Intergenerational Continuity Research Articles

Disrupting intergenerational continuity in harsh parenting: Self-control and a supportive partner.

Harsh, abusive, and rejecting behavior by parents toward their children is associated with increased risk for many developmental problems for youth. Children raised by harsh parents are also more likely to treat their own children harshly. The present study addresses conditions that would break this intergenerational cycle of harsh parenting. Data come from a three-generation study of a cohort of 290 adolescents (Generation 2 [G2], 52% female) grown to adulthood and their parents (Generation 1 [G1]). During adolescence, observers rated G1 harsh parenting to G2. Several years later observers rated G2 harsh parenting toward their oldest child (Generation 3 [G3]). Several adaptive systems fundamental to human resilience attenuate intergenerational continuity in harshness. G2 parents were relatively less harsh to G3 children (notwithstanding a history of harshness from G1) when G2's romantic partner (a) communicated positively with G2 and (b) had a good relationship with G3, and (c) when G2 was high on self-control. Interventions that target all of these protective factors may not only break but also reverse the intergenerational cycle of child maltreatment.

Nigerian Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Contemporary Ghana: Insights on Locational/Sectoral Niches and Inter-Generational (Dis)Continuities

Scholarship on immigrant entrepreneurship tends to focus on those in the developed world. In this paper, I attempt to shift the balance by focusing on Nigerian immigrant entrepreneurs in contemporary Ghana, specifically their locational and sectoral niches as well as inter-generational continuities and discontinuities. I do these by examining the outcomes of broad-based field work employing in-depth interviews and observations of these immigrant entrepreneurs in Accra - the capital, Kumasi—the second largest city after Accra, and Ashaiman—a sprawling sub-urban settlement. What emerges from analysis and discussion of empirical data is that, among other things, the activities of Nigerian immigrant entrepreneurs in contemporary Ghana reveal both old and new strands of sectoral participations, and the dynamics of locational and sectoral participations also evincing elements of precinctization (albeit incipient in form) and specialisation. Further, the nature of sectoral participation appears to embody shapes of continuity and discontinuity with those of their earlier generations in Ghana. These findings provide introductory glimpse to the unexplored phenomenon of Nigerian immigrant entrepreneurship in contemporary Ghana and further chart a way to compare to their predecessors.

Intergenerational Continuity in Cannabis Use: The Role of Parent's Early Onset and Lifetime Disorder on Child's Early Onset

PurposeChildren's early onset of cannabis use was examined as a function of their parent's early onset of cannabis and subsequent incidence of a lifetime cannabis abuse or dependence disorder. MethodsProspective, longitudinal data from the Rochester Youth Development Study and the Rochester Intergenerational Study for 442 parent-child dyads (274 father-child, 168 mother-child) were used. The children were evenly split by sex. Logistic regression models and a path analysis were estimated to assess the effect of parent's cannabis use on child's onset of cannabis by age 15. ResultsFathers who began using cannabis by age 15 were more likely to meet the criteria for a lifetime cannabis disorder (odds ratio = 5.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.89–16.90). The offspring of fathers who met the criteria for a disorder had higher odds of early initiation of cannabis use (odds ratio = 9.70, 95% confidence interval = 3.00–31.34). Early-onset cannabis use by father was indirectly associated with their child's onset of cannabis use via father's lifetime cannabis disorder. No significant effects for mothers were observed, although analyses were limited due to the low rate of mothers who met the criteria for a lifetime cannabis disorder. ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of intergenerational continuity in cannabis use among fathers and their children and confirms the need to consider timing of use and intervening mechanisms in the study of continuity in cannabis use across generations.

Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: Shifting the narrative

Substantial research shows that early adversity, including child abuse and neglect, is associated with diminished health across the life course and across generations. Less well understood is the relationship between early adversity and adult socioeconomic status, including education, employment, and income. Collectively, these outcomes provide an indication of overall life opportunity. We analyzed data from 10 states and the District of Columbia that used the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) module in the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the association between ACEs and adult education, employment, and income. Compared to participants with no ACEs, those with higher ACE scores were more likely to report high school non-completion, unemployment, and living in a household below the federal poverty level. This evidence suggests that preventing early adversity may impact health and life opportunities that reverberate across generations. Current efforts to prevent early adversity might be more successful if they broaden public and professional understanding (i.e., the narrative) of the links between early adversity and poverty. We discuss our findings within the context of structural policies and processes that may further contribute to the intergenerational continuity of child abuse and neglect and poverty.

Intergenerational continuity in attitudes toward reading and reading behavior

Students' reading preferences develop in social contexts, and parents shape such environments. Assuming a process of transmission across generations, we analyzed the role of mothers' attitudes toward reading and reading behavior. A sample of 380 ninth-grade students completed a questionnaire to assess their attitudes toward reading (with respect to utility and enjoyment) and to collect details about their extracurricular reading behavior. Mothers were interviewed and asked to provide comparable information about their own reading behavior and attitudes. Results showed substantial positive relations between mothers' and students' attitudes toward reading and reading behavior, although the effects were small in magnitude. Taken together, even when children reach adolescence, socialization effects from parents can be found in the domain of reading.

The intergenerational continuity of socioeconomic status: Effects of parenting, personality, and age at first romantic partnership.

Research has indicated that socioeconomic status (SES) is related to individual health and well-being, and may be transmitted across generations. According to the interactionist model, circumstances in the family of origin and individual characteristics both account for social, economic, and developmental outcomes associated with SES. Thus, for the present investigation, we evaluated continuities in SES across 2 generations (G1, G2) as mediated through G1 maternal positive parenting, G2 personality, and G2 age of first committed romantic partnership. Participants were 432 emerging adults from an ongoing longitudinal study. Consistent with the interactionist model, G1 SES was associated with G2 personality indirectly through G1 maternal positive parenting. G1 SES, G2 personality, and G2 first partnership directly predicted G2 SES. G1 maternal positive parenting was also indirectly associated with G2 age at first partnership through G2 personality. Findings were consistent across 2 broad personality domains-negative emotionality and constraint. However, positive emotionality was not associated with G2 age at partnership. (PsycINFO Database Record

Excluded and dropped in: habitus and biographical identity in vocational adolescents’ life transitions

The ideal–typical distinction of normal/choice biography has been adopted by many youth researchers over the last 17 years as a means of approaching how vocational adolescents take decisions in a context in which life transitions are reversible and unsafe. In this article, we aim to show that this distinction is overestimated, by focusing on a specific problem current research has brought to the fore. While the agency of working-class adolescents until the 80’s resulted in social reproduction without their habitus being threatened by this intergenerational class continuity, what can we say concerning how today’s working-class adolescents’ identities are formed, given that they remain in vocational schools for a long time? Through life history interviews with 18-year-old vocational adolescents, we examine the reasons why biographical reflexivity plays a crucial role in habitus formation in ‘normal’ biographies and in their decision-making when they face turning points during their school years. We throw light on the narrative devices through which vocational adolescents are trying to reconcile in their identities the embodied skills they acquire in disadvantaged lifeworlds with the official knowledge vocational training offers. We argue that these devices set in motion a kind of biographical ambivalence which we consider to be crucial regarding their life transitions.

Aboriginal oral testimony, hearsay rule and the reception theory of admissibility

Aboriginal peoples title claims are presumed upon spatial and time connections to the lands of their ancestors. In making their submissions, litigants have to circumvent the rule against hearsay and rely upon oral narratives to substantiate their claims of customary ties to land. The obstacles they face is that evidence based on informal anecdotes can cause problems in common law courts, which have long been dependent on textual evidence for probative value. In many Native cultures the idea of time is cyclical, while in the Judeo-Christian calendar time is linear. There is also the fact that oral narratives cannot be viewed in the abstract and the histories are closely linked to inter-generational continuity. The perspective of a narrator is relevant as the sources are often repositories of observation, knowledge and personal belief rather than clear factual understanding of the issue involved. This paper argues for the receptive theory of oral evidence to be adopted in common law courts, which would lead to a fair hearing of Aboriginal claims to land title in Australian and Canadian courts. The paper will distinguish the courts’ current approach to oral testimony submitted by aboriginal people and raise the possibility of an integrated approach based on the recourse to ‘episteme’, which is the appreciation derived from synthesis that accepts that several methodologies may exist and interact at the same time by being parts of various knowledge systems.

