Interfacial Network Research Articles

Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles.

Urchin-like microparticles/nanoparticles assembled from radial nanorods have a good appearance and high specific surface area, providing more exposed active sites and shortening the diffusion path of photoexcited carriers from the interior to the surface. The interfacial interaction and physical and chemical properties of the materials can be improved by the interfacial porous network induced by interlacing nano-branches. In addition, multiple reflections of the layered microstructure can absorb more incident light and improve the photocatalytic performance. Therefore, the synthesis and functionalization of three-dimensional urchin-like nanostructures with controllable size, shape, and hierarchy have attracted extensive attention. This review aims to provide an overview to summarize the structures, mechanism, and application of urchin-like microparticles/nanoparticles derived from diverse synthesis methods and decoration types. Firstly, the synthesis methods of solid urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles are listed, with emphasis on the hydrothermal/solvothermal method and the reaction mechanism of several typical examples. Subsequently, the preparation method of composite urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles is described from the perspective of coating and doping. Then, the research progress of urchin-like hollow microspheres is reviewed from the perspective of the step-by-step method and synchronous method, and the formation mechanism of forming urchin-like hollow microspheres is discussed. Finally, the application progress of sea urchin-like particles in the fields of photocatalysis, electrochemistry, electromagnetic wave absorption, electrorheological, and gas sensors is summarized.

Bio‐based polylactic acid or epoxy natural rubber thermoplastic vulcanizates with dual interfacial compatibilization networks

AbstractThe bio‐based thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was prepared by the dynamic vulcanization method induced by dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and a novel filler, bis(aminopropyl)‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS‐NH2), was added as the compatibilizer. The dynamic vulcanization reaction occurred first, and the PLA‐g‐ENR graft copolymer was formed at the interface of PLA and ENR. With the addition of appropriate amount of PDMS‐NH2, the cross‐linking of ENR was enhanced, and the size of PLA became smaller and more evenly dispersed. The prepared TPVs were found to have dual interfacial compatibilization networks. Mechanical characterization of this polymeric material containing a special structure is performed. TPV achieved the tensile strength at break of 12.8 MPa and elongation at break of 103%, revealing 103% and 329% higher than 6.3 MPa and 24% for the simple blend of ENR/PLA. Meanwhile, the elastic modulus of TPV increased to 352 MPa, which was 1.96 times that of the simple blend. As a result, ENR/PLA composites with high toughness and mechanical strength are achieved and the toughening mechanism and toughening factors were discussed.

A Bilayer Skin-Inspired Hydrogel with Strong Bonding Interface.

Conductive hydrogels are widely used in sports monitoring, healthcare, energy storage, and other fields, due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, synthesizing a hydrogel with synergistically good mechanical and electrical properties is still challenging. Current fabrication strategies are mainly focused on the polymerization of hydrogels with a single component, with less emphasis on combining and matching different conductive hydrogels. Inspired by the gradient modulus structures of the human skin, we propose a bilayer structure of conductive hydrogels, composed of a spray-coated poly(3,4-dihydrothieno-1,4-dioxin): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the bonding interface, a relatively low modulus hydrogel on the top, and a relatively high modulus hydrogel on the bottom. The spray-coated PEDOT:PSS constructs an interlocking interface between the top and bottom hydrogels. Compared to the single layer counterparts, both the mechanical and electrical properties were significantly improved. The as-prepared hydrogel showed outstanding stretchability (1763.85 ± 161.66%), quite high toughness (9.27 ± 0.49 MJ/m3), good tensile strength (0.92 ± 0.08 MPa), and decent elastic modulus (69.16 ± 8.02 kPa). A stretchable strain sensor based on the proposed hydrogel shows good conductivity (1.76 S/m), high sensitivity (a maximum gauge factor of 18.14), and a wide response range (0–1869%). Benefitting from the modulus matching between the two layers of the hydrogels, the interfacial interlocking network, and the patch effect of the PEDOT:PSS, the strain sensor exhibits excellent interface robustness with stable performance (>12,500 cycles). These results indicate that the proposed bilayer conductive hydrogel is a promising material for stretchable electronics, soft robots, and next-generation wearables.

