Interference Level Research Articles

How Does the Presence of Others Influence Control Inhibition? Contradictory Evidence Using an Antisaccade and Stop Signal Task.

Inhibitory control (IC) is defined as the (in)ability to change, suppress, or delay a response that is no longer required under the current circumstances. This ability was previously argued to increase in social contexts, based on Stroop's performance, showing that participants performed the Stroop task better in others' presence than alone. In this paper, we extend the testing of this same hypothesis to the use of two other tasks that Mitake et al. (2000) show to grasp the same IC ability; the Antisaccade and Stop signal tasks. If Stroop's performance was capturing the impact of the presence of others on CI abilities, the effect would generalize to performance on these tasks. This hypothesis was only generally supported by stop signal task performance; those in the presence condition were significantly more efficient than those in the alone conditions. For the Antisaccade tasks, evidence shows that higher levels of interference occurs in the presence of others condition for participants' fastest responses We discuss how this evidence contributes to the literature suggesting that the two tasks may index different constructs.

The Influence of Noise Level on the Value of Uncertainty in a Measurement System Containing an Analog-to-Digital Converter

For newly developed measuring systems, it is easy to estimate type-B uncertainties based on technical data from the measuring modules applied. However, it is difficult to estimate A-type uncertainties due to the unknown type and level of interferences infiltrating the measuring system. This is a particularly important problem for measurements carried out in the presence of typical of power grid disturbances. The aim of the research was to develop a method and a measurement stand for experimental assessment of uncertainties in a measuring system that makes use of data acquisition modules containing analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The paper describes, in detail, the design of a completed test stand. It presents an original application in the LabVIEW environment, which enables testing the dependence of the uncertainties with the quantity of the measurements averaged in a series, for different kinds and levels of interferences infiltrating the measuring path. The results of tests for several popular measuring modules are presented. An analysis of the determined uncertainties was carried out in relation to the parameters of the tested measurement modules and for various levels of interferences. It is proved that an increase in the number of averaged measurements to approx. 100–200 always results in a decrease in uncertainty for each tested module and under all conditions. However, a further increase in the quantity of measurements, even up to 1000 averaged measurements, proved reasonable only for high-accuracy modules, in particular with a high level of interferences. An excessive increase in the quantity of averaged measurements proved a low effect for modules characterised by a low resolution and with a low level of interferences. The measurement results also proved that when estimated, uncertainties in the interference probability distribution are significant, especially if they deviate from normal distribution.

Evaluation of hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus interference with common clinical immunoassays.

Hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia (HIL) are common sources of endogenous interference in clinical laboratory testing. Defining the threshold of interference for immunoassays enables appropriate reporting of their results when they are affected by HIL. Pools of residual patient serum samples were spiked with a known amount of interferent to create samples with varying concentrations of hemolysate, bilirubin, and Intralipid that mimicked the effects of endogenous HIL.Samples were analysed on the Alinity i analyser (Abbott Diagnostics) for more than 25 immunoassays. The average recovery relative to the non-spiked sample was calculated for each interference level and was compared to a predefined allowable bias. C-peptide, estradiol, serum folate, free T4, homocysteine, insulin, and vitamin B12 were found to be affected by hemolysis, at hemoglobin concentrations between 0.3 to 20g/L. Immunoassays for BNP, estradiol, free T3, andhomocysteine were affected by icterus at conjugated bilirubin concentrations between 50 to 1,044μmol/L. BNP, serum folate, and homocysteine were affected by Intralipid with measured triglyceride concentrations between 0.8 to 10mmol/L. Lastly, serological immunoassays for HIV and hepatitis A, B and C were also affected by interferences. Immunoassays are impacted by varying degrees of HIL interference. Some measurands, in the presence of interference, are affected in a manner not previously indicated. The data presented herein provide anindependent evaluation of HIL thresholds and will be ofaid to resource-limited clinical laboratories that are unable to internally verify endogenous interferences when implementing the Alinity i analyser.