Молодежная политика: концепция И. М. Ильинского

<p>В статье обобщаются основные положения концепции молодежной политики, выдвинутой И. М. Ильинским. Рассматривается динамика становления и развития концепции на протяжении трех десятилетий начиная с доклада ученого в 1986 г., когда был выдвинут тезис о необходимости такого направления государственной деятельности, до работ 2010-х годов.</p><p>Общесоциологическая концепция молодежи И. М. Ильинского выявляет существо его авторской концепции молодежной политики и критической оценки ее осуществления в современных российских условиях. В статье обосновывается характеристика теоретических положений трудов И. М. Ильинского о молодом поколении как гуманистической концепции молодежи. Показывается, что из этой концепции вытекает суть молодежной политики, которая И. М. Ильинским определяется как способ регулирования межпоколенческих отношений, управления процессом преемственности поколений. </p>

Intergenerational transmission of psychopathy and mediation via psychosocial risk factors

Introduction Intergenerational continuities in criminal behaviour have been well documented, but the familial nature of psychopathic personality is less well understood. Objectives To establish if there is an association between the psychopathic traits of a community sample of males and their offspring and whether psychosocial risk factors mediate. Methods Participants of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development ( n =478 dyads) were assessed for psychopathy using the PCL: SV. Multilevel regression models were used to investigate intergenerational continuity and mediation models examined indirect effects. Results The fathers' psychopathy was transmitted to both sons and daughters. The transmission of Factor 1 scores was mediated via the father's employment problems. For males, the Factor 2 scores were mediated via the fathers' drug use, accommodation and employment problems, for females, Factor 2 scores were mediated via the father's employment problems. Conclusions Understanding of the specific role of certain psychosocial risk factors may be useful in developing preventative measures.

Intergenerational continuity in economic hardship, parental positivity, and positive parenting: The association with child behavior.

The current study examined intergenerational continuity in economic hardship, parental positivity, and positive parenting across generations based on both the family stress model (FSM) and the family resilience framework. The study included 220 generation 1 (G1) parents, their target youth (generation 2: G2) who participated from adolescence through adulthood, and the target's child (generation 3: G3). Assessments included observational and self-report measures. Results indicated that G1 economic hardship negatively influenced both G1 positivity and G1 positive parenting. Similarly, G2 economic hardship was negatively related to both G2 positivity and G2 positive parenting, which in turn was associated with G3 positive behavior to G2. For both G1 and G2, parental positivity mediated the association between economic hardship and positive parenting. G2 economic hardship was indirectly related to G3 positive behavior through G2 parental positivity and positive parenting. An important finding is that the intergenerational continuity of economic hardship, positivity, and positive parenting were transmitted from G1 to G2. Results suggest that even in times of economic adversity, parental positivity and positive parenting were transmitted from G1 parents to their G2 youth during adulthood. Such continuity seems to influence the positive behavior of the G3 children.

HISTORICAL MEMORY OF HUNTERS IN THE STEPPE AND FOREST-STEPPE AREAS OF ALTAI KRAI (BASED ON SOCIAL RESEARCH)