Influence of surfactant charge and concentration on the surface and foaming properties of biocompatible silk fibroin

As a kind of fibrous amphiphilic protein, the biocompatible silk fibroin (SF) extracted from domesticated silkworms can adsorb at the air/water interface, form thick interfacial layers, and stabilize foams that can be used to fabricate porous scaffolds and regenerate soft tissue. In this study, three surfactants, cationic cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C16TAB), nonionic polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) were utilized to investigate the effects of surfactant charge and concentration on the adsorption dynamics, interfacial viscoelasticity, and foaming properties of SF. SF is negatively charged at neutral pH in aqueous solution. All these surfactants tend to enhance the surface activity of SF, thus leading to faster interfacial adsorption and establishment of the adsorption equilibrium, thicker interfacial layers, and an increase in the foaming rate. Meanwhile, these surfactants also improve the toughness of interfacial SF networks, and then promote the foam stability. However, at high concentrations, the nonionic Tween 20 and anionic SDS reduce the interfacial elasticity and stability due to the emergence of surfactant domains that interrupt the interfacial SF networks, while the cationic C16TAB thickens the interfacial layers and significantly decreases the interfacial stability and foamability due to its counter-ion screening effect that promotes the aggregation of SF molecules.

In-situ polymerization of polyaniline modified by phosphotungstic acid on the surface of hollow carbon for two-way efficient reduction of nitrate in water

• Chemical and photocatalytic reduction are combined to remove nitrate in water. • H 3 PW 12 O 40 -PANI-C shows superb photocatalytic reduction activity with less hole scavenger. • Interface electron transport station is built to realize the fast electron conduction. • The Lewis acidic site is the key active site for nitrate reduction. Catalytic reduction of nitrate to harmless nitrogen is a significant and promising green environmental protection technology. In this paper, the reduction of nitrate by two pathways is realized without light (Reaction I) and under light (Reaction II) conditions by wrapping polyaniline modified by phosphotungstic acid on the hollow carbon surface (H 3 PW 12 O 40 -PANI-C, HPC). Modified PANI chain and Z-scheme heterojunction make the hollow carbon surface form an interfacial electron transport network, which not only shortens electron migration distance but also promotes the carrier separation and transfer. HPC catalysts concentrate the advantages of adsorption, high conductivity and abundant catalytic sites to promote the reduction efficiency. Satisfied nitrogen generation and fewer hole scavengers using make HPC catalysts more practical. This work emphasizes the rapid conduction of interfacial electrons and the effect of catalytic sites on nitrate removal, which provides new guidance for the treatment of pollutants in water.

Dimensional Design and Core-Shell Engineering of Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials possess exceptionally high EM energy loss efficiency. With vigorous developments in nanotechnology, such materials have exhibited numerous advanced EM functions, including radiation prevention and antiradar stealth. To achieve improved EM performance and multifunctionality, the elaborate control of microstructures has become an attractive research direction. By designing them as core-shell structures with different dimensions, the combined effects, such as interfacial polarization, conduction networks, magnetic coupling, and magnetic-dielectric synergy, can significantly enhance the EM wave absorption performance. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional core-shell EM wave absorption materials are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. The derived key information regarding dimensional design, structural engineering, performance, and structure-function relationship are comprehensively summarized. Moreover, the investigation of the cutting-edge mechanisms is given particular attention. Additional applications, such as oxidation resistance and self-cleaning functions, are also introduced. Finally, insight into what may be expected from this rapidly expanding field and future challenges are presented.