Model for Interference Evaluation in 5G Millimeter-Wave Ultra-Dense Network with Location-Aware Beamforming

Location-Aware Beamforming (LAB) in Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) is a breakthrough technology for 5G New Radio (NR) and Beyond 5G (B5G) millimeter wave (mmWave) communication. Directional links with narrow antenna half-power beamwidth (HPBW) and massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) processing systems allows to increase transmitter and receiver gains and thus facilitates to overcome high path loss in mmWave. Well known problem of pencil beamforming (BF) is in construction of precoding vectors at the transmitter and combining vectors at the receiver during directional link establishing and its maintaining. It is complicated by huge antenna array (AA) size and required channel state information (CSI) exchange, which is time consuming for vehicle user equipment (UE). Knowledge of transmitter and receiver location, UE or gNodeB (gNB), could significantly alleviate directional link establishment and space division multiple access (SDMA) implementation. Background of SDMA is in efficient maintenance of affordable level of interference, and the purpose of this research is in signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) evaluation in various 5G UDN scenarios with LAB. The method, used to evaluate SIR, is link level simulation, and results are obtained from publicly released open-source simulator. Contribution of research includes substantiation of allowable UE density, working with LAB. Practical implications include recommendations on terrestrial and angular separation of two UE in 5G UDN scenarios.

Video Sequence Segmentation Based on K-Means in Air-Gap Data Transmission for a Cluttered Environment

An air gap is a technique that increases the security of information systems. The use of unconventional communication channels allows for obtaining communication that is of interest to the attacker as well as to cybersecurity engineers. One of the very dangerous forms of attack is the use of computer screen brightness modulation, which is not visible to the user but can be observed from a distance by the attacker. Once infected, the computer can transmit data over long distances. Even in the absence of direct screen visibility, transmission can be realized by analyzing the modulated reflection of the monitor's afterglow. The paper presents a new method for the automatic segmentation of video sequences to retrieve the transmitted data that does not have the drawbacks of the heretofore known method of growth (filling) based on an analysis of adjacent pixels. A fast camera operating at 380 fps was used for image acquisition. The method uses the characteristics of the amplitude spectrum for individual pixels, which is specific to the light sources in the room, and clustering with the k-means algorithm to group pixels into larger areas. Then, using the averaging of values for individual areas, it is possible to recover the 2-PAM (pulse-amplitude modulation) signal even at a 1000 times greater level of interference in the area to the transmitted signal, as shown in the experiments. The method does not require high-quality lenses.

Identification of Traction Electric Rolling Stock that Exceeds the Level of Interference in the Train Radio Communication Channel

The main methods for searching and determination of the level of signals are considered in the article. Their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. An algorithm for automatic search and determination of the level of interference in train radio communication channels has been developed. It makes it possible to identify traction electric rolling stock with an exceeding level of interference and carry out further transfer of information to the operator. Based on the algorithm a signal conversion device has been developed. The simulation of work of this device has been carried out in the computer-aided design and simulation environment "EasyEDA".

Однополосно модулированный сигнал с контролированным уровнем остатка несущей

An approach to the formation of single-sideband modulation signals based on quadrature synthesis is considered. The relevance of the use of single-sideband modulation signals for decameter radio communication systems is demonstrated. The analytical generality of the signals of amplitude and single-sideband modulation is shown in the transition to the analytical form of their representation. An analysis of the known methods for generating signals of single-sideband modulation with a suppressed carrier has been carried out. Their advantages and disadvantages are shown. The structural commonality of amplitude modulation signals and single-sideband modulation signals with a preserved carrier wave is demonstrated. The introduction of an additional parameter is justified, which makes it possible to adjust the level of the stored pilot signal in single-sideband modulation signals. The developed analytical model of the single-sideband modulation signal is presented, in which, unlike the known models, the pilot signal level can be adjusted at the stage of its formation. The results obtained open up new possibilities for redistributing the output power between the pilot signal and sideband information components depending on the level of interference in the channel. It is shown that the developed approach based on quadrature synthesis makes it possible to form single-sideband modulation signals with a stored pilot signal without additional filtering procedures. The gain in noise immunity of reception during the transition from amplitude modulation to single-sideband is demonstrated. A block diagram of the formation of single-sideband modulation signals with a given pilot signal level has been developed. The results of analytical modeling are demonstrated.

