Intergeneric Variation Research Articles

Species identification of plant tissues from the gut of An. sergentii by DNA analysis

There are three commonly used assays to identify plant material in insect guts: the cold anthrone test for fructose, the cellulose staining test for visualizing plant tissue and gas chromatography for seeking unique sugar content profiles. Though sugar and cellulose tests can distinguish between the general sources of sugar meal (nectar versus tissue), they cannot identify the species of plant sources. Even gas chromatography profiles can be problematic; there are reported instances of intra-specific variation as well as inter-specific and intergeneric variation that can mar results. Here, we explore the potential for DNA analysis to help resolve this issue. First, Anopheles sergentii were exposed to branches of two species of highly attractive flowering bushes in the laboratory and the great majority (∼90–98%) were positive for sugar from nectar while very few were positive for cellulose (∼0.5–8%) and DNA (6–19%). Moreover, laboratory An. sergentii showed opposing preferences, tending to obtain sugar from nectar of one plant ( Tamarix nilotica) but to feed more on tissue from the other ( Ochradenus baccatus). An. sergentii are exposed to a wide variety of plants in their natural desert habitats and in the absence of flowers in the dry season, they resort to feeding specifically on tissues of a few plants. According to DNA analysis the favorite plants were Suaeda asphaltica, Malva nicaeensis and Conyza dioscoridis, which are succulents that account for less than 1% of vegetation in the area.

Genome size and genome evolution in diploid Triticeae species

One of the intriguing issues concerning the dynamics of plant genomes is the occurrence of intraspecific variation in nuclear DNA amount. The aim of this work was to assess the ranges of intraspecific, interspecific, and intergeneric variation in nuclear DNA content of diploid species of the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae) and to examine the relation between life form or habitat and genome size. Altogether, 438 plants representing 272 lines that belong to 22 species were analyzed. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry. Very small intraspecific variation in DNA amount was found between lines of Triticeae diploid species collected from different habitats or between different morphs. In contrast to the constancy in nuclear DNA amount at the intraspecific level, there are significant differences in genome size between the various diploid species. Within the genus Aegilops, the 1C DNA amount ranged from 4.84 pg in A. caudata to 7.52 pg in A. sharonensis; among genera, the 1C DNA amount ranged from 4.18 pg in Heteranthelium piliferum to 9.45 pg in Secale montanum. No evidence was found for a smaller genome size in annual, self-pollinating species relative to perennial, cross-pollinating ones. Diploids that grow in the southern part of the group's distribution have larger genomes than those growing in other parts of the distribution. The contrast between the low variation at the intraspecific level and the high variation at the interspecific one suggests that changes in genome size originated in close temporal proximity to the speciation event, i.e., before, during, or immediately after it. The possible effects of sudden changes in genome size on speciation processes are discussed.

Two new cryptogonimid genera Beluesca n. gen. and Chelediadema n. gen. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from tropical Indo-West Pacific Haemulidae (Perciformes)

A survey of the parasites of Indo-West Pacific Haemulidae revealed the presence of three new cryptogonimid (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) species warranting two new genera, Beluesca littlewoodi n. gen., n. sp. and B. longicolla n. sp. from the intestine and pyloric caeca of Plectorhinchus gibbosus and Chelediadema marjoriae n. gen., n. sp. from the intestine and pyloric caeca of Diagramma labiosum, P. albovittatus and P. gibbosus from Heron and Lizard Islands off the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Beluesca n. gen. is distinguished from all other cryptogonimid genera by the combination of an elongate body, funnel-shaped oral sucker, relatively small number of large oral spines, highly lobed ovary, opposite to slightly oblique testes, uterine loops that are restricted to the hindbody and extend well posterior to the testes and vitelline follicles that may extend from the ovary into the forebody, but do not extend anterior to the intestinal bifurcation. Pseudallacanthochasmus plectorhynchi Mamaev, 1970 is transferred to Beluesca as B. plectorhyncha (Mamaev, 1970) n. comb. based on morphological and ecological (host preference) characteristics. Chelediadema n. gen. is distinguished from all other cryptogonimid genera by the combination of a lanceolate body, relatively small number of large oral spines, prepharynx that is much longer than the oesophagus, tandem testes, uterine loops that are extensive in the hindbody and extend well posterior to the testes and vitelline follicles that extend from the ovary to the pharynx. Morphological analysis of the three species described here was augmented with DNA sequence analyses utilizing data from the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2, and 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA. Sequence data from the LSU and ITS (encompassing the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the taxa examined here were aligned with those reported for other cryptogonimids, Caulanus thomasi, Latuterus tkachi, Neometadena ovata, four representative species of Retrovarium and an undescribed species of Siphoderina, for comparative purposes and to explore levels of interspecific and intergeneric variation among these taxa. Minimum evolution analysis was conducted on a combined (LSU and ITS) dataset to explore relationships among these genera. Despite their superficial morphological and host preference similarities, species of Beluesca and Chelediadema were genetically distant from each other. Interspecific and intergeneric variation among the species described here is similar to that reported for other cryptogonimids.