Lightweight and Highly Compressible Expandable Polymer Microsphere/Silver Nanowire Composites for Wideband Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

The exploration of lightweight and compressible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with outstanding shielding effectiveness (SE) is still a tremendous challenge in the elimination of electromagnetic pollution. Lightweight and highly compressible expandable polymer microsphere/silver nanowire (EPM/AgNW) composites with micron-sized closed pores and an interfacial AgNW conductive network are fabricated via a facile thermal expansion process in an enclosed space. The EPM/AgNW composites with AgNW loading of 0.127 vol % show low density (0.061 g/cm3), high compressibility and compression strength (4.25 MPa at 92.6% of compressive strain), and high EMI SE (over 40 dB, 1 mm) at a wideband of 8-40 GHz. Their EMI SE can be improved to a record 111.5 dB by increasing the AgNW content to 0.340 vol %, which corresponds to the surface-specific SE (SSE/d; SE divided by density and thickness) up to 13433 dB·cm2/g. The EMI shielding mechanism is further discussed using the finite-element analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics, and the application of the EPM/AgNW composites is visually demonstrated via near-field shielding in a practical antenna radiation. The overall properties of light weight, high elasticity, excellent mechanical strength, and outstanding EMI shielding performance suggest that the as-prepared EPM/AgNW composites have a great potential for applications in modern electronics.

Destructing surfactant network in nanoemulsions by positively charged magnetic nanorods to enhance oil-water separation

The separation of ultrafine oil droplets from wasted nanoemulsions stabilized with high concentration of surfactants is precondition for oil reuse and the safe discharge of effluent. However, the double barriers of the interfacial film and network structures formed by surfactants in nanoemulsions significantly impede the oil-water separation. To destroy these surfactant protective layers, we proposed a newly-developed polyethyleneimine micelle template approach to achieve simultaneous surface charge manipulation and morphology transformation of magnetic nanospheres to magnetic nanorods. The results revealed that positively charged magnetic nanospheres exhibited limited separation performance of nanoemulsions, with a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 50%, whereas magnetic nanorods achieved more than 95% COD removal in less than 30 s. The magnetic nanorods were also applicable to wasted nanoemulsions from different sources and exhibited excellent resistance to wide pH changes. Owing to their unique one-dimensional structure, the interfacial dispersion of magnetic nanorods was significantly promoted, leading to the efficient capture of surfactants and widespread destruction of both the interfacial film and network structure, which facilitated droplet merging into the oil phase. The easy-to-prepare and easy-to-tune strategy in this study paves a feasible avenue to simultaneously tailor surface charge and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, and reveals the huge potential of morphology manipulation for producing high-performance nanomaterials to be applied in complex interfacial interaction process. We believe that the newly-developed magnetic-nanorods significantly contribute to hazardous oily waste remediation and advances technology evolution toward problematic oil-pollution control.

Robust networks of interfacial localized graphene in cocontinuous polymer blends

Conductive polymer composites enjoy specialized applications such as electrostatic discharge protection. In this work, we create interfacially localized graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in a cocontinuous polymer blend of polylactide (PLA) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA). Based on the wetting coefficient analysis, GNPs favor localization in the EVA phase. A two-step compounding sequence is designed such that a PLA/GNP masterbatch is first prepared via solution blending, and then melt compounded with the EVA. In the second step, GNPs transfer from the PLA phase to the EVA phase but become kinetically trapped at the interface, as confirmed by electron microscopy. We achieve an ultralow percolation threshold of 0.048 wt. % GNPs and obtain blends with electrical conductivities of ∼10−5 S/cm at 0.5 wt. % GNP concentration. We systematically study the shear and extensional rheology of the ternary composite system. Cocontinuous blends with interfacial GNPs exhibit higher shear and extensional viscosities compared to samples with GNPs localized entirely within the EVA phase. Rheology, in situ dielectric measurements, and transmission electron microscopic imaging after nonlinear deformations all show the interfacial GNP network undergoes structure recovery and largely remains at the PLA/EVA interface. Moreover, high electrical conductivity is maintained during 2–10 min melt compounding and conductivity recovers with annealing after nonlinear deformations. These results suggest that these robust GNP networks preserve their bulk electrical conductivity during subsequent melt processing.

Mechanically Robust Elastomers Enabled by a Facile Interfacial Interactions-Driven Sacrificial Network.

