Interference Experiments Research Articles

Role of the tyrosine aminotransferase AccTATN gene in the response to pesticide and heavy metal stress in Apis cerana cerana

Tyrosine aminotransferase (TATN) is the first enzyme involved in the metabolic degradation of tyrosine, and it plays an important role in tyrosine detoxification and helps the body resist oxidative damage. However, the function of TATN in Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) remains unclear. To explore the role of TATN in the response to pesticide and heavy metal stress in A. c. cerana, AccTATN was isolated and identified. AccTATN was highly expressed in the integument and the adult stage. Exposure to multiple pesticides and heavy metal stress upregulated AccTATN expression. RNA interference experiments showed that silencing AccTATN reduced the resistance of A. c. cerana to glyphosate and avermectins stress. The expression of antioxidant-related genes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were reduced after AccTATN was silenced, leading to the accumulation of oxidative damage. Overexpression of the recombinant AccTATN protein in a prokaryotic system also confirmed its role in heavy metal stress and improved antioxidant capacity. Our study showed that AccTATN may promote resistance to pesticide and heavy metal stress by regulating the antioxidant capacity of A. c. cerana. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for A. c. cerana conservation.

NOON-state generation and superresolved interference in a double-slit experiment

Maximally entangled NOON states are proposed to be generated with $N$ independent photons and a fixed double-slit in the Young's interference experiment. A strict condition is required that these photons have to be arranged in a straight line and separated from each other by certain equal distances. The initial product state turns into a NOON state of the photons at the double-slit, after $N$-photon postselected measurements. With a spatially random laser beam, we experimentally investigate the high-order correlation functions to imitate the behavior of the single-photon and $N$-photon wave packets of the NOON states. Since the $N$-photon wave packet is the product of $N$ single-photon wave packets, two methods are adopted to observe the superresolved fringes. The first method is to use the product of the second-order correlation functions. The second one is to measure the $2N\mathrm{th}$-order correlation functions. In the both cases, the superresolved fringes of up to fourth order are successfully observed.

Comprehensive refractive manipulation of water waves using electrostriction

The control of wave propagation based on refraction principles offers unparalleled possibilities as shown by the striking example of optics. This approach is unfortunately limited for water waves as it relies mainly on variations of the liquid depth which, while controlling the wave velocity, also trigger nonlinearities and damping. In this article, we show experimentally that electrostriction allows to implement extensive refraction-based control of water waves in a precise and contactless manner. The setup consists of an electrode under high voltage placed above the grounded conductive water. The waves propagating under the electrode can be slowed down up to approximately half their speed compared to free propagation. We characterize the Snell-Descartes laws of refraction and the total internal reflection for the water waves. We implement emblematic refraction-based devices such as electrically tunable focusing lenses, waveguides without obstacles, and beam splitters based on frustrated internal reflection to perform interference experiments.

Inhibition of the Proteasome Regulator PA28 Aggravates Oxidized Protein Overload in the Diabetic Rat Brain.

Oxidized protein overloading caused by diabetes is one accelerating pathological pathway in diabetic encephalopathy development. To determine whether the PA28-regulated function of the proteasome plays a role in diabetes-induced oxidative damaged protein degradation, brain PA28α and PA28β interference experiments were performed in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model. The present results showed that proteasome activity was changed in the brains of diabetic rats, but the constitutive subunits were not. In vivo PA28α and PA28β inhibition via adeno-associated virus (AAV) shRNA infection successfully decreased PA28 protein levels and further exacerbated oxidized proteins load by regulating proteasome catalytic activity. These findings suggest that the proteasome plays a role in the elimination of oxidized proteins and that PA28 is functionally involved in the regulation of proteasome activity in vivo. This study suggests that abnormal protein turbulence occurring in the diabetic brain could be explained by the proteasome-mediated degradation pathway. Changes in proteasome activity regulator PA28 could be a reason to induce oxidative aggregation in diabetic brain. Proteasome regulator PA28 inhibition in vivo by AAV vector injection could aggravate oxidized proteins abundance in brain of HFD-STZ diabetic rat model.