Goal of research . The article deals with hunters’ characteristics of steppe and forest-steppe areas of Altai Krai as specific subject of preservation and development of historical memory. The scope of the research is peculiarities of historical memory of hunters. The author devotes attention to the process of preservation by hunters’ historical memory in micro-toponymic system of neighbourhoods of localities and offers some recommendations for this preservation. Method and methodology of research. The research based on quantitative and qualitative methods: interviewing and group discussions. Results. Research results give information about specificity of historical memory of hun-ters. Historical memory of hunters of steppe and forest-steppe areas of Altai Krai can be cha-racterized by following peculiarities: it keeps information about out-of-the-way and unknown for main population historical places; it keeps micro-toponymic system of neighbourhoods of locality; it actualizes primary «real» or episodic memory; assures intergenerational continuity; becomes an important addition or explicitation for description, research, reconstruction of main historical events; assures reproduction of traditions as the most stable mental element of historical memory of population. This memory can fulfill its reproduction function for a long time in case when society and government focus attention on hunters. Use of results . Research results can be used in socioforecasting and management of social systems.

Life Course and Intergenerational Continuity of Intimate Partner Aggression and Physical Injury: A 20-Year Study

The objective of this study is to examine continuity of intimate partner aggression (IPA), which is defined as repeated annual involvement in IPA, across respondents' life course and into the next generation, where it may emerge among adult children. A national, longitudinal, and multigenerational sample of 1,401 individuals and their adult children is analyzed. Annual data on IPA severity and physical injury were collected by the National Youth Survey Family Study across a 20-year period from 1984 to 2004. Three hypotheses and biological sex differences are tested and effect sizes are estimated. First, findings reveal evidence for life course continuity (IPA is a strong predictor of subsequent IPA), but the overall trend decreases over time. Second, intergenerational continuity is documented (parents' IPA predicts adult children's IPA), but the effect is stronger for female than for male adult children. Third, results from combined and separate, more restrictive, measures of victimization and perpetration are nearly identical except in the intergenerational analyses. Fourth, evidence for continuity is not found when assessing physical injury alone. Together, these findings imply that some but not all forms of IPA are common, continuous, and intergenerational. Life course continuity appears stronger than intergenerational continuity.

Intergenerational continuity in high-conflict family environments

Intergenerational continuity in high-conflict family environments

Intergenerational continuity as a key factor for efficient development of organic chemistry and metal complex catalysis in Russia

Intergenerational continuity as a key factor for efficient development of organic chemistry and metal complex catalysis in Russia

Regional Differences in the Intergenerational Transmission of Family Size in Europe

AbstractMany studies report positive correlations between family sizes of successive generations, but the degree of correlation varies between countries. However, the majority of these studies are limited in geographical scope and do not consider the role of regional family organisation principles, that is, family systems. In this paper, we investigate to what extent regional family systems explain geographical differences in intergenerational transmission of family size among European regions. Using the large‐scale European Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we derive indicators of regional family systems based on average frequency of contact and geographical distance between kin. We use a multilevel random coefficients model to test for differences in the transmission between European regions, as well as between sons and daughters. We find a complex regional pattern of family influences on childbearing continuities, with considerable within‐country variation. We observe a direct effect of parental fertility on offspring fertility, although sons show more variance than daughters. This transmission of fertility can be attributed to regional family systems for sons, but not for daughters. Our results demonstrate the importance of using a regional approach –rather than the country‐level approach –to study intergenerational continuities in childbearing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity and life satisfaction of Roma minority adolescents and their parents

This study investigates intergeneration transmission of ethnic identity as a resource for life satisfaction of Roma adolescents and their parents. Historically, Roma represent the largest ethnic minority in Europe. They have been exposed to severe discrimination, social exclusion, and poverty. Therefore, identifying resources for their life satisfaction is theoretically and practically important. The present study included 1093 participants, of which there were 171 Roma adolescents (age: M = 14.96 years, SD = 1.85), 155 mothers (age: M = 36.16 years, SD = 5.77) and 123 fathers (age: M = 39.68 years, SD = 6.06). Further, a comparison group of 248 mainstream adolescents with their mothers (n = 221) and fathers (n = 175) was also included in the study. Adolescents and their parents provided data on ethnic identity (MEIM; Phinney, 1992) and life satisfaction (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Results indicated that Roma youth were lower on endorsement of ethnic identity and average on life satisfaction compared to their mainstream peers. A structural equation model showed that ethnic identity was a positive predictor of life satisfaction for both adolescents and their Roma parents. Furthermore, parents' ethnic identity was a predictor of adolescent life satisfaction. We concluded that for Roma youth and their parents, ethnic identity represents a salient source for life satisfaction and an intergenerational continuity of identity and life satisfaction exists.