Strength and toughness are usually mutually exclusive for materials. The sacrificial bond strategy is used to address the trade-off between strength and toughness. However, the complex construction process of sacrificial network limits the application of sacrificial network. This work develops a facile strategy to construct an interfacial interactions-driven sacrificial network. The authors' group finds that there are the interfacial interactions between arginines (A) aggregates and molecular chains. Such interfacial interactions result in the mechanical properties of samples having a strong dependence on extension rates, which shows that A aggregates construct a network structure by interfacial interactions. The interfacial interactions between A aggregates and chains improve the strength of samples; while the A aggregate network driven by interfacial interactions preferentially ruptures to dissipate large energy for the improvement of fracture toughness, which can be considered as a sacrificial network. Therefore, their designed elastomers have both high strength and high toughness. This work provides an easier strategy for the construction of sacrificial networks, which can promote the industrial application of sacrificial networks in elastomer materials.

Molecular Mechanism of Cell Membrane Protection by Sugars: A Study of Interfacial H-Bond Networks.

Sugars function as bioprotectants by stabilizing biomolecules during dehydration, thermal stress, and freeze-thaw cycles. A buildup of sugars occurs in many organisms upon their exposure to extreme conditions. Understanding sugar's bioprotective effects on membranes is achieved by characterizing the H-bond networks at the lipid-water interface. Here, we report the headgroup H-bond populations, structures, and dynamics of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine vesicles in concentrated glucose solutions using ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. H-Bond populations and dynamics at the ester carbonyl positions are largely unaffected even at very high, 600 mg/mL, sugar concentrations. In addition, dynamics exhibit a slight nonmonotonic dependence on sugar concentration. Simulations, which are in near-quantitative agreement with measured dynamics, show that the H-bond structure remains largely intact by the existence of sugar. This study shows that the bioprotection of sugar is realized through stable lipid-saccharide-water H-bond networks at the membrane interface that mimic the H-bond networks in pure water.

Entropic Stabilization of Water at Graphitic Interfaces

The thermodynamic stability of water next to graphitic surfaces is of fundamental interest, as it underlies several natural phenomena and important industrial processes. It is commonly assumed that water wets graphite more than graphene due to increased, favorable van der Waals interactions between the interfacial water molecules with multiple carbon sheets. Here, we employed extensive computer simulations and analysis of the molecular correlation functions to show that the interfacial water thermodynamics is in fact dominated by surface entropy. We show that on graphite, destabilization of the interfacial hydrogen bond network leads to an overcompensating increase in population of low frequency translational and librational modes, which is ultimately responsible for the increased interfacial stability compared to graphene. The spectroscopic signature of this effect is an enhancement of the modes near 100 and 300 cm-1. This subtle interplay between entropy and surface binding may have important consideration for interpretations of various phenomena, including the hydrophobic effect.

Comparison of Three Interfacial Conductive Networks Formed in Carbon Black-Filled PA6/PBT Blends.

Interfacial localization of carbon fillers in cocontinuous-structured polymer blends is well-known as a high-efficiency strategy for conductive network formation. However, a comparison with interfacial localization of carbon fillers in sea-island-structured polymer blends is lacking. Here, three types of highly efficient conductive networks formed on the basis of interfacial localization of carbon black (CB) in polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) blends with different blend compositions (80/20, 50/50 and 20/80 vol/vol) were investigated and compared in terms of electrical resistivity, morphology as well as rheological and mechanical properties. The order of the electrical percolation threshold of CB in the three blends is 50/50 < 20/80 < 80/20, which can be attributed to different network structures. The rheological percolation thresholds are close to the electrical ones, confirming the formation of CB networks. The formation mechanisms for the three types of CB network structures are analyzed. All the three types of PA6/PBT-6 vol% CB composites showed improved tensile strength compared with PA6/PBT blends, being in favor for practical applications.

High-resolution structure of the amino acid transporter AdiC reveals insights into the role of water molecules and networks in oligomerization and substrate binding