Anyonic interference and braiding phase in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Fractional quantum Hall states have long been predicted to be a testing ground of fractional—anyonic—exchange statistics. These topological states, which can have either an Abelian or non-Abelian character, harbour quasiparticles with fractional charges. The charge of the quasiparticles can be measured by shot noise measurements, whereas their quantum statistics can be revealed by appropriate interference experiments. The multipath Fabry–Pérot electronic interferometer is easier to fabricate, but it is often plagued by Coulomb interactions, area breathing with the magnetic field and fluctuating charges. Yet, recent experiments with an adequately screened Fabry–Pérot interferometer allowed the observation of anyonic interference at a bulk filling factor of ν = 1/3. Here we demonstrate the interference and braiding of anyons in an interaction-free two-path Mach–Zehnder interferometer tuned to bulk filling of ν = 2/5 with an outermost ν = 1/3 edge mode. Interference with this mode reveals a phase dependence that corresponds to the predicted anyonic braiding. This proves that a Mach–Zehnder interferometer is a powerful tool that probes the quantum statistics of complex anyonic states.

Validation of classical modeling of single-photon pulse propagation

"It is well-known to those who know it" that single-photon interference experiments can be modeled classically [S. Barnett, arXiv:2207.14632 (2022)]. When a single-photon light pulse was split by a biprism good agreement with a classical fit was obtained and the photon was counted only once, consistent with a probabilistic interpr.etation [V. Jacques et al, Eur. Phys. J. D 35, 561 (2002)]. A justification for this "well know result of Quantum Optics" is implicit in [M. Hawton, Phys. Rev A 104, 052211 (2021)] where a real covariant field describing a single photon is first quantized. Here the theoretical basis of this result is reviewed and the theory is extended to multiphoton states and QED Fock space. The crucial role of the CPT theorem in coupling to charged matter and resolution of the photon localization problem is discussed.

Dynamic Balance Control of Double Gyros Unicycle Robot Based on Sliding Mode Controller.

This paper presents a doublegyroscope unicycle robot, which is dynamically balanced by sliding mode controller and PD controller based on its dynamics. This double-gyroscope robot uses the precession effect of the double gyro system to achieve its lateral balance. The two gyroscopes are at the same speed and in reverse direction so as to ensure that the precession torque of the gyroscopes does not interfere with the longitudinal direction of the unicycle robot. The lateral controller of the unicycle robot is a sliding mode controller. It not only maintains the balance ability of the unicycle robot, but also improves its robustness. The longitudinal controller of the unicycle robot is a PD controller, and its input variables are pitch angle and pitch angular velocity. In order to track the set speed, the speed of the unicycle robot is brought into the longitudinal controller to facilitate the speed control. The dynamic balance of the designed double gyro unicycle robot is verified by simulation and experiment results. At the same time, the anti-interference ability of the designed controller is verified by interference simulation and experiment.

Young’s interference experiment using self-aligned liquid crystal optical control devices

ABSTRACT We have investigated the Young’s interference experiment using a self-aligned liquid crystal optical control device. This device can be operated by changing the control of the optical phase of the liquid crystal, and we have observed the change in the interference state between right and left position of the slit. To reduce the problem of stray light, the electrode structure was self-aligned, and the alignment of the liquid crystal director was closely changed. As a result, observed voltage change between without and voltage application, the logically ‘NOT’ operation was achieved at the Sinc function.

Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework with 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Units for Highly Sensitive Gossypol Sensing

A new metal–organic framework based on cadmium(II) cations, di(p-carboxyphenyl)sulphone and 4,7-di(imidazol-1-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole was prepared, and its crystal structure was determined using single-crystal XRD analysis. MOF demonstrated bright luminescence with a maximum near 500 nm and quantum yield reaching 20%. In addition, this MOF demonstrated sensing properties towards antibiotics and a toxic natural polyphenol gossypol through effective luminescence quenching in an ethanol suspension. The determined detection limit for gossypol was among the lowest reported so far (0.65 µM), and did not significantly change in the interference experiments with cottonseed oil as background, indicating the possibility of using this MOF as a sensor for the detection and determination of gossypol in real-life samples.