ANÁLISIS ESTRUCTURAL DEL GEN MITOCONDRIAL CITOCROMO B Y DE LA REGIÓN CONTROL DE CYNOMYS MEXICANUS Y SPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA (RODENTIA: SCIURIDAE)

The nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene and of the control region are described for Cynomys mexicanus and Spermophilus spilosoma. The cytochrome b gene was characterized by the presence of eight non-synonymous substitutions at the inter-generic level, presented mainly in the transmembrane zone (87%). The control region was characterized by the presence of the conserved blocks, ETAS1 and CSB1; by the absence of repetitive sequences and by the conserved blocks, ETAS2, CSB2 and CSB3. Most of the inter-generic variation (47.9%) was observed in the ETAS domain. The structure of the control region was similar to that of phylogenetic related species.

Detection, characterization and utility of a new highly variable nuclear marker region in several species of cyprinid fishes (Cyprinidae)

A new non-coding nuclear marker region was detected in two species of cyprinid fishes. Polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify a part of this region in several genera, indicating a wide applicability within Cyprinidae. Sequence analysis revealed large intergeneric length variation caused by various deletion or insertion events. Apart from length variability, nucleotide differences were used for phylogenetic reconstructions, resulting in stable clustering of generic groups. We conclude that this nuclear region Cyfun P could be useful for the detection of intergeneric hybridization among members of the cyprinid family.

Species level patterns in 13 C and 15 N abundance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal sporocarps.

• The natural abundance of 13 C (δ13 C) and 15 N (δ15 N) of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi has been investigated on a number of occasions, but the significance of observed differences within and between the two trophic groups remains unclear. • Here, we examine the influence of taxonomy, site, host and time upon isotopic data from 135 fungal species collected at two forest sites in Sweden. • Mean δ13 C and δ15 N values differed significantly between ECM and saprotrophic fungi, with only a small degree of overlap even at the species level. Among ECM fungi, intraspecific variation in δ15 N was low compared with interspecific and intergeneric variation. Significant variation due to site, year and host association was found. • At broad scales a number of factors clearly influence δ13 C and δ15 N values making interpretation problematic. We suggest that values are essentially site-specific within the two trophic groups, but that species-level patterns exist potentially reflecting ecophysiological attributes of species. The species is therefore highlighted as the taxonomic level at which most information may be obtained from fungal δ13 C and δ15 N data.

Comparative morphology of the tongue in free-tailed bats (Chiroptera, Molossidae)

Descriptive and comparative studies on tongue of nineteen Molossidae, one Mystacinidae, and four Vespertilionidae bats species were carried out. Analysis was restricted to the external morphology, covering general shape of the tongue and its papillae. Types of papillae and their distribution presented considerable intergeneric variation, considering the strictly insectivorous feeding habits of these bats. Distribution of the data of tongue morphology is analyzed and compared with the phylogenetic schemes proposed previously and comments about evolutionary relationships among taxa were done.

