Interference Processing Research Articles

Consistent activation differences versus differences in consistent activation: Evaluating meta-analytic contrasts

Abstract Meta-analytic contrasts are a promising aspect of coordinate-based meta-analyses in neuroimaging research as they facilitate the statistical comparison of two meta-analytic results. They have been used for a multitude of comparisons, such as task conditions, cognitive processes, and groups. However, it remains to be tested how the results of meta-analytic contrasts relate to those of classic meta-analyses and vice versa. Here we present a comprehensive empirical investigation of this issue using four datasets from three different cognitive domains: working memory, working memory load, cognitive interference processing, and emotional face processing. For all four datasets, we compared the results of a standard meta-analysis across prototypical contrasts (condition A > condition B) reported in individual experiments with those of a contrast between two individual meta-analyses of the same conditions (meta-analysis condition A > meta-analysis condition B). In the meta-analytic contrasts similar brain regions as in the standard meta-analysis were found but with relatively distinct spatial activation patterns. Additionally, fewer regions were revealed in the meta-analytic contrasts, especially in areas where the conditions spatially overlapped. This can be ascribed to the loss of information on the strength of activations in meta-analytic contrasts, across which standard meta-analysis summarize. In one dataset, additional regions were found in the meta-analytic contrast, potentially due to task effects. Our results demonstrate that meta-analytic contrasts can yield similar results to standard meta-analyses but are sparser. This confirms the overall validity, but also limited ability to capture all regions found in standard meta-analyses. Notable differences observed in some cases indicate that such contrasts cannot be taken as an easy substitute for classic meta-analyses of experiment-level contrasts, warranting further research into the boundary conditions for agreement.

Inefficient and unique processing of social-emotional interference in school-aged children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder.

Interest is growing in investigating the ability of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to process social information under conflicting and complex environments. However, few studies have employed objective behavioral measures to directly explore the underlying profile of social-emotional interference control. In the current study, 53 children with ASD and 53 typically developing (TD) control, aged 6-12 years, completed a set of modified flanker tasks involving arrows, schematic faces, same real faces (with facial interference by the same person), and different real faces (with facial interference by different people), respectively. Response time in incongruent (RTInc) and congruent conditions (RTCon), percentage of errors in incongruent (%ErrorInc) and congruent conditions (%ErrorCon), and flanker effect calculated by ΔRT = (RTInc - RTCon)/RTCon and Δ%Error = %ErrorInc - %ErrorCon were used as outcome metrics. We obtained three major results: (1) the ASD group had longer RTInc and RTCon compared to the TD group in the arrow, schematic-face, and same real-face tasks; (2) compared with the performance in the arrow flanker task, both groups exhibited longer RTs and reduced ΔRTs in the same real-face task; however, in the schematic-face task, longer RT and reduced ΔRT were exhibited in the TD group, but not in the ASD group; and (3) in the different real-face task, ASD group had higher %Error than the TD group, and %Error was negatively correlated with RT only in the ASD group. The current study delineates the inefficient processing of social-emotional interference in school-aged children with ASD and further suggests that these children might adopt a relatively optimized strategy like symbolization when dealing with emotional conflict. However, such compensatory cognitive strategies may be exhausted along with the increase in information load. These findings provide new perspectives of considering the difference more than difficulty in the cognitive profile of ASD, which will benefit the development of targeted behavioral interventions.

A color-digit Stroop task shows numerical influence on numerosity processing.

The numerical Stroop task involves presenting participants with two digits that differ in physical size and numerical value and asking them to report which digit had the larger size or value while ignoring the other dimension. Previous studies show that participants have difficulty ignoring the irrelevant dimension and thus have implications on the automaticity of numerical processing. The present study investigates the automatic influence of numerical value on numerosity processing in a novel Stroop-like task. In two experiments, participants were presented with digits made of colored stripes and asked to identify the number of different colors. In both experiments, interference and facilitation effects were found, supporting the automaticity of symbolic number processing and its influence on numerosity processing. These findings expand upon previous research on numerical as well as counting Stroop tasks, and have potential implications for studying interference and basic numerical processing in children and clinical populations.