New type of double-slit interference experiment at Fermi scale

New type of double-slit interference experiment at Fermi scale

DNAJA4 Promotes the Replication of the Chinese Giant Salamander Iridovirus.

The DNAJ family, a class of chaperone proteins involved in protein folding, assembly, and transport, plays an essential role in viral infections. However, the role of DNAJA4 (DnaJ Heat Shock Protein Family (Hsp40) Member A4) in the ranavirus infection has not been reported. This study demonstrates the function of the epithelial papilloma of carp (EPC) DNAJA4 in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) iridovirus (CGSIV) replication. DNAJA4 consists of 1479 base pairs and encodes a 492 amino acid polypeptide. Sequence analysis has shown that EPC DNAJA4 contains a conserved J domain and shares 84% homology with Danio rerio DNAJA4 and 68% homology with Homo sapiens DNAJA4. EPC DNAJA4 was localized in the cytoplasm, and its expression was significantly upregulated after CGSIV infection. Overexpression of EPC DNAJA4 promotes CGSIV replication and CGSIV DNA replication. siRNA knockdown of DNAJA4 expression attenuates CGSIV replication and viral DNA replication. Overexpression and interference experiments have proved that EPC DNAJA4 is a pro-viral factor. Co-IP, GST-pulldown, and immunofluorescence confirmed the interaction between EPC DNAJA4 and CGSIV proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Our results demonstrate for the first time that EPC DNAJA4 is involved in viral infection by promoting viral DNA replication and interacting with proteins associated with viral replication.

An Aeromagnetic Compensation Algorithm Based on Radial Basis Function Artificial Neural Network

Aeromagnetic exploration is a magnetic exploration method that detects changes of the earth’s magnetic field by loading a magnetometer on an aircraft. With the miniaturization of magnetometers and the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) technology, UAV aeromagnetic surveying plays an increasingly important role in mineral exploration and other fields due to its advantages of low cost and safety. However, in the process of aeromagnetic measurement data, due to the ferromagnetic material of the aircraft itself and the change of flight direction and attitude, magnetic field interference will occur and affect the measurement of the geomagnetic field by the magnetometer. The work of aeromagnetic compensation is to compensate for this part of the magnetic interference and improve the magnetic measurement accuracy of the magnetometer. This paper focused on the problems of UAV aeromagnetic survey data processing and improved the accuracy of UAV based aeromagnetic data measurement. Based on the Tolles–Lawson model, a numerical simulation experiment of magnetic interference of UAV-based aeromagnetic data was carried out, and a radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was proposed for the first time to compensate the aeromagnetic data. Compared with classical backpropagation (BP) ANN, the test results of the synthetic data and real measured magnetic data showed that the RBF-ANN has higher compensation accuracy and stronger generalization ability.

Transfer of the spin of an electromagnetic wave to an ideal conductor

It is indicated that when a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave is incident obliquely on an ideal conductor and reflected from it, the spin of the wave is partially transferred to the conductor. In this case, if the conductor rotates so that the axis of rotation is parallel to the transferred spin, then work is done. The work leads to a change in the frequency of the wave, and this can be recorded in a suitable interference experiment by shifting the interference fringes.