Karyomorphological studies in Oserya, Vanroyenella and Tristicha (Podostemaceae sensu lato)

Karyotype analyses of three Podostemaceae genera are reported for the first time. Somatic chromosome numbers were 2 n=28 ( x=14) for Oserya coulteriana Tul. and Vanroyenella plumosa Novelo and Philbrick (subfamily Podostemoideae). Their karyotypes were similar (13m+1 sm chromosome pairs). The pantropical Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willdenow) Sprengel (subfamily Tristichoideae), with 2 n=20 ( x=10), had a karyotype of 10 m chromosome pairs. Although the karyotypes were homogeneous in the species studied, intergeneric variation of their genomes was evident in chromosome size and genome length. The largest chromosomes and genome lengths were found in O. coulteriana, while chromosomes of intermediate size occurred in V. plumosa. Tristicha trifaria had the smallest chromosomes. New data presented herein, combined with data from the published literature, indicates that Tristichoideae is uniform with x=10 and that polyploidy is the principal mechanism of chromosome evolution. In contrast, in the Podostemoideae the main mechanism of evolution is aneuploidy. Podostemoideae possess a range of base numbers: x=10, 13–15 and 17. Disploidy may be the underlying reason for such variation. Cytotaxonomic evidence supports the recognition of Podostemaceae s.s. and Tristichaceae as distinct families.

Pollen morphology of the subfamily Aurantioideae (Rutaceae)

The Aurantioideae is one of seven subfamilies of the Rutaceae consisting of two tribes, the Clauseneae, containing five genera, and the Citreae, with 28 genera. Each tribe contains three subtribes. The pollen morphology of the subfamily Aurantioideae is described and illustrated for the first time based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Five pollen types have been recognised in the subfamily, based mainly on aperture number and exine ornamentation. The pollen grains show a high degree of intergeneric variation. Pollen grains of Clauseneae are 3-colporate, microstriate or microstriato-reticulate, whereas pollen grains of Citreae are almost always 4/5 colporate with exines varying from microperforate to coarsely reticulate. Congruence between pollen types and the currently accepted classification is discussed, as well as the systematic implications of pollen morphology for the subfamily.

Chaetotaxy of members of the Gyrodactylidae (Monogenea), with comments upon their systematic relationships with the Monopisthocotylea and Polyopisthocotylea

This study investigates intra- and inter-generic variation in the chaetotaxy pattern of members of the Gyrodactylidae and compares these data with those from other monogenean groups elucidated by other workers. The staining of surface sensillary structures has revealed areas of homology between the two genera Gyrodactylus and Ooegyrodactylus, which have markedly contrasting modes of reproduction. Although species specific maps have been elucidated for members of the genus Gyrodactylus, no evolutionary trends in their sensillary patterns could be determined. Members of the family Gyrodactylidae are shown to possess a cluster of 3 × 2 sensilla, similar in their size and arrangement to the post-ocular (spo) cluster of sensilla in polyopisthocotyleans, although on the opposite surface. A comparable cluster of sensilla is lacking in monopisthocotyleans. This information gathered from chaetotaxy supports the proposal that the order Gyrodactylidea is close to the polyopisthocotylean line of monogenean evolution.

Plesiomorphic and apomorphic pollen structure characteristics of anthemideae (Asteroideae: Asteraceae)

Anthemideae (Asteroideae: Asteraceae) pollen grains have basal columellae, a structural type called “anthemoid” in earlier publications. To survey structure variation in Anthemideae pollen, we examined freeze‐sectioned grains from 45 species within 23 representative genera using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From resulting data and a literature review, we concluded that: 1) pollen of Anthemideae taxa is qualitatively identical except for Ursinia (grains essentially lack basal columellae) and the Artemisia group (branches of basal columellae are complex and interwoven); 2) the double tectum (a term introduced in this study) is a synapomorphy of Asteroideae and plesiomorphic in Anthemideae; 3) apomorphies of Anthemideae grains include large basal columellae, a thick foot layer, and absence of internal foramina; and 4) Anthemideae pollen is qualitatively different from similar pollen in Lactucoideae, a distinction we recognized by restricting “anthemoid” to Anthemideae grains. Ursinia grains have occasional basal columellae and features resembling rolled‐up columellae; we consider these vestiges of a reversal to the plesiomorphic condition. To assess quantitative structural variation, 2,200 image‐analysis measurements were taken from 73 SEM micrographs. Intrageneric variation was analyzed by standard deviation, and intergeneric variation by principal components analysis. Compared to other Anthemideae taxa, the structural elements of Artemisia grains have reduced dimensions and variability. Otherwise, structural radiation of Anthemideae pollen has produced a phenetic continuum.

