Intergenerational Exchange Research Articles

Social Solidarity and Generational Exchange in Post-Celtic Tiger Reality Television

An after effect of the 2008 global financial crisis was a significant generational divide, fuelled by growing inequality, that limited access to necessities such as secure work and housing for the post-crash generation in Ireland. Faced with issues including political upheaval, climate crisis, and austerity, young people in Ireland and elsewhere have recently organized themselves online and on the streets as social, environmental, and political activists. This article examines recent Irish reality television texts that encourage intergenerational cooperation and solidarity, offering visions of mutual reliance and positive relationships between young and old that dissipate any notion of “generation wars.” Familial and community structures are thus reinstated as a safety net for current uncertainties. This article proposes that these programmes reflect a desire that the cohesion and transformation gained through intergenerational exchange and cooperation on social issues in Ireland might also be leveraged towards addressing the more stubbornly divisive economic inequalities.

Вовлечение пожилых в волонтерскую и гражданскую активность как инструмент преодоления социального исключения

Статья посвящена анализу работы НКО с пожилыми людьми, активизируемыми для волонтерской деятельности, направленной на помощь разным категориям населения, включая маломобильных пожилых, и гражданского участия. Автор опирается на концепцию социального исключения, включающую в себя ряд доменов: гражданское участие, сервисы/ мобильность, среда/ местное сообщество и другие. Эмпирической базой исследования стали девять полуструктурированных интервью с руководителями НКО и экспертами из разных городов России, материалы веб-сайтов и отчеты НКО, наблюдения за деятельностью НКО и беседы с пожилыми волонтерами. Два НКО в Санкт-Петербурге и Ленинградской области рассмотрены подробно в качестве эмпирических кейсов. Исследование показало, что активность сообществ пожилых на базе НКО часто выходит за пределы тематических объединений. Участники начинают дружить, навещать друг друга и устраивать совместные праздники; активно помогают разным социальным группам, в том числе бездомным, воспитанникам интернатов, маломобильным пожилым; создают новые сообщества и взаимодействуют с местными властями для продвижения своих идей; участвуют в проектах межпоколенного обмена. Подобная активность способствует преодолению социальной исключенности в таких доменах, как социальные отношения, местные сообщества и среда обитания, гражданское участие, социально-культурные аспекты. Волонтерская и гражданская активность повышают социальную включенность не только пожилых «активистов», но и тех, кому они помогают. К сложностям развития волонтерской и гражданской активности относятся: отсутствие устойчивых паттернов «активной жизни» в пожилом возрасте; неготовность помогать; страх; отсутствие системной подготовки и поддержки волонтеров; негативный опыт участия и последующее разочарование.

Association between accessibility to elementary school and depression in older Adults: JAGES Study

Abstract Background The connection in a local community has diluted in an aging society, and the importance of intergenerational exchange has increased for older adults' health. Some positive effects of intergenerational exchange have reported. For example, a reciprocal intergenerational exchange contributes to better mental health in later life. However, there is little evidence of the relationship between neighborhood environments causing intergenerational exchange and the health status of older adults. This study investigated the association between geographical accessibility to elementary school, enhancing intergenerational exchange, and depression in older adults. Methods The data were retrieved from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2016, a population-based study of independently living people ≥65 years old. The dependent variable is depression evaluated by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS≥5). The geographical accessibility to elementary School is the distance between the representative points of their residences and the nearest elementary school. Logistic regression analysis calculates the odds ratio to determine the association between depression and accessibility to elementary school and compare models to examine the effect of intermediate factors. Results Overall, 20.4% of the participants had depression. Compared with the longest distance from elementary school (≥950m), the odds ratio was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.86, 0.96) for the nearest category (<330m), 0.91 (95% CI = 0.87, 0.96) for the second-nearest (330-490m) and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.89, 0.99) for the third (490-670m) in model 1. After adjusting for intermediate factors, the odds ratio was 0.94 for the first and second-nearest groups. Conclusions Geographical accessibility to elementary school was associated with decreased depression for older adults. The result indicates that older adults' daily meetings with children around elementary schools can result in a positive effect on their mental health. Key messages Geographical accessibility to elementary school was associated with decreased depression for older adults. The neighborhood design enhancing intergenerational exchange might be useful for age-friendly cities.