Modeling and optimization of multi-altitude leo satellite networks using cox point processes

This research focuses on the modeling and optimization of multi-altitude Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks using Cox point processes to achieve efficient coverage and performance analysis. LEO satellite networks have gained attention for their potential to provide global connectivity with reduced latency and increased network capacity. Accurately modeling the spatial distribution of satellites at different altitudes and optimizing their deployment pose significant challenges. This research proposes a mathematical framework based on Cox point processes to capture the randomness and irregularity of satellite deployments. Optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithms, are employed to determine the optimal satellite locations, altitude allocation, and network parameters. Performance analysis considers metrics such as coverage probability, signal strength, interference levels, capacity, and quality of service. The research contributes to the development of advanced modeling techniques, optimization algorithms, and performance analysis frameworks, enabling efficient coverage and performance optimization in multi-altitude LEO satellite networks. The numerical examples and discussions illustrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed approach in enhancing the design and operation of satellite communication systems

Stochastic modeling and performance analysis of multi-altitude LEO satellite networks using cox point processes

The research focuses on the stochastic modeling and performance analysis of multi-altitude Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks using Cox point processes. LEO satellite networks have emerged as a promising solution for global connectivity, offering high data rates and low latency. To optimize their performance and resource allocation, accurate modeling and analysis techniques are crucial. This research employs Cox point processes to model the spatial distribution and behavior of satellites at different altitudes within the network. The intensity functions capture the expected number of satellites per unit area at each altitude. Realizations of the Cox point process are generated using Monte Carlo simulations, enabling performance analysis in terms of network connectivity, coverage probability, signal quality, and interference levels. The results provide insights into network behavior and inform network design decisions, including the optimal number of satellites, their altitudes, and their spatial distribution. The research contributes to the advancement of multi-altitude LEO satellite networks, enabling efficient global connectivity and addressing communication needs in various industries and applications

Successive Light Interference Cancellation and Allocation (SLICA) Algorithm for Indoor VLC System: A Backbone for 6G Network

This paper considers a successive light interference cancellation and allocation algorithm (SLICA) practicing interference cancellation for an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system based on successive interference cancellation (SIC) technique. The interference among users is cancelled with the help of the proposed approach to reduce computational complexity. VLC has become the cornerstone of intelligence in the current scenario. The data services allocated to the users are demand based and rely on their channel conditions. The data is allocated to user by modulating light waves via illuminated LEDs. The receiving end has photodiode installed in it to recover back the data. Better performance rate is achieved with lesser interference with the proposed approach. To guarantee good (quality-of service) QoS, considerable simulations are carried out considering real- time scenario which further demonstrates the high level performance of the proposed approach over conventional approach. Based on the analysis, the SINR and interference level is demonstrated for the conventional and the proposed approach and there is a hike in the performance rate of SINR and interference level of about 20 – 30 % with the applied proposed approach. The prior motto of this study is to enhance the system throughput and improve per user average performance rate and reducing the complexity of the system. This contributes to the total efficiency of the optical indoor VLC network. Our proposed algorithm will provide a strong backbone for the 6G deployment.

Influence of goals on modular brain network organization during working memory.