Three nephromixial patterns in polychaete species currently assigned to the genus Pista (Annelida, Terebellidae).

A comparative morphological study of nephromixial systems in three Californian terebellid polchaetes currently assigned to the genus Pista shows that P. fimbriata has all attributes of the generic type, but that P. pacifica and P. elongata differ markedly. The features of typical Pista include (among others): two pairs of usually unequal branchiae, long-handled anterior uncini (hooks) of crested avicular (bird-head-like) from, muddy, unornamented tubes, one pair of anterior excretory nephromixia (ENMX), and two pairs of separate thoracic reproductive nephromixia (RNMX) with genital papillae on segments VI and VII. A review indicates that P. fimbriata shares these typical features with practically all adequately described Pista species. However, P. pacifica and P. elongata possess three pairs of branchiae, long-handled uncini of distinctive crochet-like form, and membranous tubes with apertural hoods. Both have two pairs of ENMX, the first supplied by one pair of ciliated renal funnels, the second by two pairs of such funnels. But they differ in their RNMX: P. pacifica has three pairs of complex RNMX, those on each side united by a common duct. P. elongata has 11-13 pairs of simple RNMX united by common ducts. Although these species do not fit into Pista, no genus has been found to accommodate them. Generic placement is complicated by the fact that no instances of intra-generic nephromixial variation have been reported in the Terebellidae, although inter-generic variation is well known. If they are congeneric, this would be the first example of intrageneric RNMX variation in Terebellidae. But if assigned to separate genera or subgenera on the basis of their RNMX, their similarity of anterior uncini might be attributable to parallel or convergent adaptation to life in comparable tubes. More evidence, including molecular analysis, is needed for phylogenetic studies of Terebellidae. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Historical Effects and Sorting Processes as Explanations for Contemporary Ecological Patterns: Character Syndromes in Mediterranean Woody Plants

Ecological patterns are not only a consequence of adaptive processes, but also influenced by phylogenetic constraints, historical effects, and sorting processes. In contrast to the attention paid to the influence of phylogeny on interspecific ecological patterns, historical effects and sorting processes have been considered less frequently. This article shows that, for the woody flora of western Andalusia, southwestern Spain, these factors may be of substantial importance for explaining covariation among life-history traits (and associated "character syndromes") in plant communities. Multivariate analysis of the covariation across genera of 10 qualitative characters (related to general habit and reproductive biology) revealed a dominant life history-reproductive gradient (called "dimension 1") defining two distinct groups of genera and associated syndromes. Syndromes may largely be explained by reference to historical effects and species sorting processes, without recourse to adaptive explanations. Lineage age (as estimated from paleontological and biogeographical data) explained a significant proportion of intergeneric variation in position along dimension 1. Many character associations contributing to the syndromes vanished after the sample was split into groups based on lineage age, and those remaining occurred exclusively within the group of "old" (pre-Mediterranean) genera. No supporting evidence was found for the contribution of differential extinction of pre-Mediterranean genera to observed syndromes. Differential diversification of lineages as a function of life-history and reproductive characteristics did contribute significantly.

Morphology of the Glans Penis in Four Genera of Molossid Bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

The morphology of the glans penis is described for Mormopterus jugularis, Molossops planirostris, M. temminckii, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, N. macrotis, Tadarida aegyptiaca , and T. brasiliensis . The glans penis is stout, elongate, and pendulous in all seven species. The external surface of the glans is covered with epithelial spines in all species except T. brasiliensis , where spines are replaced by rows of epithelial papillae. Epithelial spines range in size from 100 µm in M. jugularis . The urinary meatus is subterminal and covered by a prominent urethral cap in all species examined except the two species of Molossops . A small os penis is present at the distal terminus of the corpora cavernosa in M. jugularis, N. laticaudatus , and T. brasiliensis . The corpora cavernosa is restricted to the proximal one-half of the glans and no os penis was found in either species of Molossops . Although molossids exhibit only modest intraspecific variation in penile morphology, considerable intergeneric variation is present making these morphological characters potentially useful for testing phylogenetic hypotheses.

