Intergenerational Transmission Of Poverty Research Articles

The Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty and Public Assistance

The Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty and Public Assistance

Intergenerational education and violence effects on adolescent education, early employment and adolescent parenting

ABSTRACT Adolescence is a crucial phase in life, when foundations are established for future health . Therefore, supporting adolescents is necessary to meet the sustainable development goals by 2030. Evidence on the intergenerational transmission of poverty, education and violence suggests that to improve adolescents’ well-being, the broader context in which they grow up needs to be understood when developing programmes and approaches to improve their lives. Our study explored intergenerational factors and early childhood influences on adolescent education, employment and parenthood, using the fourth wave of the MAISHA longitudinal study. This study took place in 2016–2021 among 986 adult women in Mwanza, Tanzania, including questions answered by the women on their adolescent’s (aged 13–18) education, employment and parenthood, as well as their participation in early childhood programmes, education attainment and other socio-economic variables. Among the 577 mothers in our analysis who had adolescents living in their households, 32% reported that their adolescents did not attend secondary school, 11% were employed, 4% were pregnant or parents. For adolescents in secondary school, 15% ever failed a grade and 10% missed school more than 2 weeks in the last term. Grandparents’ not having secondary education was significantly associated with adolescents not attending secondary education and being employed. Living in a female-headed household and mother’s experience of intimate partner violence was associated with adolescent early employment. Early childhood influences showed no impact on any outcome in the multivariate analysis. Overall, we report a strong intergenerational impact of education on adolescent outcomes, suggesting the adoption of a strong policy focus on the provision of secondary education for both men and women due to its long-lasting effect. Interventions aimed at improving adolescent outcomes need to be long-term and invest in whole family poverty reduction measures.

Experiences and needs of women in vulnerable situations receiving additional interventions in maternity care: a qualitative study

BackgroundTailoring an intervention to the needs and wishes of pregnant women in vulnerable situations (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantages) can reduce the risk of adverse outcomes and empower these women. A relatively high percentage of pregnant women in the North of the Netherlands are considered vulnerable to adverse pregnancy outcomes because of their low socioeconomic status and the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In order to improve perinatal and maternal health, next to standard prenatal care, various interventions for pregnant women in vulnerable situations have been developed. We do not know to what extent these additional interventions suit the needs of (pregnant) women. Therefore, the aim of this study is to gain insight into the experiences and needs of women in vulnerable situations who receive additional maternity care interventions in the Northern Netherlands.MethodsQualitative research was performed. We used a phenomenological framework, which is geared towards understanding people’s experiences in the context of their everyday lives. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 pregnant women in vulnerable situations living in the Northern Netherlands. A thematic analysis was carried out.ResultsWe found three themes that reflect the experiences and needs of pregnant women in vulnerable situations in relation to the intervention they receive. These themes relate to the care provided by health professionals, to the impact of being offered an intervention, and to practical issues related to receiving an additional intervention. We found that the needs of pregnant women in vulnerable situations who received an additional maternity care intervention varied. This variation in needs was mainly related to practical issues. Women also expressed common needs, namely the desire to have control over their situation, the wish to receive tailor-made information about the intervention, and the wish for the intervention to be specifically tailored to their circumstances.ConclusionsLiving in vulnerable situations and being offered additional care evoked diverse reactions and emotions from pregnant women. We recommend that health professionals ensure open and clear communication with women, that they ensure continuity of care and relationship-centered care, and that they become aware of the process of stigmatization of women in vulnerable situations.

Comparing the Effects of Class Origins versus Race in the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty

Building upon prior research on intergenerational income mobility, we assess class effects versus racial effects on the probability of becoming a poor adult, broken down by gender. We define the class effect (for each race-and-gender group) as the difference between the probability that a person who was born into the lowest income quintile becomes poor and the probability that a person who was born into the highest income quintile becomes poor. For each minority-by-gender group, using Whites as the baseline, the racial effect is defined as the average racial differential in the probability of becoming a poor adult, irrespective of class origins. The results indicate that, for all minority-by-gender groups, the class effect is larger than the racial effect. Our findings underscore the continuing significance of the comparatively large effects of class origins, which have not been adequately acknowledged in recent research.