Inversion of TEM Responses in Tunnel with Steel Infrastructure and Its Application

Steel infrastructure in tunnels significantly affects the accuracy of transient electromagnetic (TEM) data inversion. This study proposes and compares two methods to effectively mitigate this interference: the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method. The correction factor method constructs correction factors using interference data obtained in two ways. The first method, numerical simulation, is theoretically precise but relies heavily on accurate model parameters and requires significant computational resources. The second is conducted by measuring the interference data in the working space. While this approach is simple and operationally convenient, its effectiveness in correction is limited by the measured data quality. The a priori information constraint method improves the inversion by introducing a more accurate initial model. The inversion results of synthetic data indicate that the inversion based on the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method can effectively invert the anomaly. However, the delay effect remains a challenge for the correction factor method. Finally, we invert the field data measured in a mine tunnel by combining the interference processing methods.

Integrated Neural Network Approach for Enhanced Vital Signal Analysis Using CW Radar

This study introduces a novel approach for analyzing vital signals using continuous-wave (CW) radar, employing an integrated neural network model to overcome the limitations associated with traditional step-by-step signal processing methods. Conventional methods for vital signal monitoring, such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) and sphygmomanometers, require direct contact and impose constraints on specific scenarios. Conversely, our study primarily focused on non-contact measurement techniques, particularly those using CW radar, which is known for its simplicity but faces challenges such as noise interference and complex signal processing. To address these issues, we propose a temporal convolutional network (TCN)-based framework that seamlessly integrates noise removal, demodulation, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) processes into a single neural network. This integration minimizes cumulative errors and processing time, which are common drawbacks of conventional methods. The TCN was trained using a dataset comprising preprocessed in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) signals from the CW radar and corresponding heart rates measured via ECG. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated based on the L1 loss and accuracy against the moving average of the estimated heart rates. The results indicate that the proposed approach has the potential for efficient and accurate non-contact vital signal analysis, opening new avenues in health monitoring and medical research. Additionally, the integration of CW radar and neural networks in our framework offers a robust and scalable solution, enhancing the practicality of non-contact health monitoring systems in diverse environments. This technology can be leveraged in healthcare robots to provide continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of patients’ vital signs, enabling timely interventions and improving overall patient care.

A clearance control and interference repair method for ship rib plate assembly based on reverse engineering

Due to the influence of manufacturing errors, welding deformation of ship parts and other factors, interference often occurs due to out-of-tolerance assembly clearance for ship rib plate assembly using the pull-in method. To solve the problem, a clearance control and interference repair method for ship rib plate assembly is proposed. Firstly, the factors causing ship rib assembly errors were analyzed, and an accurate model of the ship rib with manufacturing errors was built based on a 3D scanning point cloud. Secondly, the fit clearances between multiple components during the motion process were calculated based on simulation. Finally, the assembly clearances were redistributed through pose coordination technology to autonomously control the assembly clearance, allocate excess clearances to interference areas and quantitatively complete the subsequent interference processing. The case study results show that the proposed method can achieve quantitative prediction of assembly clearances and generate a precise repair scheme. The interference for ship rib plate assembly is reduced by 50%, and the efficiency is increased by 24%.

Three‐dimensional interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of ship target based on cubic phase signal model

AbstractThe interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) system realises the interferometric processing on the imaging results obtained from three radars on a set of orthogonal baselines and can get the three‐dimensional (3D) imaging for the ship target. The ship targets experience complex motion characteristics such as roll, pitch and yaw in the course of navigation. These motions lead to the blurred two‐dimensional (2D) images and further affect the interference performance during the InISAR procedure. Therefore, this paper proposes a 3D InISAR imaging algorithm for the ship targets based on the cubic phase signal (CPS) model. This method approximates the azimuth echo signal as a CPS and utilises the particle swarm optimization algorithm to estimate the higher‐order phase coefficients. While preserving the phase information, the 3D image result can be achieved by the interference processing between the high‐resolution 2D images. The effectiveness of the algorithm is validated through the simulation experiments under different baseline lengths and signal‐to‐noise ratios.