Top-down control underlies our ability to attend relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant, distracting stimuli and is a critical process for prioritizing information in working memory (WM). Prior work has demonstrated that top-down biasing signals modulate sensory-selective cortical areas during WM, and that the large-scale organization of the brain reconfigures due to WM demands alone; however, it is not yet understood how brain networks reconfigure between the processing of relevant versus irrelevant information in the service of WM. Here, we investigated the effects of task goals on brain network organization while participants performed a WM task that required participants to detect repetitions (e.g., 0-back or 1-back) and had varying levels of visual interference (e.g., distracting, irrelevant stimuli). We quantified changes in network modularity-a measure of brain sub-network segregation-that occurred depending on overall WM task difficulty as well as trial-level task goals for each stimulus during the task conditions (e.g., relevant or irrelevant). First, we replicated prior work and found that whole-brain modularity was lower during the more demanding WM task conditions compared to a baseline condition. Further, during the WM conditions with varying task goals, brain modularity was selectively lower during goal-directed processing of task-relevant stimuli to be remembered for WM performance compared to processing of distracting, irrelevant stimuli. Follow-up analyses indicated that this effect of task goals was most pronounced in default mode and visual sub-networks. Finally, we examined the behavioral relevance of these changes in modularity and found that individuals with lower modularity for relevant trials had faster WM task performance. These results suggest that brain networks can dynamically reconfigure to adopt a more integrated organization with greater communication between sub-networks that supports the goal-directed processing of relevant information and guides WM.

Determination of frequency dependencies of deciles of the signal-to-noise ratio

The level of signal and interference in the decameter range of radio waves is subject to significant random changes, which affects the reliability of radio communications. The reliability of radio communication in the decameter range is determined by the ratio of the average signal level to the noise level at the receiver input to its permissible value, which, in turn, depends on the selected operating frequency. Also an important indicator is the standard deviation (standard deviation) of the signal-tonoise ratio at the receiver input. The latter is considered to be a constant value and is 14 dB. Nevertheless, according to experimental data, the standard deviation (RMS deviation) of the ratio of signal power to noise power at the receiver input in the decameter range may vary depending on frequency, which may affect the accuracy of communication reliability calculations.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИКИ РАСЧЕТА ПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ТРАНСФОРМАТОРОВ

Relevance During the operation of semiconductor converters and electrical installations (for example: ignition units, converters of ozonizers and gasdischarge lamps, energy facilities where corona discharge periodically occurs, etc.), an increased level of electromagnetic interference often occurs. Under these conditions, increased requirements for electromagnetic compatibility and galvanic isolation are imposed on power sources and information transmission devices. Similar questions sometimes arise when installing information equipment in the field, where it is not possible to connect the ground. Satisfaction of these requirements is possible when using parametric transformers (PT). At the same time, the operation of the PT is characterized by special requirements for their design and the choice of the main parameters of its elements due to the electromagnetic mode associated with the need to saturate the core and due to the occurrence of significant reactive power circulating in the PT along with active power. Due to the special field of application of PTs, as well as the complexity of the electromagnetic processes occurring in them, at present there are no generalized and sufficiently accurate methods for calculating PTs for practice. The well-known approximate methods for designing PTs affect only certain issues of choosing their parameters. Aim of research This article proposes the creation of a methodology for calculating the PT, which at the same time allows the design of a device not only to ensure electromagnetic compatibility, but also with the aim of further possibility of transition to optimization of the parameters obtained as a result of the calculation of the PT, as well as with the aim of further developing generalized methods for designing parametric electrical machines, which are also of particular interest. Research objects Parametric transformers, orthogonal magnetic systems. Research methods When developing a methodology for calculating parametric transformers, traditional research methods based on the classical theory of electrical and magnetic circuits were used. Results As a result of the work carried out, it was possible to create a methodology for calculating parametric transformers, which can be used in the design of special secondary power sources and other power conversion devices. The calculation algorithm and methods for calculating the main parameters of transformers of this type are determined.

The Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale–Child Version (SPTS-C): Development and preliminary validation

ABSTRACT Background Sensitivity to pain traumatization is defined as the propensity to develop cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to pain that resemble a traumatic stress reaction. To date, sensitivity to pain traumatization has been assessed in adults (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale [SPTS-12]) and parents of youth with chronic pain (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale–Parent version [SPTS-P]). SPT may be relevant in the context of pediatric chronic pain given the substantial comorbidity between posttraumatic stress symptoms and pain. Aims This prospective study aimed to adapt the SPTS-12 for use in youth and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the new scale. Methods Participants included 175 youth with chronic pain (M age = 14.31 years, 73% girls) referred to outpatient chronic pain programs. At baseline, youth self-reported the levels of their sensitivity to pain traumatization (Sensitivity to Pain Traumatization Scale–Child version [SPTS-C]), as well as their pain symptoms, pain-related anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and attentional control. Three months later, youth self-reported their pain symptoms and completed the SPTS-C. Results The SPTS-C had a one-factor structure that explained 48% of variance and demonstrated good reliability and construct validity. SPTS-C baseline scores predicted follow-up levels of pain interference but not pain intensity or pain unpleasantness. Conclusions The results provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of the SPTS-C and the potential role of SPT in pediatric chronic pain outcomes.

