of a third wave, skeptics have questioned the management account, pointing to the mixed motives of international judges and the limits of cross-fertilization. Building on this debate, this volume interrogates the record of cross-fertilization, cooperation, and competition among international courts and tribunals. In doing so, we address three important themes. First, we examine the phenomenon of cross-fertilization in the area of procedural law, finding that that courts do indeed learn and borrow from each other in establishing procedural rules, which show signs of convergence. Second, we examine the more complex experience of cross-fertilization in substantive international law, where we find greater variation among international courts and tribunals in their willingness to refer and defer to others. Third and finally, we investigate the agents of cross-fertilization, including not only judges but also international governmental organizations, international court registries and arbitral secretariats, member states, litigants, and counsel. Each of these actors, we suggest, possesses mixed motives, weighing their (perhaps weak) interest in the coherence of the international legal system against their (perhaps dominant) interests in their own regional or substantive legal order or values, or indeed with simply winning their current dispute. The picture that emerges is one in which international judicial cross-fertilization is both real and important, but also highly variable and asymmetric across courts and issue-areas, and likely to remain so.

Poverty Eradication in the Light of Quran and Sunnah: A Maqassid Approach

The evolution of poverty has been an emerging economic and social phenomenon which poses the attention of national and international government and developmental organizations in Muslim and non-Muslim countries to initiate various strategies and programs for the poverty alleviation. In Islam, it is crucially important to cater for the wellbeing of the people in a society so that it would positively constitute socio-economic development, political stability and religion propagation. This study aims to explore the poverty alleviation measures prescribed in Islam as a collective solution to several calamities. For this purpose, deductive research method is adopted to articulate the major maqassid of Quran and Sunnah in eradicating poverty as the two primary sources of Shariah explicitly and implicitly encompass all the aspects of life most especially the livelihood wellbeing in accordance with Shariah objective of wealth protection. The study is significant as it will revive Muslims’ intuition to refer back to the teachings from the divine sources to ensure socio-economic development and sustainability.

Costs, equity and acceptability of three policies to prevent obesity: A narrative review to support policy development.

SummaryObesity prevention policies are a priority for many governments and intergovernmental agencies. Policy makers not only use systematic reviews of effectiveness but also consider contextual issues including cost and cost‐effectiveness, equity, rights, acceptability and feasibility. To support their work, the present narrative review examines three contextual issues (costs, equity and acceptability) in relation to three policies for obesity prevention: sweetened beverage taxes, front‐of‐pack nutrition labelling and restrictions on advertising to children. Literature searches led to over 1100 documents, of which 125 informed the present review. Beverage taxes were found likely to be highly cost‐effective, moderately favourable for health equity, supported by the public (depending on the use of revenues) and by health professionals and civil society groups and opposed by commercial interests. Depending on the design, front‐of‐pack nutritional labelling is likely to be highly cost‐effective, moderately favourable for health equity, supported by the public, health professionals and civil society groups, and opposed by commercial interests. Restrictions on child‐directed advertising are likely to be highly cost‐effective in the longer term, moderately favourable for health equity, supported by the public, health professionals and civil society groups and opposed by commercial interests (unless voluntary). The evidence base needs strengthening, but the authors find that all three policies merit consideration by governmental authorities, and should be implemented to reduce obesity risk.

Legal Regulation of Financing Mega Science Projects

The paper is devoted to the investigation of the issues related to the legal regulation of financing the development, construction and operation of large-scale research infrastructures. During the study, the author has highlighted the peculiarities of Mega Science projects, examined various approaches to the definition of this category, analyzed organizational and legal forms of international cooperation in the field of implementation of Mega Science projects and the mechanisms of financing the large research infrastructures implemented both in the Russian Federation and abroad. It is determined that the rules of financial law regulate a whole range of public relations related to the financing in the area under consideration, including budgetary financing and allocation of other sources for the establishment of large-scale research infrastructures, the use of tax incentives for scientific and other organizations involved in the creation and operation of global research facilities, financial control in the implementation of Mega Science projects. It is concluded that the approach based on the creation of international governmental organizations or national legal entities incorporated in the territory of the state where a global research infrastructure will be located, is more effective than the Russian approach, under which Mega Science projects are in most cases implemented on the basis of the existing budgetary scientific institutions.

Amnesty for combatants involved in armed condlicts: between peace and justice

The article deals with amnesty for combatants, who committed crimes in international armed conflicts or armed conflicts of non-international character in foreign countries, there are also explored conclusions and recommendations of international government and non-government organisations on exemption combatants from criminal liability.
 It’s obviously, that amnesty does not apply to the perpetrators of such crimes as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, torture, enforced disappearances, and some others.
 Considering the extended armed conflict in the east of Ukraine, it’s extremely necessary to examine the institution of amnesty within the context of diplomatic and peaceful measures of ending the conflict. As far as Ukraine is concerned, amnesty in Ukraine is a step towards general reconciliation of the society given serious work and understanding within the society is completed.
 Moreover, in article discussed the question on specificities of amnesty's implementation in context of armed conflict on temporary occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Special attention is focused on binding terms of amnesty for combatants.
 As a conclusion, author of this article states on some necessary conditions for implementing the amnesty for combatants in post-conflict society. These conditions are:
 
 Disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration. This is one of the most controversy and difficult steps. Combatants only then are going to be disarmed when they feel their safety under international and national law.
 There is a list of human rights violations that may not be pardoned by the amnesty: genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
 The nation and victims of the armed conflict have to know the truth about all violations of human rights according to international humanitarian law and international human rights law.
 
 It’s important to understand, that amnesty is one of the institutions in oust-conflict society, that aimed for the end of the conflict, stabilisation of the politica; situation in the country, disarming and reintegration.