Associations of Plasma Glutamatergic Metabolites with Alpha Desynchronization during Cognitive Interference and Working Memory Tasks in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) studies have suggested compensatory brain overactivation in cognitively healthy (CH) older adults with pathological beta-amyloid(Aβ42)/tau ratios during working memory and interference processing. However, the association between glutamatergic metabolites and brain activation proxied by EEG signals has not been thoroughly investigated. We aim to determine the involvement of these metabolites in EEG signaling. We focused on CH older adults classified under (1) normal CSF Aβ42/tau ratios (CH-NATs) and (2) pathological Aβ42/tau ratios (CH-PATs). We measured plasma glutamine, glutamate, pyroglutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations using tandem mass spectrometry and conducted a correlational analysis with alpha frequency event-related desynchronization (ERD). Under the N-back working memory paradigm, CH-NATs presented negative correlations (r = ~-0.74--0.96, p = 0.0001-0.0414) between pyroglutamate and alpha ERD but positive correlations (r = ~0.82-0.95, p = 0.0003-0.0119) between glutamine and alpha ERD. Under Stroop interference testing, CH-NATs generated negative correlations between glutamine and left temporal alpha ERD (r = -0.96, p = 0.037 and r = -0.97, p = 0.027). Our study demonstrated that glutamine and pyroglutamate levels were associated with EEG activity only in CH-NATs. These results suggest cognitively healthy adults with amyloid/tau pathology experience subtle metabolic dysfunction that may influence EEG signaling during cognitive challenge. A longitudinal follow-up study with a larger sample size is needed to validate these pilot studies.

A comparative review of subsea navigation technologies in offshore engineering projects

Subsea navigation technologies play a critical role in enhancing precision and efficiency in offshore engineering projects. This comparative review examines the evolution and application of subsea navigation systems, with a focus on improving precision in offshore construction and surveying. The study evaluates various subsea navigation technologies, including acoustic positioning systems, inertial navigation systems, and optical imaging systems, highlighting their capabilities and limitations. The review begins by discussing the historical development of subsea navigation technologies, tracing their evolution from early acoustic systems to modern integrated solutions. It then explores the key components and operation principles of each technology, providing insights into their functionalities and suitability for different offshore applications. The study also examines the challenges and advancements in subsea navigation, including issues related to signal interference, accuracy, and real-time data processing. It discusses how these challenges have been addressed through technological innovations, such as improved sensor technologies and advanced data fusion algorithms. Furthermore, the review assesses the practical application of subsea navigation technologies in offshore engineering projects, including pipeline installation, subsea infrastructure maintenance, and underwater surveying. It analyzes case studies and industry practices to illustrate the effectiveness of these technologies in improving precision, reducing costs, and mitigating risks in offshore operations. Overall, this comparative review provides a comprehensive overview of subsea navigation technologies in offshore engineering projects. It highlights the evolution, capabilities, and applications of these technologies, emphasizing their role in enhancing precision and efficiency in offshore construction and surveying. The study concludes with recommendations for future research and development to further improve the performance and reliability of subsea navigation systems in offshore operations.

Research status of laser surface texturing on tribological and wetting properties of materials: A review

Laser surface texturing (LST) holds great potential in fabricating precise and controllable micro/nanostructures, benefiting from its high processing resolution, flexible processing methods, and capability to handle a wide range of materials. This paper aims to comprehensively review the research status of LST in improving materials’ friction and wetting properties. Firstly, the significance of friction and wetting properties is outlined, followed by an introduction to commonly employed LST, including laser ablation, laser interference, and laser shock processing. Then, much emphasis has been placed on the impact of laser parameters and texture design on material properties. By manipulating laser parameters such as pulse width, pulse power density, and number of pulses, different effects can be generated on the geometric characteristics, pattern types, and distribution forms of surface textures, thereby altering the surface’s microscopic topography, roughness, hardness, and wettability to exhibit different friction and wetting performances. Next, the optimization methods for texture performance are discussed, encompassing the optimization of laser parameters and the texture itself. In particular, the fundamental theories and influencing mechanisms of LST on materials’ friction and wetting performance are elaborated in detail, followed by an overview of research conducted on metals, non-metals, and composite materials. Finally, a summary is provided on the application of LST in improving the friction and wetting performance of materials while pointing out the limitations of existing research and prospects for future research directions.