Older adults in traditional and modern living arrangements in southern India: The importance of maintaining a sense of belonging and positive intergenerational exchanges

Older adults in traditional and modern living arrangements in southern India: The importance of maintaining a sense of belonging and positive intergenerational exchanges

Fertility decisions of families in an intergenerational exchange model

AbstractWe analyze fertility decisions of families using an intergenerational exchange model that might be applicable to less‐developed economies. When the probability of becoming dependent increases for parents who have children for elderly support, the parents increase their number of children. Increases in the children’s wage rates decrease the fertility rate when the elasticity of marginal utility of family care is low. In such cases, children’s care might be replaced eventually by market care insurance along with economic development. Decreasing fertility might not derive from a quantity–quality trade‐off of children for parents but might instead derive from a decreased need by children for bequests when wages are increasing.

Is Corruption Imprinted? A Study on Preconditions of Corruption in Post-Communist Countries

Corruption in Central and Eastern European countries is still prevalent, but varies between countries. One possible explanation for this variation is imprinting. Imprinting theory suggests that organizational structures, reflecting the organizational environment at the time of found-ing, are persistent and may become even more sclerotic due to second-hand imprinting. Only severe shocks may change imprinted features. In our paper, we first analyze whether envi-ronmental founding conditions affect imprinted attitudes toward and perceptions of corruption in organizations. Moreover, we investigate whether crises (shock-imprinting) and intergenera-tional exchange (second-hand imprinting) are decisive aspects on the initial effect of imprint-ing. Using ordinal probit regression models, we show that the time span during which an or-ganization is exposed to an institutional environment has an impact on the present strength of imprinted attitudes toward and perceptions of corruption. Additionally, our investigation on sensitive shocks reveal an adaption of attitudes and perceptions to new institutional norms comparing organizations founded in another institutional environment. Further, our conducted regression-discontinuity designs suggest that the strength of an immediate change in upheaval times depends on the unexpectedness of the event. This way, we enhance existing literature on imprinting by looking at the topic of corruption in Central and Eastern European countries.

Family Changes in Japan and a New Housing Type ‐ Intergenerational Exchange of Collective House -

Family Changes in Japan and a New Housing Type ‐ Intergenerational Exchange of Collective House -

A rewarding experience in many ways: The 3rd World Congress of Environmental History

The 3rd World Congress of Environmental History, held in Florianópolis, Brazil had the theme: “Convergences: The Global South and the Global North in the Era of Great Acceleration”. The short paper gives an overview of the rewards such congresses can bring. It specifically deals with the plenary talks by Robert Billot and Brigitte Baptiste, highlights the role of scholarly co-operation and makes a case for the opportunity offered by such congresses to review the environment of the hosting country, for which the plenary roundtables, the excursions, and field trips and comparative panels are referred to as examples. World congresses might have an environmental cost, but they do provide unique opportunities for scholarly exchange, in terms of themes, methods, conceptual approaches, and sources used. Behaving in an environmentally conscious way but at the same time enabling and fostering international and intergenerational exchange is a challenge that will have to be taken up in the future.

A rewarding experience in many ways: The 3rd World Congress of Environmental History

The 3rd World Congress of Environmental History, held in Florianópolis, Brazil had the theme: “Convergences: The Global South and the Global North in the Era of Great Acceleration”. The short paper gives an overview of the rewards such congresses can bring. It specifically deals with the plenary talks by Robert Billot and Brigitte Baptiste, highlights the role of scholarly co-operation and makes a case for the opportunity offered by such congresses to review the environment of the hosting country, for which the plenary roundtables, the excursions, and field trips and comparative panels are referred to as examples. World congresses might have an environmental cost, but they do provide unique opportunities for scholarly exchange, in terms of themes, methods, conceptual approaches, and sources used. Behaving in an environmentally conscious way but at the same time enabling and fostering international and intergenerational exchange is a challenge that will have to be taken up in the future.