Protein polymorphism in sugarcane revealed by two-dimensional gel analysis

In order to identify molecular markers for the analysis of the sugarcane genome, proteins extracted from apical segments of shoot tissues were resolved by a combination of equilibrium (IEF) and nonequilibrium (NEPHGE) two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A number of taxa of the "Saccharum complex" group (Saccharum species and the related genera of Andropogoneae) with presumed contributions to the sugarcane genome were surveyed. Protein profiles were compared to a reference map consisting of 1,482 protein spots from the noble cane,Saccharum officinarum L. Fifty-three polypeptides, representing about 3.6% of the total resolved spots, showed interspecific variation, whereas 78 polypeptides, about 5.3% of the total, showed intergeneric variation. Of the total polymorphic protein spots, qualitative (presence/absence) variation was more prevalent among the wild than among the cultivated species of the genusSaccharum, but the quantitative (spot intensity) variation was similar for both groups. The population of protein spots showing qualitative and quantitative variations was similar among the related genera of Andropogoneae. These polymorphic proteins can be used in genetic and evolutionary studies of the sugarcane genome.

The structure and function of the female sperm-storage organs in libellulid dragonflins

Demonstrations of the mechanism of sperm displacement as a means of sperm competition have been restricted to the order Odonata. From those studies it appears that male and female genital structure plays an important part in sperm competition. A survey is presented here of the female genitalia of several species of libellulid dragonfly. Histology, fine structure and anatomy are described; there is considerable intergeneric variation in the morphology of the organs of sperm storage, but uniformity in the histology, musculature and sensory structures which have been examined. Possible reasons for the variation are discussed.

The Systematic Wood Anatomy of the Moraceae (Urticales) V. Genera of the Tribe Moreae Without Urticaceous Stamens

The wood anatomy of the Moreae without urticaceous stamens is described in detail. Generic descriptions of the following genera are provided: Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Bagassa, Batocarpus, Clarisia, Parartocarpus, Poulsenia, Prainea, Sorocea, Sparattosyce, and Treculia. Wood anatomical variation below the genus level is very limited, except in the genus Clarisia. Intergeneric variation, however, is much more evident. Most genera can be recognised by the presence or absence of septate fibres, and of radial latex tubes, the size of the intervascular pits, the parenchyma distribution, and crystal distribution. The diagnostic and taxonomic value of several characters is discussed.

Respiratory significance of the thoracic and abdominal morphology of Belostoma and Ranatra (insecta, heteroptera)

Both Belostoma and Ranatra possess I–II, subepimeral, thoracic subalar, and abdominal subalar air stores. In Belostoma, unlike Ranatra, the subepimeral air store is greatly enlarged, the abdominal subalar store is partially exposed to the water, and a fully exposed ventral abdominal air store is also present. All the air stores of Ranatra are normally concealed. The mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles, which open onto the I–II and subepimeral air stores respectively, are of limited permeability. They appear to have less respiratory importance than the large and highly permeable first abdominal spiracles, which lie in the subalar air space and can probably exhale and inhale large amounts of air. The large eighth abdominal spiracles, which lie at the base of the siphon or retractile organ, can also inhale or exhale much air in Ranatra but appear to be mainly exhalant in Belostoma. The smaller second through seventh abdominal spiracles structurally resemble the eighth ones in Belostoma and open onto the ventral abdominal air store. In Ranatra they appear to have no significant respiratory function. Both genera obtain atmospheric air and give off exhaled air by means of the posterior retractile organ or siphon. The two types of air appear to follow different pathways in the two genera. In Ranatra atmospheric air appears to enter the tracheal system mainly or entirely through the eighth abdominal spiracles and then passes through the first abdominal spiracles into the subalar space. Exhaled air follows the reverse pathway. In Belostoma, however, atmospheric air probably enters the tracheae mainly through the first abdominal spiracles; it is conveyed to these spiracles from the retractile organ through the subalar space or, more indirectly, through the ventral abdominal air store. Air exhaled through the first abdominal spiracles follows the reverse route; the eighth abdominal spiracles can also exhale directly into the base of the retractile organ. During underwater respiration the abdominal portion of the subalar air store appears to be the main reservoir for oxygen. The subalar oxygen is initially atmospheric, and is supplemented, during submersion, by other sources of oxygen. Belostoma may use its exposed ventral abdominal air store, and its partially exposed abdominal subalar one, as “physical gills”; both these stores communicate with the inhalant first abdominal spiracles. Ranatra, none of whose air stores are normally exposed, appears, to be less capable of utilizing dissolved oxygen, but the considerable amount of atmospheric oxygen in the elongated siphon may be inhaled, during submersion, through the eighth abdominal spiracles. In both genera the thoracic air stores appear to be of less respiratory importance than the abdominal ones. They do not appear capable of obtaining large amounts of oxygen, and the thoracic spiracles are relatively impermeable. All the air stores, however, serve to protect the spiracles against the entry of water, and also contribute to the body's hydrostatic balance. It is also possible that some of the air stores play a role in pressure reception. The literature indicates much intergeneric variation in the respiration of Belostomatidae and Nepidae. In the Belostomatidae there is considerable variation in the extent of the ventral abdominal air store and in the roles of the subalar air store and the spiracles. The Nepidae show differences in their ability to utilize dissolved oxygen and in the extent of the subepimeral air store.