Longitudinal Modeling of the Association Between Transmissible Risk, Affect During Drug Use and Development of Substance Use Disorder

This longitudinal investigation examined the hypothesis that subjective experience during consumption of preferred drugs mediates the association of transmissible risk for substance use disorder (SUD) measured in childhood and adolescence, and SUD diagnosis in adulthood. Transmissible risk denotes the psychological characteristics having intergenerational continuity between parents and their biological children. The transmissible liability index (TLI) was administered to four hundred eighty-three 10 to 12-year-old boys (baseline). Follow-up evaluations were conducted when the boys attained 12-14, 16, 19, and 22 years of age, using age-specific versions of the TLI. Frequency of consumption of the participants' three most preferred drugs, affect on an ordinary day, affect while under influence of the preferred substances, and presence/absence of current SUD were assessed at 22 years of age. Consumption frequency of preferred drugs among boys mediates the association of transmissible risk during childhood, and adolescence and SUD diagnosis in adulthood. Severity of negative affect on a drug-free day predicts frequency of consumption of preferred drugs, which, in turn, predicts severity of negative affect during the drug use event. Neither affect on a drug-free day nor affect during the drug use event mediates the association of transmissible risk and SUD. Affect on drug-free days, and while under influence of preferred substances, covary with consumption frequency; however, affect is not related to transmissible SUD risk or SUD outcome.

Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment: A multilevel examination.

Despite the commonly held belief that there is a high degree of intergenerational continuity in maltreatment, studies to date suggest a mixed pattern of findings. One reason for the variance in findings may be related to the measurement approach used, which includes a range of self-report and official indicators of maltreatment and both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. This study attempted to shed light on the phenomenon of intergenerational continuity of maltreatment by examining multiple indicators of perpetration of maltreatment in young adults and multiple risk factors across different levels within an individual's social ecology. The sample included 166 women who had been placed in out-of-home care as adolescents (>85% had a substantiated maltreatment incident) and followed into young adulthood, and included three waves of adolescent data and six waves of young adult data collected across 10 years. The participants were originally recruited during adolescence as part of a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of the Treatment Foster Care Oregon intervention. Analyses revealed weak to modest associations among the three indicators of perpetration of maltreatment in young adulthood, that is, official child welfare records, self-reported child welfare system involvement, and self-reported maltreatment (r = .03-.51). Further, different patterns of prediction emerged as a function of the measurement approach. Adolescent delinquency was a significant predictor of subsequent self-reported child welfare contact, and young adult partner risk was a significant predictor of perpetration of maltreatment as indexed by both official child welfare records and self-reported child welfare contact. In addition, women who were originally assigned to the intervention condition reported perpetrating less maltreatment during young adulthood. Implications for measurement and interventions related to reducing the risk for intergenerational transmission of risk are discussed.

Latin@s and the Intergenerational Continuity of Spanish: The Challenges of Curricularizing Language

This paper focuses on the future of Spanish in the United States and on the tensions and challenges that surround what Fishman (1964) referred to as intergenerational continuity. It examines the teaching of language itself and the role of such instruction in the development and maintenance of Spanish/English multicompetence (Cook, 1996), that is, of the complex linguistic repertoires of Latin@s in the United States. Because language instruction generally continues to view languages as autonomous codes and systems of rules and structures, the paper draws attention to specific pedagogical questions that must be addressed by those committed to both educational access and equity for Latin@s as well as to their linguistic multicompetence in a context in which members of the new Latino/Hispanic category struggle with issues of race, class, and language, with their membership in the new panethnic category itself, and with the ways in which they are constructed by their teachers and their mainstream peers.