You are my favourite! Parent–child relationships and satisfaction in later life in Italy

AbstractIntergenerational transfers measured in several currencies (e.g. co-residence, contact, proximity and support) have been always considered important indicators for family solidarity. Most of the studies on intergenerational transfers examine the structural characteristics of such exchanges (as distance, frequency, type, motives), emphasising the potential positive association between the structure and the quality of parent–child relationships. Additionally, while most surveys include questions on the structural indicators of family exchanges, it is still uncommon for them to contain assessments of the relationships between parents and their adult children as well. Using the Italian 2009 Family Survey, this study analyses the satisfaction of parent–child relationships for parents aged 65 and older. After examining the association of such a variable with the structural indicators of intergenerational exchanges (frequency of contact), we explored the individual factors associated with satisfaction of relationships with a child using multilevel multinomial models. Overall, older Italian parents report high satisfaction in their relationships with their adult children. Additionally, a not strong, but statistically significant association between structure (contact) and satisfaction was found. This study shows how high satisfaction of relationships with children is positively associated with being a mother and being married and negatively associated with bad health status. Some of the variables considered have different impacts between the sexes of parents. Additionally, a better appreciation of relationships with daughters compared to sons was found, especially for fathers.

Transitions in Giving and Receiving Intergenerational Financial Support in Middle and Old Age

The growing population of elderly households, and their diverse economic circumstances, underscores the need to study the patterns of financial assistance in advanced ages. The proposition presented conceptualizes intergenerational financial support as contingent and dynamic. Data are drawn from Wave I to Wave VI of SHARE-Europe. The empirical examination models changes over time in financial support. The study’s findings show that steady giving and receiving is quite exceptional. Most respondents did not engage in giving or receiving financial support at any two time points during the 12 year period covered by our study. Aging, changing living arrangements, and especially economic circumstances affect the likelihood of shifting between giving and not giving as well as receiving or not receiving financial assistance. Comparisons across four European welfare regimes reveal that the propensity to refrain from giving any financial support is salient mainly in Mediterranean and Eastern European states, whereas the likelihood of not receiving sustained financial support from offspring is salient mainly in states characterized by the Continental and the Mediterranean welfare regimes. There appears to be no reciprocity with respect to financial support in Social Democratic and Continental welfare regimes, but we do find evidence of such reciprocity in the Mediterranean and Eastern European regimes. Nonetheless, patterns of intergenerational exchanges of financial and social support are manifested in all welfare regimes.

Age Management: How to Develop Competences and Transfer Knowledge in an Organization – The EmiTech Program

Age management has become one of the key challenges facing modern organizations. Several generations meet in one place. They are completely different in terms of expectations, attitudes, and competences. The intergenerational exchange of knowledge and experience is an opportunity in the field of diversity management as well as an indispensable element of the development of the modern enterprise.

Perception assessment of environmental factors related to leisure-time physical activity in an urban stream corridor

ABSTRACT Leisure-Time Physical Activity (LTPA) in green environments is influenced by various social and physical environmental factors. A better understanding of how green environment users perceive these factors may have important implications for health and wellbeing promotion among urban dwellers. This research explores LTPA environmental factors and related perceptions in a Barcelona metropolitan stream corridor case study. We analysed the information collected by means of 30 in-depth interviews using a qualitative ecological approach. We identified the main social (free-time availability, intergenerational exchanges, association membership, presence of other people) and physical (naturalness, accessibility, maintenance, facilities) factors related to LTPA, and assessed their perception for six types of stream corridor users (Athletes, Nature-lovers, Custodians, Cholesterol route users, Weekenders, Allotmenteers). According to their characteristics and motivations in relation to LTPA, each type perceived factors as either barriers or facilitators with coincidences and divergences. Safety concerns stand out for being the main cause of divergent perceptions.