Endogenous health risks, poverty traps, and the roles of health insurance in poverty alleviation

BackgroundFamily education investment is a key factor in reducing intergenerational transmission of poverty. At the price of higher health risk, the poor may overdraw their bodies to earn more money to invest in education. This study investigates the effect of physical overdraft, health risks and health insurance on poverty and economic growth.MethodsThis paper proposes an economic development model of endogenous health risks and poverty by setting up a physical overdraft decision. Furthermore, we introduce mutual health insurance mechanism to analyze its poverty alleviation effects.ResultsFirst, this study shows that health risks weaken the economy and are among the leading causes of poverty. Second, mutual health insurance can alleviate, but not completely eliminate, the negative impact of health risks on the economy. Third, appropriate health insurance arrangements can lift some or even all poor households out of poverty.ConclusionHealth risks have a significant effect on poverty. Furthermore, health insurance mechanisms have the advantages of transferring health risks, reducing poverty and improving health equity.

A Study on the Personality Traits and Their Influencing Factors of Children from Poor Families from the Perspective of Psychological Education.

The problem of poor children's psychological development has been widely concerned by governments all over the world. At present, the research results of poor children's psychological development show that poor children mainly have cognitive, mental health, and behavioral problems. This paper studies the personality traits and their influencing factors of children from poor families from the perspective of psychological education. By giving the definition of children from poor families and poor families, this paper analyzes the psychological development of poor children, analyzes the personality traits and influencing factors of children from poor families from the perspective of psychological education, obtains the standard scores of 16 personality traits and their dimensional personality factors and personality factors, and uses the clustering method to realize the difference analysis of personality characteristics of various samples. From the perspective of quantitative psychological education, this paper analyzes the correlation between personality traits and influencing factors of children from poor families in order to provide basis and reference for the government and society to implement targeted poverty alleviation and cut off the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Problem Mechanism and Solution Strategy of Rural Children's Community Inclusion-The Role of Peer Environment and Parental Community Participation.

Early childhood development intervention has gained considerable achievements in eliminating intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural areas. Paying further attention to rural children’s community inclusion can also promote the sustainable development of the village. However, there is a lack of systematic theoretical constructs on the village inclusion of rural children. In this study, an attempt was made to explore the problem mechanism and solution strategy of community inclusion of rural children using a grounded theory approach of in-depth interviews. Seventeen parents of children in a national-level poverty-stricken county in Inner Mongolia of China were investigated, adopting the strategy of intensity sampling. The results revealed that (1) the content of rural children’s activities demonstrates enhanced participation in the virtual environment and weakened participation in the real community environment. That is, the activities are characterized by more virtualization and individualization. (2) Rural parents and community peers are two major channels for children’s community inclusion, while both the community peer environment and parental community participation show a weakening trend. This may be an important reason for the virtualization and individualization of the children’s psychological development environment. (3) Developmental intervention programs for rural children in poverty-stricken areas should focus on the reconstruction of children’s community peer environment, encourage the community participation of parents, and fully mobilize local-based educational resources.

Does Social Insurance Block the Inter-Generational Transmission of Poverty? Evidence from the 2018 China Family Panel Survey

In this research, we explored whether participation in pension insurance and medical insurance for children and fathers blocks the inter-generational transmission of poverty. Using data from the China Family Panel Survey of 2018, this paper took the average level of insurance participation of a sample group as an instrumental variable, applied the IV-probit model, and found that the participation of children in pension insurance and the participation of fathers in medical insurance significantly reduce the probability of the inter-generational transmission of poverty, but that the participation of children in medical insurance and the participation of fathers in pension insurance increase it. These results were robust. Furthermore, there was heterogeneity in household registration, geographical location, and marriage with regard to the impact of social insurance participation on the inter-generational transmission of poverty. These results could help the formulation of anti-poverty policies to address the inter-generational transmission of poverty.