Exploring the relationship between MRI changes and cognitive/neuropsychiatric complaints in a cohort of long COVID‐19 patients: A cross‐sectional and longitudinal study

AbstractBackgroundPost‐acute Covid‐19 syndrome (PACS) frequently refers to cognitive complaints. It is not yet clear whether there is an association between cognitive symptoms with brain changes or neuropsychiatric symptoms. Our aims are 1) to study cross‐sectional and longitudinal MRI brain measures in a cohort of PACS and 2) their association with cognitive performance and mood disturbances.MethodWe performed a prospective single‐center study with 3T‐T1w MRI of 49 PACS patients at a cross‐sectional level. These participants had confirmed SARS‐CoV2 infection, ≥ 8 weeks after symptoms onset and cognitive complaints. All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery (NPS) and questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety, and subjective cognitive complaints (SCD). We obtained global MRI measures (e.g; gray and white matter volumes and mean cortical thickness) with FreeSurfer. We measured correlations of global MRI measures with SCD, memory and executive function outcomes, anxiety, and depression. All analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons. 44 PACS subjects had a 6‐month follow‐up MRI: in these, we performed longitudinal analyses with Generalized Linear Mixed‐Effects Models to study changes between visits in global MRI measures.ResultDemographics are shown in Table 1. We did not find any correlation between clinical outcomes (SCD, anxiety, depression) and MRI findings. Visual memory (Rey figure’s recall) and cognitive interference inhibition and processing speed ((Stroop’s color‐word condition) were positively correlated with global gray and white matter volume measures (Figure 1). We did not identify changes in global MRI measures at 6 months in PACS participants.ConclusionIn PACS, worse visual memory and executive function, but not other clinical outcomes, were associated with lower global structural MRI indexes. We did not observe global longitudinal changes in MRI.

Retrieval of high-precision precipitable water vapour maps using Sentinel-1A and Beidou satellite data

ABSTRACTPrecipitable water vapour (PWV) is a primary factor that affects climate and weather. The accurate retrieval of PWV is crucial for weather prediction and meteorological research. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been rapidly developed in recent years and proven effective in PWV retrieval in the regions of good coherence. However, there are large areas of natural terrain where signals decoherence that limit the precision of PWV retrieval. Besides, due to the differential interference processing of InSAR data, the results of its retrieval are differential PWV (ΔPWV). In this study, the StaMPS-InSAR was used to overcome the problem of weak detection ability in low coherence regions. A series of 11 Sentinel-1A images were selected to retrieve space-continuous ΔPWV. Beidou Satellite Navigation System (BDS) can retrieve high-precision PWV. Hence, the BDS data was utilized to convert the InSAR-derived ΔPWV to PWV. Compared with the BDS-derived PWV, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the experimental results is 1.3 mm with a spatial resolution as fine as 20 m. The correlation coefficient between the deviations and Liquid Cloud Water is 0.65, indicating a positive correlation. We demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method for retrieving PWV in computational efficiency by comparing it with the SBAS-InSAR. With the increasing stack size of the SAR images, our method can reduce the taking time for processing. The proportion can reach 12.6% when the stack size of SAR images is 20. By the spatio-temporal analysis of the results, we found some characteristics of PWV in mountain areas especially. The results have certain reference value for the space-continuous PWV retrieval and the study of PWV spatio-temporal characteristics.

Biorthogonal wavelet energy entropy method with different time windows for strong interference processing of GPR signals

In the light of the shielding effect of the strong reflection signal generated by the steel bars and the inhomogeneous of concrete materials on the weak signal in the tunnel lining detection, a high-resolution GPR image processing method of biorthogonal wavelet energy entropy in different time windows is proposed. Wavelet analysis has the characteristics of multiresolution, and wavelet entropy can represent the energy distribution characteristics of signals in different time windows with different scales. Firstly, the discrete biorthogonal wavelet transform is applied to decompose the original GPR image into subimages with different frequencies and different spatial local changes. Secondly, appropriate time windows are selected for wavelet entropy adaptive threshold processing of each subimage in the light of the different amplitude ratio of effective signal to strong interference in each subimage, and finally the reconstructed image after removing the strong reflection is spectrally whitened. Both the forward simulations and actual measurement results show that the method can effectively remove strong reflection interference, clear weak signals, and maintain the continuity of the reflection events, and compared to the conventional pulse deconvolution, predictive deconvolution and wavelet entropy methods with the same time window, this method has a more thorough interference removal effect, and the effective signal performance is more obvious, which proves the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in improving the resolution of GPR image and highlighting weak signal.