Geographic Proximity to Parents, Intergenerational Support Exchange, and Migration Within Germany

Previous research on internal migration has emphasised the importance of local ties to family members outside the household, and to parents in particular. Family members who live close to an individual’s place of residence represent a form of local social capital that could make migrating costlier, and therefore less likely. This idea has been empirically supported. Yet, how family ties bind remains largely unexplained. We assume that intergenerational support is a manifestation of local social capital, and that spatial proximity is needed for support to be exchanged. Thus, we used mediation analysis that includes explicit measures of support exchanges between parents and their adult–children born in 1971–1973, 1981–1983, and 1991–1993 to explain the binding effect of living close to parents. Logistic regression models of migrating a distance of more than 40 km were conducted using eight waves of the German pairfam data. Living close to one’s parents was indeed found to be negatively associated with the likelihood of migration, and part of this association could be explained through intergenerational support: the more the instrumental support an adult child exchanged with her/his parent, the less likely she/he was to migrate. Receiving emotional support from the parents was associated with an increase in migration propensity. Neither giving emotional help nor receiving help with childcare functioned as mediators. It thus appears that adult children are particularly likely to value the proximity of their parents when they are exchanging instrumental support, but that the emotional bond between adult children and their parents can often be maintained over longer distances.

PRODUCTIVE AGING AND CREATIVITY: THE LIVES AND ARTS OF AGATHA CHRISTIE, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT AND WAYNE WALLACE

Art is a critically important part of daily life, and for some, can be life saving. Art enables people to express themselves in unique ways and is an activity that can continue as the person ages, even in the presence of physical and chronic diseases, as well as neurocognitive disorders. Art also leads to intergenerational exchange of ideas and interests. Art can be done in group formats, or may be a solitary activity, which makes it a particularly useful pursuit for older adults who may be alone or isolated. Older adults can age productively through arts media. Several well-known artists serve as role models for this notion of Productive Aging through the Arts. Additionally, artistic goals and abilities can change as the person ages. This presentation will review the concept of linguistic density in relation to its predictive value for the likelihiood of developing a neurocognitive disorder. The lives of three artists who worked in three different media will be described: Agatha Christie, Frank Lloyd Wright and Wayne Wallace. The presenters will provide an overview of each artist's upbringing, life experiences, and views and how these affected their perspectives on art, their own work, and their relationships. Christie, a prolific mystery novel writer, continued writing up to the year before her death at age 85. Frank Lloyd Wright, an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator designed more than 1,000 structures, of which 532 were completed, and several of these were constructed posthumously. His last design occurred the year of his death at age 91. He is regarded as the "greatest American architect of all time". Wayne Wallace is a trombonist, arranger, producer and composer specializing in Latin Jazz music. He is recognized as one of the most prominent educators in Afro-Cuban music in the country, and has conducted workshops on the topic worldwide, including in Cuba.

Short-term reciprocity between adult children and parents: A within-person investigation of longitudinal data.

Although reciprocity of intergenerational support has been widely considered in family studies, empirical investigations utilizing panel data are still rather scarce. This study used data from four waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam), which were collected in two-year intervals between 2009 and 2016. We examined whether the frequency of received support from parents previously is associated with the frequency of provided support to parents later. Multiple forms of support were considered that may be used as currencies of intergenerational exchange (i.e., one could be exchanged for another): emotional support, practical help, financial aid and personal care. Our analyses used multilevel regression models and investigated both between- and within-person effects. Between-person effects indicated mainly positive associations between different forms of received and provided support. However, these associations were confirmed by only a few of the within-person effects, which examined individuals' variations over time. According to within-person effects, an increase in the frequency of emotional support that a son received from a parent was positively associated with subsequent provision of financial support for that parent. Additionally, an increase in the frequency of practical help that daughters received from their fathers was positively associated with subsequent provision of financial aid to their fathers. The magnitude of these positive within-person effects was smaller compared to the between-person effects. Within-person effects did not provide further evidence for causal intergenerational reciprocity within the investigated time period.