The dynamic changes of genes revealed that persistently overexpressed genes drive the evolution of cyflumetofen resistance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

Changes in gene expression are associated with the evolution of pesticide resistance in arthropods. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed in 3 different resistance levels (low, L; medium, M; and high, H) of cyflumetofen-resistant strain (YN-CyR). A total of 1685 genes, including 97 detoxification enzyme genes, were upregulated in all 3 stages, of which 192 genes, including 11 detoxification enzyme genes, showed a continuous increase in expression level with resistance development (L to H). RNA interference experiments showed that overexpression of 7 genes (CYP392A1, TcGSTd05, CCE06, CYP389A1, TcGSTz01, CCE59, and CYP389C2) is involved in the development of cyflumetofen resistance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus. The recombinant CYP392A1 can effectively metabolize cyflumetofen, while CCE06 can bind and sequester cyflumetofen in vitro. We compared 2 methods for rapid screening of resistance molecular markers, including short-term induction and 1-time high-dose selection. Two detoxification enzyme genes were upregulated in the field susceptible strain (YN-S) by induction with 20% lethal concentration (LC20 ) of cyflumetofen. However, 16 detoxification enzyme genes were upregulated by 1-time selection with LC80 of cyflumetofen. Interestingly, the 16 genes were overexpressed in all 3 resistance stages. These results indicated that 1685 genes that were upregulated at the L stage constituted the basis of cyflumetofen resistance, of which 192 genes in which upregulation continued to increase were the main driving force for the development of resistance. Moreover, the 1-time high-dose selection is an efficient way to rapidly obtain the resistance-related genes that can aid in the development of resistance markers and resistance management in mites.

A non-dispersive infrared sensor for real-time detection of cyanogen chloride

Cyanogen chloride, as a systemic toxic agent, can cause death rapidly. In this paper, a non-dispersive infrared sensor was designed for the infrared absorption detection of cyanogen chloride at 800 cm-1. The roughness of the internal coating material was analyzed by experiments, and the gold-plated gas chamber was selected. The light path propagation of different cross-section gas chambers was simulated, and the circular section gas chamber was selected to increase the infrared detector signal. The effect of flow rate on voltage was studied. The standard curve between voltage and concentration was obtained under the optimal condition of 0.4 L min-1. The maximum response time was 19 s, and RSD was less than 2%. The interference experiment results showed that common gases entering the gas chamber do not cause interference. The non-dispersive infrared sensor for cyanogen chloride has good stability and detects cyanogen chloride in real-time.

A metabotropic glutamate receptor affects the growth and development of Schistosoma japonicum.

Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by schistosome infection that severely threatens human health. Therapy relies mainly on single drug treatment with praziquantel. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative medicines. The glutamate neurotransmitter in helminths is involved in many physiological functions by interacting with various cell-surface receptors. However, the roles and detailed regulatory mechanisms of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) in the growth and development of Schistosoma japonicum remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified two putative mGluRs in S. japonicum and named them SjGRM7 (Sjc_001309, similar to GRM7) and SjGRM (Sjc_001163, similar to mGluR). Further validation using a calcium mobilization assay showed that SjGRM7 and SjGRM are glutamate-specific. The results of in situ hybridization showed that SjGRM is mainly located in the nerves of both males and gonads of females, and SjGRM7 is principally found in the nerves and gonads of males and females. In a RNA interference experiment, the results showed that SjGRM7 knockdown by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in S. japonicum caused edema, chassis detachment, and separation of paired worms in vitro. Furthermore, dsRNA interference of SjGRM7 could significantly affect the development and egg production of male and female worms in vivo and alleviate the host liver granulomas and fibrosis. Finally, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory function of mGluR using RNA sequencing. The data suggest that SjGRM7 propagates its signals through the G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway to promote nervous system development in S. japonicum. In conclusion, SjGRM7 is a potential target for anti-schistosomiasis. This study enables future research on the mechanisms of action of Schistosomiasis japonica drugs.