Interference and economic damage level of turnips in rye

Interference and economic damage level of turnips in rye

Effect of Postoperative Immobilization Time on PROMIS Scores and Clinical outcomes in Ankle Fracture Patients.

Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons, yet little guidance exists in postoperative protocols for ankle fractures concerning time of immobilization. Here, we aim to investigate the association between early mobilization and patient-reported outcomes. Our null hypothesis was that no difference in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores would be identified in patients when comparing the effect of time of immobilization. A retrospective review identified ankle fractures that underwent surgical fixation between 2015 and 2020 at a level 1 trauma center and its associated facilities. One hundred nineteen patients from 9 providers met inclusion criteria for our final analysis. Forty-seven patients were immobilized for <6 weeks (early) and 68 patients were immobilized for ≥6 weeks (late). Our primary outcome measures included the PROMIS questionnaire, time of immobilization, and time to full weightbearing. Our secondary outcome measures included time to return to work, wound complications (infection, delayed healing), and complications associated with fracture fixation (loss of reduction, delayed union, reoperation, hardware failure). Repeated measures analysis of variance as well as linear mixed outcome regression were used to predict each of the PROMIS outcomes of anxiety, depression, physical function, and pain interference. Each model included the predictors of age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, smoking status, payor, provider, time to radiographic union, time to return to work, time to full weightbearing, and early vs late immobilized groups. We found no differences in PROMIS scores between mobilization groups even when controlling for possible confounders such as age, BMI, rheumatoid arthritis, smoking status, and diabetes mellitus (P > .05). Furthermore, we found no differences in complications associated with fracture fixation (P > .05). Across our cohort, lower physical function scores were associated with higher BMI, increasing age, and longer time to return to work/play (P < .05). Our analysis further showed that depression, anxiety, pain interference, and physical function levels improve as a function of time (P < .05). Higher BMI was also noted to have a significant impact on PROMIS depression and anxiety when controlling for other variables. African Americans had greater pain interference scores (P < .05). Our study suggests that early mobilization in a walker boot after operative treatment of ankle fractures is a safe alternative to casting in non-neuropathic patients. When considering operative treatment of ankle fractures, factors such as increasing age and BMI are likely to negatively affect postoperative anxiety, physical function, and depression PROMIS scores regardless of immobilization time. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ИОНОСФЕРЫ НА ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СООТНОШЕНИЯ В СПУТНИКОВЫХ СИСТЕМАХ СВЯЗИ МЕТОДАМИ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КИНЕТИКИ ПЛАЗМЫ

In civil aviation, an urgent and important task is to provide air traffic participants with uninterrupted radio communication. Satellite communication is a global mobile network covering the entire surface of the Earth, including polar regions, which provides a two-way data and voice communication exchange. An analysis of the principles of functioning of satellite communication systems (SCS) showed that the determination of energy characteristics is of great importance. Energy characteristics in satellite communication channels and the level of interference determine SCS operational capabilities and quality indicators. One of the critical factors that determine the effectiveness of the SCS functioning is the conditions for the propagation and absorption of radio waves, including ionospheric phenomena, which are not yet fully understood, and this determines the research relevance. This article is devoted to theoretical studies of the ionospheric plasma by the methods of physical kinetics to increase the energy potential of the radio links of a satellite communication system.

Describing and visualizing the patient and caregiver experience of cancer pain in the home context using ecological momentary assessments.