BackgroundThe L-arginine/agmatine transporter AdiC is part of the arginine-dependent extreme acid resistance system of the bacterium Escherichia coli and its pathogenic varieties such as strain E. coli O157:H7. At the present time, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the role of water molecules and networks for the structure and function of AdiC, and solute transporters in general.ResultsThe structure of the L-arginine/agmatine transporter AdiC was determined at 1.7 Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. This high resolution allowed for the identification of numerous water molecules buried in the structure. In combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we demonstrate that water molecules play an important role for stabilizing the protein and key residues, and act as placeholders for atoms of the AdiC substrates L-arginine and agmatine. MD simulations unveiled flexibility and restrained mobility of gating residues W202 and W293, respectively. Furthermore, a water-filled cavity was identified at the dimer interface of AdiC. The two monomers formed bridging interactions through water-mediated hydrogen bonds. The accessibility and presence of water molecules in this cavity was confirmed with MD simulations. Point mutations disrupting the interfacial water network validated the importance of water molecules for dimer stabilization.ConclusionsThis work gives new insights into the role and importance of water molecules in the L-arginine/agmatine transporter AdiC for protein stabilization and substrate-binding site shaping and as placeholders of substrate atoms. Furthermore, and based on the observed flexibility and restrained mobility of gating residues, a mechanistic role of the gate flexibility in the transport cycle was proposed. Finally, we identified a water-filled cavity at the dimeric interface that contributes to the stability of the amino acid transporter oligomer.

Design, Development and Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Polysulphone–CNT/GNP Nanocomposites

Polysulphone (PSU) composites with carbon nanotubes (PSU-CNT) and graphene nanoplatelets (PSU-GNP) were developed through the solution casting process, using various weight load percentages of 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt% of CNT and GNP nanofillers. The microstructural and thermal properties of the PSU-based composites were compared. The microstructural characterisation of both composites (PSU-CNTs and PSU-GNPs) showed a strong matrix–filler interfacial interaction and uniform dispersion of CNTs and GNPs in the PSU matrix. The analysis demonstrated that both the thermal conductivity and effusivity improved with the increase in the weight percentage (wt%) of CNTs and GNPs because of the percolation effect. The polysulphone-based composite containing 10 wt% CNTs showed a remarkably high thermal conductivity value of 1.13 (W/m·K), which is 163% times higher than pure PSU. While the glass transition temperature (Tg) was shifted to a higher temperature, the thermal expansion was reduced in all the PSU-CNT and PSU-GNP composites. Interestingly, the CNTs allowed homogeneous distribution and a reasonably good interfacial network of interaction with the PSU matrix, leading to better microstructural characteristics and thermal properties than those of the PSU-GNP composites. The findings highlight the importance of controlling the nature, distribution, and content of fillers within the polymeric matrix.

All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of acrylamide-based triblock copolymers with thermal responsive end blocks in a mixed salt solution containing divalent cations

In this work, a new smart copolymer based on polyacrylamide with the triblock classification was presented in order to propose an efficient associating polymeric material to create a physical network structure in saline water. To tune the desired copolymer, the effect of amide's type and hydrophobic pendant moieties of the potentially thermoresponsive end blocks on the physicochemical characteristics of the intermediate water-soluble block was studied in a solution containing Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl− via atomistic simulations. The investigation of ions' mechanism of action on the water's perturbations via the calculation of water's orientational order parameter demonstrated that the divalent ions, as strong chaotropic agents, changed the water's tetrahedrality. Moreover, the coordination complexes created by the divalent ions as the coordination center and the negatively charged elements of the blocks' amides as the complexing agents intensified this issue in the block-water interface via increasing the interfacial concentration of the cations. This phenomenon has affected the blocks' hydrophilicity and hydration levels, capturing and ordering of water by changing the water's interfacial tetrahedral H-bond network structure. These behavioral variations in the solution led to changes in the dimensional, conformational, dynamic and interactional characteristics of the copolymers' blocks.

On the crystal growth kinetics of ultra‐toughened biobased polyamide 410: New insights on dynamic crystallization

AbstractThe influence of elastomeric poly (octene‐co‐ethylene) on the crystallization of polyamide 410 in PA‐410/POE‐g‐MA blends was systematically analyzed using a non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics approach. A novel power‐law criterion was employed to characterize the crystallization regimes (primary and secondary) as a function of cooling rate to understand the nature of crystal arrangement vis‐a‐vis various kinetic models proposed by Avrami, Jeziorny (modified Avrami method), Ozawa and Liu‐Mo. The activation energy pattern with fractional crystallinity from onset to fully developed crystals is discussed as per Friedman's theory. The POE phase acted as a weak nucleating agent for PA 410. The effect of elastomer on crystallization rate constant remained almost unchanged regardless of the blend composition. This insensitivity is attributed to (1) nucleating effect of POE‐g‐MA (because of resemblance in the molecular scheme) and (2) hindrance effect through the formation of an interfacial network; these two effects nearly offset one another. Our study illustrates the crucial dependence of acceleration of cooling that is, acceleration required for attaining a certain fraction of crystallinity with composition (threshold elastomer concentration), on an interfacial network in binary blends.