Research on theoretical and experimental of Interference processing based on three-channel mutual injection phase-locked laser

With the advantage of obtaining multiple phase-locked laser outputs at the same time without complicated modulation devices, the multi-channel mutual injection technique provides a new idea to solve the problem of excessive use of beam splitting devices in traditional multi-beam interference processing systems. In this paper, we analyzed the phase-locking mechanism of the mutual injection technique, studied in detail the locking process of the phase difference of three lasers with time when their energy is injected into each other, and discussed the coherence characteristics of the three Gaussian beams after convergence. Accordingly, we built a three-beam interferometric processing system based on the three-channel mutual injection solid-state laser to process the surface of silicon material. The surface of the material was observed by SEM to exhibit a clear structure of regular shaped microporous arrays with a period of 3.0 µm distributed according to the regular pattern of positive hexagon, which was consistent with the interference pattern obtained from the simulation. The comprehensive theoretical and experimental results show that the laser obtained based on the three-channel mutual injection technique has good coherence characteristics and can be effectively applied in interference processing. This opens up a new idea for the development of interference processing equipment and has positive significance for the development of multi-beam interference processing.

Does physical fitness affect cognitive functions differently across adulthood? An advantage of being older.

There is a large interindividual variability in cognitive functioning with increasing age due to biological and lifestyle factors. One of the most important lifestyle factors is the level of physical fitness (PF). The link between PF and brain activity is widely accepted but the specificity of cognitive functions affected by physical fitness across the adult lifespan is less understood. The present study aims to clarify whether PF is basically related to cognition and general intelligence in healthy adults, and whether higher levels of PF are associated with better performance in the same or different cognitive functions at different ages. A sample of 490 participants (20-70 years) was analyzed to examine this relationship. Later, the sample was split half into the young to middle-aged group (YM; 20-45 years; n = 254), and the middleaged to older group (MO; 46-70 years; n = 236). PF was measured by a quotient of maximum power in a bicycle ergometry test PWC-130 divided by body weight (W/kg), which was supported by a self-reported level of PF. Cognitive performance was evaluated by standardized neuropsychological test batteries. Regression models showed a relationship between PF and general intelligence (g-factor) and its subcomponents extracted using structural equation modeling (SEM) in the entire sample. This association was moderated by age, which also moderated some specific cognitive domains such as attention, logical reasoning, and interference processing. After splitting the sample into two age groups, a significant relationship was found between cognitive status, as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and PF in both age groups. However, apart from cognitive failures in daily life (CFQ), no other association between PF and specific cognitive functions was found in the YM group. In contrast, several positive associations were observed in the MO group, such as with selective attention, verbal memory, working memory, logical reasoning, and interference processing. These findings show that middle-aged to older adults benefit more from PF than younger to middle-aged adults. The results are discussed in terms of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive effects of PF across the lifespan. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397, identifier NCT05155397.

Cognitive processes associated with working memory in children with developmental language disorder

The current study examined how individual differences in language, nonverbal, and attention abilities relate to working memory in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) relative to age-matched typically developing (TD) peers using an interference-based model of working memory as our theoretical framework. Our experimental paradigm involved varying the domain (verbal/nonverbal) of recall items and an interference processing task, testing effects of interference. We examined the relative importance of language, nonverbal, and attention skills in predicting working memory performance by using Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation to compare models with varied combinations of these skills as predictors. We then statistically tested selected models. Selected models were similar between groups for nonverbal, but not verbal, working memory. Language, nonverbal, and attention skills were associated with performance regardless of whether the working memory task was verbal or nonverbal for the DLD group, yet only attention was associated with verbal working memory for the TD group. A broader set of cognitive processes was involved in verbal recall in children with DLD than in TD peers, potentially reflecting diminished specialization of cognitive processes underlying language. The interference-based model of working memory accounted for interrelationships among language, processing speed, and inhibition of interference, revealing new insights into verbal processing.

Resting heart rate (variability) and cognition relationships reveal cognitively healthy individuals with pathological amyloid/tau ratio.