The Saccus laryngis in PRIMATES

From mcroscopic and microscopic observations on the laryngeal region, especially on the laryngeal air-sac (Saccus laryngis) of PRIMATES belonging to 9 families, 30 genera, 64 species, the following results were obtained (Table 1). 1) The Saccus laryngis and or Sacculus laryngis was found inside or outside the larynx in P RIMATES of all the 64 species (Table 3).2) The Saccus laryngis were classified into 5 types, MSA, MIP, MIA, LS and VL, according to the distribution of their openings. In PROSIMII and Cebidae of ANTHROPOIDEA an intergeneric variation was observable in the opening types. In Cercopithecidae only 2 types of opening, MSA and VL, were found. In Cercopithecidae expect for Colobus the Saccus laryngis distributes outside the larynx only of type VL without any intergeneric variation. In Hylobatidae and Pongidae the Saccus laryngis is open at the opening of type VL.3) The distribution of Saccus laryngis were classified into 6 types, (A), (B), (D), (E) and (F). In most cases of PROSIMII and the majority of Ceboidea of ANTHROPOIDEA, the Saccus laryngis distributes inside the larynx, which is type (F), or very small part of the Saccus laryngis distributes outside the larynx, which is (E) type. In Cercopithecidae and Hylobatidae of ANTHROPOIDEA the Saccus laryngis partially reaches the Regio pectoris anterior, which is (B), (C), (D) or (E) type according to the proportion of distribution outside the larynx. In Pongidae the largest part of the Saccus laryngis ditributes outside the larynx, which is (A) type.4) Between Cebide and Cercopithecidae of ANTHROPOIDEA, the primary variation in the opening type appears, and the secondary variation from MSA to VL appears in Colobus of Cercopithecidae, the form of the opening, from which no variation in Saccus laryngis distributes outside the larynx, is considered to be related to the Systematical position of each family.5) When the correlation between the distribution of Saccus laryngis and the body weight in Macaca is considered, the sexual difference in the size of Saccus laryngis is presumed to depend upon the difference in body size between the male and female which become distinct after the appearance of secondary sexual character.6) The appearance of Saccus laryngis in PRIMATES is considered to result from their characteristic arboreal locomotion. This Saccus laryngis has been generally said to play a part in evolving them to erect bipedal walking, in other word, in releasing them from manual walking. It is considered, however, that in PRIMATES the difference in the opening type and or the distribution type are related to the difference in the locomotion behavior. For example, the type VL is related to the brachiation, and type MSA to the arboreal quadrupedlism. The variety of the opening type in PROSIMII and Ceboidea of ANTHROPOIDEA is considered to have some relation to the variety of their locomtion behavior.7) In most PRIMATES the Sacculus laryngis exist separately without any relation to the opening of Saccus laryngis. In Hylobatidae and Pongidae this Sacculus laryngis vares into a specialization and become the Saccus laryngis whose distribution expands widely. The Sacculus laryngis of Hominidae is such an ordinary one as most of Non-human PRIMATES have.