Pain continues to be a difficult and pervasive problem for patients with cancer, and those who care for them. Remote health monitoring systems (RHMS), such as the Behavioral and Environmental Sensing and Intervention for Cancer (BESI-C), can utilize Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMAs) to provide a more holistic understanding of the patient and family experience of cancer pain within the home context. Participants used the BESI-C system for 2-weeks which collected data via EMAs deployed on wearable devices (smartwatches) worn by both patients with cancer and their primary family caregiver. We developed three unique EMA schemas that allowed patients and caregivers to describe patient pain events and perceived impact on quality of life from their own perspective. EMA data were analyzed to provide a descriptive summary of pain events and explore different types of data visualizations. Data were collected from five (n = 5) patient-caregiver dyads (total 10 individual participants, 5 patients, 5 caregivers). A total of 283 user-initiated pain event EMAs were recorded (198 by patients; 85 by caregivers) over all 5 deployments with an average severity score of 5.4/10 for patients and 4.6/10 for caregivers' assessments of patient pain. Average self-reported overall distress and pain interference levels (1 = least distress; 4 = most distress) were higher for caregivers ( 3.02, ) compared to patients ( 2.82, 2.25, respectively) while perceived burden of partner distress was higher for patients (i.e., patients perceived caregivers to be more distressed, 3.21, than caregivers perceived patients to be distressed, ). Data visualizations were created using time wheels, bubble charts, box plots and line graphs to graphically represent EMA findings. Collecting data via EMAs is a viable RHMS strategy to capture longitudinal cancer pain event data from patients and caregivers that can inform personalized pain management and distress-alleviating interventions.

HybNet: A Hybrid Deep Learning-Matched Filter Approach for IoT Signal Detection

Random access schemes are widely used in IoT wireless access networks. They enable a reduced complexity and overcome power consumption constraints. Nevertheless, random access results in high packet losses which are caused by overlapping transmissions. Signal detection methods for digital modulation techniques are typically based on the well-established <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">matched filter</i> , which is proven as the optimal filter under additive white Gaussian noise for minimizing error probability. However, with the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">colored</i> interference arising from the overlapping IoT transmissions, deep learning approaches are being considered a suitable alternative. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework, dubbed as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HybNet</i> , that alternates between deep learning and match filter pathways based on the perceived interference level. This helps the detector to work in a broader range of conditions, optimally leveraging both the matched filter and deep learning advantages. We compare the performance of several possible data modalities and detection architectures concerning the interference-to-noise ratio, demonstrating that leveraging domain knowledge by pre-processing the input data in conjunction with the proposed HybNet surpasses the complex conjugate matched filter performance under interference-limited scenarios.

Sensing Using Coded Communications Signals

A key challenge for common waveforms for Integrated Sensing and Communications – widely regarded as a resource-efficient way to achieve high performance for both functionalities – lies in leveraging information-bearing channel-coded communications signal(s) (c.c.s) for sensing. In this paper, we investigate the range-Doppler sensing performance of c.c.s in multi-user interference-limited scenarios, and show that it is affected by sidelobes whose form depends on whether the c.c.s modulates a single-carrier or OFDM waveform. While uncoded signals give rise to asymptotically zero sidelobes due to the law of large numbers, it is not obvious that the same holds for c.c.s, as structured codes (e.g., linear block codes) induce dependence across codeword symbols. In this paper, we show that c.c.s also give rise to asymptotically zero sidelobes – for both single-carrier and OFDM waveforms – by deriving upper bounds for the tail probabilities of the sidelobe magnitudes that decay as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\exp ( - O(\text {code rate} \times \text {block length}))$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Consequently, for any code rate, c.c.s are effective sensing signals that are robust to multi-user interference at sufficiently large block lengths, with negligible difference in performance based on whether they modulate a single-carrier or OFDM waveform. We verify the latter implication through simulations, where we observe the sensing performance (i.e., the detection and false-alarm probabilities) of a QPSK-modulated c.c.s (code rate = 120/1024, block length = 1024 symbols) to match that of a comparable interference-free FMCW waveform even at high interference levels (SIR of −11dB), for both single-carrier and OFDM waveforms.