Aspirations, Human Capital Investment, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Indonesia

This study investigates the effect of parental aspirations gap on children’s educational attainment between 2007 and 2014, using two waves of Indonesian Family Life Survey data. The aspirations gap is measured by the difference between one’s future reference point and his or her current life evaluation reported by each household head and spouse. The results show that boys whose fathers report a moderate level of the aspirations gap achieve substantially longer schooling years than the mean level of their same age cohort. Furthermore, the relationship is found to be inversely U-shaped, implying that an excessive aspirations gap discourages investment in children’s human capital. An increasing aspirations gap of parents is also found to impede the educational attainment of children in poor families, which are more vulnerable to shocks that are found to increase the gap. Overall, the results of this paper shed light on the role of parental aspirations gap in the link between socioeconomic status of family and educational outcomes of children in Indonesia, where the gap of the poor is found to increase faster than the rich.

Can greater access to secondary health care decrease health inequality? Evidence from bus line introduction to Arab towns in Israel

Health inequality can affect economic productivity, labor force participation, or the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Health disparities based on socioeconomic ranking are widely documented, but there is also growing evidence of disparities based on geographic locality. This paper investigates a potential contributing factor to socioeconomic and geographic-based health inequality: access to secondary health care. We exploit bus line introductions to Arab towns in Israel, which substantially increased secondary health care access among a mostly disadvantaged population, and find that older adult reporting of chronic health conditions increased in the short term. However, this effect fades away in the long run. We argue that greater chronic condition rates in the short term reflect higher diagnosis rates resulting from increased access to health care professionals rather than health deterioration. This effect weakens in the long run when the benefits of greater access to health care offset the higher diagnosis rates.

The determinants of inequality in child nutrition status: Evidence from Jordan

AbstractEarly childhood is the period when inequality originates and the intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality begins. It is therefore important to understand what drives inequality in early childhood health and nutrition in order to provide children with equal chances for healthy growth. In Jordan, there are substantial socioeconomic disparities in children's health and nutrition; children from wealthy households grow normally while other children falter. This paper examines the determinants and mediators of health disparities in children's height and weight in Jordan, including parental health knowledge, food quantity and quality, health conditions, the health environment, and prenatal development. While this paper demonstrates that the health environment and food quantity and quality contribute to inequality in child health, these effects explain only a small share of disparities. A large share of inequality in children's health is determined prenatally, and nutrition policies need to prioritize this period.

Like parents, like children? Intergenerational poverty transmission in China

The intergenerational transmission of poverty has always been an important issue around the world. This study examines the effects of father’s and mother’s human and social capital on the income of their children in China by using the data obtained from the 2014 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey. The results show that (1) the effects of the human and social capital of the father and mother on the child’s income are heterogeneous. Specifically, the father’s education, father work industry and mother work industry have little effect on their child’s income. However, the mother’s education has a positive and significant effect on a child’s income. (2) The effect of the mother’s education on child’s income is significant but limited, on average, the marginal contribution of the mother’s education on the natural logarithm of the child’s income is only 1.0%. (3) The child’s human capital, including health, education, foreign language ability, and professional ability, significantly affects their income. (4) The results obtained from quantile regression and sub-sample regression support the above findings. Therefore, the effective means of intervening against the intergenerational transmission of poverty should be to help the individual improve their human capital, rather than starting with their parents.

Selection of Blocking Pathways to Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty—— Based on Rural Sports Revitalization

Selection of Blocking Pathways to Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty—— Based on Rural Sports Revitalization

Research on Education Issues of Children of Urban Poor Families Based on the Survey of Jinan City

Due to the transformation of China's social structure and the transformation of the economic system, China's unit-based welfare system disintegrated, and the corresponding social insurance mechanism was blank. A large number of laid-off workers and unemployed people appeared, resulting in a large number of urban poor. The living problem of the urban poverty is a worldwide problem. Under the concept of education changing destiny, children's access to good education is an opportunity for families to move upward and get rid of poverty. Therefore, the education of children from poor families is the top priority. The economic level of the family will affect the educational opportunities and education levels of their children, thereby restricting individuals' opportunities for better development, and the intergenerational transmission of poverty will therefore occur. Paying attention to the education of children in urban poor families is not only conducive to the improvement and resolution of their education, but also conducive to alleviating the widening gap between the rich and the poor in China's society and the aggravation of class divisions, maintaining social stability and promoting social equity.