The rheological properties of bovine β-Lactoglobulin stabilized oil/water interfaces depend on the protein's quaternary structure

Structural manipulation of β-lactoglobulin through processes such as heat treatment and complexation with other molecules has proven fruitful in industrial formulations. To fully appreciate the ramifications of such methods on protein interfacial adsorption we have investigated assemblies of β-lactoglobulin at oil/water interfaces predominantly at pH 3 and at different conditions of ionic strength, salt type and temperature. These parameters were tuned to vary the relative amounts of two native species, namely, monomer and its smallest aggregate, the dimer, while the interface was monitored using rheology and tensiometry. Unfolding of β-lactoglobulin at the interface triggers the formation of disulfide linkages between the free thiol groups of two monomers which are located at cys121. In this way, monomers pair up to form discrete assemblies of two β-lactoglobulin molecules (non-native dimers) that are not interconnected further and this is reflected in the absence of a viscoelastic layer in solutions with high monomer concentrations. Native dimers however form primary particles capable of forming two thiol bonds allowing the formation of extended networks. A higher concentration of dimers increases the final interfacial elastic strength of the network. This fundamental relation between the quaternary structure of β-lg and its subsequent interfacial network suggests a possible interfacial role in its biological function.

Size dependence of hydrophobic hydration at electrified gold/water interfaces

Hydrophobic hydration at metal/water interfaces actively contributes to the energetics of electrochemical reactions, e.g. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] reduction, where small hydrophobic molecules are involved. In this work, constant applied potential molecular dynamics is employed to study hydrophobic hydration at a gold/water interface. We propose an adaptation of the Lum-Chandler-Weeks (LCW) theory to describe the free energy of hydrophobic hydration at the interface as a function of solute size and applied voltage. Based on this model we are able to predict the free energy cost of cavity formation at the interface directly from the free energy cost in the bulk plus an interface-dependent correction term. The interfacial water network contributes significantly to the free energy, yielding a preference for outer-sphere adsorption at the gold surface for ideal hydrophobes. We predict an accumulation of small hydrophobic solutes of sizes comparable to CO or [Formula: see text], while the free energy cost to hydrate larger hydrophobes, above 2.5-Å radius, is shown to be greater at the interface than in the bulk. Interestingly, the transition from the volume dominated to the surface dominated regimes predicted by the LCW theory in the bulk is also found to take place for hydrophobes at the Au/water interface but occurs at smaller cavity radii. By applying the adapted LCW theory to a simple model addition reaction, we illustrate some implications of our findings for electrochemical reactions.

Globular protein assembly and network formation at fluid interfaces: effect of oil.

The formation of viscoelastic networks at fluid interfaces by globular proteins is essential in many industries, scientific disciplines, and biological processes. However, the effect of the oil phase on the structural transitions of proteins, network formation, and layer strength at fluid interfaces has received little attention. Herein, we present a comprehensive study on the effect of oil polarity on globular protein networks. The formation dynamics and mechanical properties of the interfacial networks of three different globular proteins (lysozyme, β-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin) were studied with interfacial shear and dilatational rheometry. Furthermore, the degree of protein unfolding at the interfaces was evaluated by subsequent injection of disulfide bonds reducing dithiothreitol. Finally, we measured the interfacial layer thickness and protein immersion into the oil phase with neutron reflectometry. We found that oil polarity significantly affects the network formation, the degree of interfacial protein unfolding, interfacial protein location, and the resulting network strength. These results allow predicting emulsion stabilization of proteins, tailoring interfacial layers with desired mechanical properties, and retaining the protein structure and functionality upon adsorption.