MiR-708-5p Regulates Myoblast Proliferation and Differentiation.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators involved in the myogenic process in skeletal muscles. miR-708-5p plays an important role in various biochemical and physiological processes, but its function in skeletal myogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we first explored the effects of miR-708-5p on C2C12 proliferation and differentiation by overexpression and interference experiments. Then, we predicted the target genes of miR-708-5p and analyzed their function. We found that miR-708-5p was gradually increased during myoblast differentiation. Overexpression of miR-708-5p significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted the differentiation of myoblasts. A total of 253 target genes were predicted using a bioinformatics approach. These genes were significantly enriched in muscle growth-related GO terms and KEGG pathways, such as actin filament organization, actin cytoskeleton organization, PI3K-Akt pathway, insulin pathway, and Jak-STAT pathway. Among them, Pik3ca, Pik3r3, and Irs1 were considered to be the key target genes of miR-708-5p. To sum up, miR-708-5p inhibited C2C12 cells proliferation and promoted C2C12 cells differentiation. Its target genes significantly enriched in GO terms and KEGG pathways related to the development and growth of muscle. Our results provided a basis for studies on the function and mechanism of miR-708-5p regulating skeletal muscle growth and development.

The Medicago truncatula hydrolase MtCHIT5b degrades Nod factors of Sinorhizobium meliloti and cooperates with MtNFH1 to regulate the nodule symbiosis.

Nod factors secreted by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are lipo-chitooligosaccharidic signals required for establishment of the nodule symbiosis with legumes. In Medicago truncatula, the Nod factor hydrolase 1 (MtNFH1) was found to cleave Nod factors of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Here, we report that the class V chitinase MtCHIT5b of M. truncatula expressed in Escherichia coli can release lipodisaccharides from Nod factors. Analysis of M. truncatula mutant plants indicated that MtCHIT5b, together with MtNFH1, degrades S. meliloti Nod factors in the rhizosphere. MtCHIT5b expression was induced by treatment of roots with purified Nod factors or inoculation with rhizobia. MtCHIT5b with a fluorescent tag was detected in the infection pocket of root hairs. Nodulation of a MtCHIT5b knockout mutant was not significantly altered whereas overexpression of MtCHIT5b resulted in fewer nodules. Reduced nodulation was observed when MtCHIT5b and MtNFH1 were simultaneously silenced in RNA interference experiments. Overall, this study shows that nodule formation of M. truncatula is regulated by a second Nod factor cleaving hydrolase in addition to MtNFH1.

Topological characteristics of gap closing points in nonlinear Weyl semimetals

In this work we explore the effects of nonlinearity on three-dimensional topological phases. Of particular interest are the so-called Weyl semimetals, known for their Weyl nodes, i.e., point-like topological charges which always exist in pairs and demonstrate remarkable robustness against general perturbations. It is found that the presence of onsite nonlinearity causes each of these Weyl nodes to break down into nodal lines and nodal surfaces at two different energies while preserving its topological charge. Depending on the system considered, additional nodal lines may further emerge at high nonlinearity strength. We propose two different ways to probe the observed nodal structures. First, the use of an adiabatic pumping process allows the detection of the nodal lines and surfaces arising from the original Weyl nodes. Second, an Aharonov-Bohm interference experiment is particularly fruitful to capture additional nodal lines that emerge at high nonlinearity.

Efficient and selective recovery of Gd(III) via polyethyleneimine modification of lanthanum-based metal–organic frameworks

With the development of the economy and the increasing demand for environmental protection, the efficient and selective recovery of Gd(III) from actual wastewater is of critical importance. In this work, lanthanum-based metal–organic framework (LaBDC) materials were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and then polyethyleneimine (PEI) and LaBDC were combined by an impregnation method to form a novel LaBDC@xPEI composite. The prepared materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experiments show that LaBDC@50%PEI has the highest adsorption capacity (181.77 mg/g) among lanthanum-based MOFs with different PEI loadings at pH = 5.5, which is about 5.1 times that of bare LaBDC. The adsorption isotherm analysis shows that LaBDC@50%PEI follows the Langmuir model. In addition, the adsorption kinetics of LaBDC@50%PEI follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption process is chemical adsorption. It is worth noting that LaBDC@50%PEI maintains good adsorption performance and stability after three recycling tests, and exhibits excellent selectivity in cation interference experiments. Overall, the LaBDC@50%PEI composites possess good stability and hold great promises in rapid recovery of Gd(III) from practical aqueous environments.