Trajectory of inequality of opportunity in child height growth: Evidence from the Young Lives study

Background: Socioeconomic circumstances during infancy and in early childhood shape later developmental opportunities. Understanding whether inequality in children’s health becomes stronger with age from the evidence of longitudinal data is an important first step in revealing the mechanism by which the intergenerational transmission of poverty takes place and evolves. Objective: This study investigates the 15-year trajectory of inequality in height growth associated with early-life circumstances among children in Vietnam, Peru, Ethiopia, and India. Methods: This study uses the datasets of the Young Lives study project, which is a large-scale crosscountry longitudinal study on childhood poverty conducted in Vietnam, Peru, Ethiopia, and India since 2002. Machine learning approaches are employed to estimate the relationship between early-life circumstances and child height. Results: The inequality in height stemming from the difference in early-life circumstances persists even after children reach early adolescence. The proportion of inequality peaks when children are 5 years old. Our prediction using the random forest model shows that, if we were able to fully compensate for early-life socioeconomic disadvantages, we could increase the lower percentile of the height distribution and reduce the inequality in height at age 15 by half. Conclusions: The results suggest that children from marginalised households should be supported at the earlier developmental stage. Contribution: This study shows the life-course evolution of inequalities in child growth, explores the dynamic link between early-life circumstances and later consequences, and identifies optimal timing in terms of when circumstances and events matter the most.

Environmental Justice: Establishing Causal Relationships

The environmental justice literature has found that the poor and people of color are disproportionately exposed to pollution. This literature has sparked a broad activist movement and several policy reforms in the United States and internationally. In this article, we review the literature documenting correlations between pollution and demographics and the history of the related movement, focusing on the United States. We then turn to the potential causal mechanisms behind the observed correlations. Given its focus on causal econometric models, we argue that economics has a comparative advantage in evaluating these mechanisms. We consider ( a) profit-maximizing decisions by firms, ( b) Tiebout-like utility-maximizing decisions by households in the presence of income disparities, ( c) Coasean negotiations between both sides, ( d) political economy explanations and governmental failures, and ( e) intergenerational transmission of poverty. Proper identification of the causal mechanisms underlying observed disproportionate exposures is critical to the design of effective policy to remedy them.

Explaining the fall of socioeconomic inequality in childhood stunting in Indonesia.

In spite of the enormous economic progress and development witnessed in Indonesia in the last few decades, still more than 30% of Indonesian children under the age of five suffer from stunting, or low height for age. This concern is exacerbated by the fact that stunting remains more concentrated among the poorer households, leading to further intergenerational transmission of poverty and ill health.We examine recent trends in the evolution of the prevalence of childhood stunting and severe stunting, its socioeconomic inequality and the factors that appear to have contributed to these developments. Using the two most recent waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), we study the changes in the prevalence of (severe) stunting between 2007 and 2014 for children aged 0–59 months and their socioeconomic-inequality using the Erreygers Concentration Index (EI) and its regression-based decomposition.We find a significant drop in the rate of severe stunting but not in stunting, as well as a significant reduction in the degree of absolute inequality of stunting. A decomposition analysis shows that household wealth, maternal education, institutional delivery, and availability of adequate sanitation contribute most to socioeconomic inequality in under-five stunting. Further analysis of the change in inequality over time indicates that the reduction in the association of wealth with stunting and a substantial improvement of health care access of the poor (as proxied by immunizations and institutional deliveries) play the most important role in narrowing the stunting gap between richer and poorer kids.General economic growth, poverty reduction, and implementation of pro-poor health and social programs during the studied period such as the expansion of health insurance coverage for the poor (Jamkesmas) and Conditional Cash Transfer program (Program Keluarga Harapan, PKH) are some plausible explanations of the observed result.

Does the Fiscal Education Policy Alleviate Long-Term Poverty? Based on the Perspective of Poverty Vulnerability