Subjective Well-being and Intergenerational Support Exchange in Old Age in Rural Vietnam

This paper investigates how intergeneration support influence rural elders’ subjective wellbeing in Vietnam, based on the data of the survey ‘Strengthening Social En gagement in Elderly Care in Changing Economic and Family Structure in Asia: Policy and Practical Dialogues between Local Communities in Vietnam and Japan’ conducted in 2017. The sample analysis of this paper is 307 respondents aged 60 and older in rural areas in the middle of Vietnam. Subjective wellbeing includes psychological well-being, self-rated health and life satisfaction. We find that all elders’ psychological wellbeing becomes more positive when they provide financial support for their children. Despite the economic difficulties and the prevalence of filial norm, the financial provision is not viewed as the burden to the older adults but helps them to confirm their position and power in the intergenerational relations. Nonetheless, receiving the spiritual care is more like to improve their psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The results suggest that the effect of the intergenerational support exchange should be taken into consideration when improving the quality of life for the elderly.

Family Support in Hard Times: Dynamics of Intergenerational Exchange after Adverse Events

We use an event-study approach to examine changes in intergenerational financial transfers and informal care within families following wealth loss, job exit, widowhood, and health shocks. We find sharp reductions in parental giving to adult children following negative shocks to parents' wealth and earned income, particularly in low-wealth households. Parental giving also decreases with some health shocks and increases following spousal death. Meanwhile, children of low-wealth households increase financial transfers to their parents following adverse shocks and children in both high- and low-wealth households increase their provision of informal care to parents following a wide range of adverse shocks.

Intergenerational exchange of healthful eating encouragement: Consideration of family ancestry and disease history.

Improving diet is a prime target for the prevention and management of chronic disease. The communal coping model suggests that families can mitigate shared risk of chronic disease through encouragement of healthful eating, eliciting preventive behaviors. Using network data from 69 Australian families across three ancestry groups (Anglo, Italian, and Asian) with varied family health histories, the present study applied social network analysis to identify patterns of intergenerational encouragement of healthful eating behavior within families, and assess whether patterns varied by family ancestry or disease density. Findings indicated variation in patterns of health encouragement by ancestry such that Asian-Australian families were most distinct from the other ancestry groups. While there was no main effect of familial disease history, it moderated the effect of Italian ancestry on intergenerational encouragement patterns. These results provide important context for future family based interventions that leverage normative patterns of intergenerational exchange of encouragement or aim to modify such patterns in an effort to improve family health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

NON-FAMILIAL INTERGENERATIONAL NETWORK TIES: MOVING THE NEEDLE ON MEASUREMENT

GSA and other professional organizations recognize the threat that ageism poses to the country’s health and welfare, from its youngest to oldest citizens. Reframing Aging involves communication and outreach strategies to inform the conversation about aging and its implications. Non-familial intergenerational relationships can support the Reframing Aging initiative. By fostering positive, intentional, and mutually beneficial interactions, intergenerational exchange can achieve a variety of individual, relational, and community goals. Measures of their impact should reflect these goals; unfortunately, intergenerational network ties are typically represented by measures of young people’s attitudes towards older adults. Practitioners, researchers, policy makers, and funders need additional indicators to document the best practices and potential impact of non-familial intergenerational programs. Reflecting recent systematic surveys of measurements and 20 years of intergenerational research, the current paper addresses challenges of measuring non-familial intergenerational relationships and presents select measures appropriate for common network ties.