Resting heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) have been linked with cognition in the general population and in older individuals. The knowledge of this aspect of heart-brain relationship is relatively absent in older individuals with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. This study explores relationships of the HR, HRV, and cognition in cognitively healthy individuals with pathological amyloid/tau ratio (CH-PATs) in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) compared to those with normal ratio (CH-NATs). We examined therelationshipsbetween1) resting HR and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); 2) resting HR and brain processing during Stroop interference; and 3) resting vagally mediated HRV (vmHRV) and task switching performance. Our studies showed that compared to CH-NATs, those CH-PATs with higher resting HR presented with lower MMSE, and less brain activation during interference processing. In addition, resting vmHRV was significantly correlated with task switching accuracy in CH-NATs, but not in CH-PATs. Thesethreedifferenttestsindicatedysfunctionalheart-brainconnections in CH-PATs, suggesting a potential cardio-cerebral dysfunctional integration.

The role of morphological configuration in language control during bilingual production and comprehension

AbstractWhen bilinguals switch between their two languages, they often alternate between words whose formation rules in one language are different from the other (e.g., a noun-verb compound in one language may be a verb-noun compound in another language). In this study, we analyze behavioral performance and electrophysiological activity to examine the effects of morphological configuration on language control during production and comprehension. Chinese–English bilinguals completed a joint naming-listening task involving cued language switching. The findings showed differential effects of morphological configuration on language production and comprehension. In production, morphological configuration was processed sequentially, suggesting that bilingual production may be a combination of sequential processing and inhibition of morphological levels and language interference. In comprehension, however, bottom-up control processes appear to mask the influence of sequential processing on language switching. Together, these findings underscore differential functionalities of language control in speaking and listening.

A New Approach to Improve Transmitting and Receiving Timing in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Systems

Nowadays, most wireless communications employ OFDM technology to reduce signal interference. Its sensitivity to timing faults, however, can cause a severe performance reduction. This study suggests a new approach to enhance communication systems' transmitting and receiving time. Although OFDM is a widely used modulation strategy in communication systems, it is vulnerable to timing faults, which can seriously affect performance. A frequency interference processing method is created that uses OFDM technology and goes through numerous steps, such as correcting CFO, adding a periodic prefix to prevent frequency distortion, calculating the time delay between transmission and reception, and spotting timing mistakes. It is clear that the lack of synchronization between the transmitter and channel interference has caused the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to decline correspondingly. The initial approach had a piece of code that computed the transmission and reception times while recording their differences. As a result, it handles signal interference and frequency and temporal synchronization, two key aspects of OFDM. Timing precision varies from 0 to 1, and the time gap between transmission and reception is only a fraction of a second. When the SNR was available, timing errors and the lag between transmission and reception timing were seen, which suggests that there is a small probability of having too many locks or losing codes while utilizing OFDM. Simulation exercises show that the suggested method considerably enhances the system's Bit Error Rate (BER) performance in a variety of time offset conditions. The outcomes imply that the suggested strategy could be a workable remedy for OFDM systems with timing issues.

Improvements in pain coping predict treatment success among patients with chronic primary pain

ObjectiveGiven the increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic pain, effective treatments for chronic pain are needed. This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive and behavioral pain coping regarding the prediction of treatment outcomes among inpatients with chronic primary pain participating in an interdisciplinary multimodal treatment program. MethodsAt intake and discharge, 500 patients with chronic primary pain completed questionnaires on pain intensity, pain interference, psychological distress, and pain processing. ResultsPatients' symptoms, cognitive and behavioral pain coping improved significantly after treatment. Similarly, separate cognitive and behaviroal coping skills improved significantly after treatment. Hierarchical linear models revealed no significant associations of pain coping with reductions in pain intensity. Whereas the overall level and improvements in cognitive pain coping predicted reductions in pain interference and psychological distress, the overall level and improvements in behavioral pain coping were associated with reductions in pain interference alone. DiscussionSince pain coping seems to influence both pain interference and psychological distress, improving cognitive and behavioral pain coping during an interdisciplinary multimodal pain treatment seems to be a key component in the successful treatment of inpatients with chronic primary pain, enabling them to function better physically and mentally despite their chronic pain. Clinically, it might be worth fostering and exercising cognitive restructuring as well as action planning in treatment to reduce both pain interference and psychological distress levels post-treatment. In addition, practicing relaxation techniques might help reduce pain interference post-treatment, whereas making experiences of personal competence might help reduce psychological distress post-treatment.