The current poverty cannot fully reflect the causes and consequences of its disadvantages due to the long duration of poverty, so it is necessary to examine long-term poverty and persistent poverty from the perspective of vulnerability. In this paper, it constructs a two-stage overlapping model with family and financial investment in education, using the three-stage least squares method to measure the poverty vulnerability of children and fathers from the perspective of vulnerability. At the same time, it matches the individual data from 1991 to 2015 in CHNS with the average education expenditure data of the financial expenditure on education. Through empirical evaluation of Beta regression, it evaluates the influence of the fiscal education policy on intergenerational transmission of poverty. Moreover, it discusses whether the fiscal education policy, which aims at making up for the inefficiency of investment in family education, mitigates the long-term poverty effect and the degree of alleviation. It is found that: the poverty vulnerability of the offspring and the father shows a downward trend from 1991 to 2015; there is a great correlation between the poverty vulnerability of the offspring and the father; the variables such as gender, work status, marital status and so on in the offspring will affect poverty and vulnerability; poverty vulnerability has strong urban and rural, regional heterogeneity; poverty vulnerability has the characteristics of intergenerational transmission; the increase in the fiscal expenditure on education can significantly reduce children’s vulnerability to poverty, and has a strong long-term impact on reducing the incidence of poverty in future generations, and the poverty reduction effect has a stronger impact on the lower level of education of the parents, which means that the fiscal education policy can break the intergenerational transmission of poverty; the effect of the fiscal expenditure on education in the primary school on the intergenerational transmission of poverty is more obvious when comparing with the junior high school stage; there are significant differences in the intergenerational transmission of poverty vulnerability under different levels of the fiscal expenditure, in which the intergenerational mobility is lower in areas with lower levels of the fiscal expenditure on education. It is further proved that the fiscal education policy can reduce the dependence of the offspring on the investment of education by the father and reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty by using quantile regression and threshold regression as the robust analysis. As a result, the allocation of the fiscal education policy should be more biased towards poor areas, which should also provide more support for low-income, low-education groups. The findings of this paper are helpful to solve the target problem of anti-poverty of the fiscal policy, and provide empirical support for the discussion of alleviating long-term poverty by the fiscal policy.

Research on the Intergenerational Transmission of
 Poverty in Rural China Based on Sustainable
 Livelihood Analysis Framework: A Case Study of Six
 Poverty‐Stricken Counties

China’s complicated and diverse poverty problems gradually emerged as poverty alleviation efforts deepened and rural urbanization progressed. Among these problems, the intergenerational transmission of poverty (ITP) is the most prominent and is an entrenched issue in rural China. This study selects six typical poverty-stricken counties in the eastern, central, and western regions of China on the basis of geography and uses the transformation matrix method and a regression model to analyze the regional differentiation characteristics of ITP. We further explore its impact mechanisms based on a sustainable livelihood analysis framework with the following results: (1) ITP in rural China exhibits the phenomenon of income-stratified transmission, and the groups at both ends of the low-income spectrum are more prone to having ITP; (2) ITP and the intergenerational mobility of income for different income levels have different spatial distribution characteristics, with these intergenerational relationships exhibiting a reverse variation trend in the eastern region, while exhibiting a codirectional variation trend in the central and western regions; (3) there are differences in the subsistence livelihood capital, which affect ITP in different regions. Financial capital has a significant impact on ITP across all of China. Natural capital has a significant impact on the eastern region, and physical capital plays a significant role in the central region, while the western region is greatly affected by both human and physical capital. In view of the differences in the influence of livelihood capital on ITP in different regions, China should formulate policies to accurately address ITP in order to narrow regional differences and accelerate the comprehensive construction of a financially affluent society.

Community versus Institutional Meanings of Child Poverty: Implications for Policy for Reducing Child Poverty

Knowledge on different meanings of child poverty is important for reducing child poverty because it is critical for designing effective policies and programs aimed at addressing issues surrounding children’s well-being. Reducing child poverty is important for overall poverty reduction and inequality because increase and perpetuation of child poverty can result in intergenerational transmission of poverty. However, the relatively young status of the concept of child poverty, make its meaning(s) unclear. Although some efforts have been made by researchers and development agencies towards an understanding of the concept of child poverty, its meaning and indicators are scattered in the literature and remain unclear. Due to children’s dependence on adults for their wellbeing, policy frameworks aimed at reducing child poverty need to take into account both community and institutional meanings of child poverty because adults’ understanding of child poverty at the community level have consequences for how they treat and deal with issues relating to children well-being/ill-being. This paper re/presents some meanings of child poverty at the institutional and community levels using secondary materials drawn from both developing and developed country context and primary materials from four rural communities in Northern Ghana. The policy implications and policy options for reducing child poverty base on meanings of child poverty are indicated. Keywords: Child poverty, meanings of child poverty, reducing child poverty DOI : 10.7176/RHSS/9-2-16