Interface Stiffness Research Articles

Interfacial shear behavior of salt freeze-thaw pre-damaged NC with ECC: Experimental and theoretical investigations

This study aims to clarify the interfacial shear behavior of salt freeze-thaw pre-damaged normal concrete (NC) with engineered cementitious composite (ECC). A comprehensive analysis was conducted to study the effects of the cycle number, interfacial roughness, and ECC curing age on the interfacial shear performance. The results showed that, as the cycle number increased, the interfacial shear strength decreased to varying degrees. The optimal interfacial roughness was 5.5mm, and further increasing roughness would decrease the interfacial shear stiffness. When the ECC curing age was 7 days, it had already reached 85% of the interfacial shear strength of specimens cured for 28 days. Additionally, considering the effects of cycle number and interfacial roughness, an interfacial shear strength calculation model and a shear-slip curve prediction model were established, providing a valuable reference for the engineering application of ECC repair for salt freeze-thaw damaged NC.

Experimental study on shear transfer across interfaces with post-installed shear reinforcement

To address the fit-up issues arising from reinforcement congestion and limited seating area over precast beams, an improved joint detail characterized by post-installed interface shear reinforcement has been developed. The incorporation of post-installed narrower looped bars as an alternative to conventional protruding stirrups significantly expedites the erection of precast flooring systems. Moreover, direct shear tests are performed on 30 Z-shaped specimens to investigate the influence of joint details, surface roughness, looped bar ratio, and embedment length of post-installed bars on the interface shear behavior. Experimental results indicate that employing post-installed narrower looped bars not only ensures adequate seating length for precast flooring systems, but also prevents the splitting failure of concrete cover which can induce the degradation of dowel action. Sufficient anchorage is the prerequisite for post-installed looped bars to impose clamping stress on concrete interface, and a shallow embedment length may trigger the occurrence of pull-out failure. Surface roughness is another factor determining the interface shear resistance and stiffness. Untreated surfaces, in contrast to intentionally roughened surfaces, are susceptible to the cohesion fracture and may hinder the development of shear-friction action. Furthermore, a linear correlation exists between looped bar ratio and the shear resistance of concrete interface. Based on the experimental results, design recommendations, including the minimum required anchorage length for post-installed looped bars, are proposed for the novel joint detail.

Tuning the Interfacial Deformation of Gliadin-Flaxseed Gum Complex Particles for Improving the Foam Stability

Gliadin nanoparticle (GNP) is a promising foaming agent, but its application is hindered by the limited foam stability under low acidic conditions. Herein, we attempted to tune the foam stability of GNP by coating it with flaxseed gum (FG) and investigated the structure, interfacial behaviors, and foam functionality of gliadin-FG (GFG) particles at pH 4.5. Results showed that the formation of GFG complex particles was driven by an electrostatic interaction between positive charge patches on the surface of GNP (~17 mV) and negative charges in FG molecule (~−13 mV) at all tested ratios. The addition of appropriate amounts of FG (1:0.05) effectively improved the foam stability of GNP. This was because GFG with larger sizes and lower surface charge possessed higher rigidity after coating with FG. When they adsorbed at the air/water interface, their deformation process was slower than that of GNP, as indicated by interfacial dilatational rheology and cryo-SEM, and the covered particles seemed to be more closely distributed to form solid-like and dense interfacial films. Notably, the addition of FG at a higher ratio (1:0.3) promoted the foam stability of GNP by about five folds because the larger GFG with suitable flexibility and wettability could form a stiff interface layer with more significant elastic response, and the unabsorbed particles and FG could form a gel-like network structure in the continuous phase. These characteristics effectively prevented foam disproportionation and coalescence, as well as retard the drainage. Our findings demonstrate that coating GNPs with FG is an effective approach to improve their application in foamed foods.

Casein network formation at oil–water interfaces is reduced by [formula omitted]-casein and increased by Ca[formula omitted]

Mixtures of bovine caseins can serve as a benchmark for understanding the functionality of microbial-based recombinant caseins at oil–water interfaces. In this work we show that, in the presence of Ca2+, the individual casein fractions form viscoelastic networks at the oil–water interface with comparable stiffness. In the absence of Ca2+, αs2- and β-casein interfacial network formation was strongly inhibited over the full deformation regime. For αs1-casein, the network stiffness was increased in the absence of Ca2+ at small deformations (<15%), but at large deformations (>50%) it was completely disrupted, to a similar stiffness as αs2- and β-casein. The interfacial structure formed by κ-casein was largely unaffected by Ca2+ due to limited phosphorylation. We hypothesize that the differences between calcium-sensitive caseins lie in the conformation they assume at the interface. Both αs2- and β-casein adsorb in a train-tail conformation with a tail extending into the aqueous bulk phase, whereas αs1-casein adsorbs in a loop-train conformation, with a loop that extends less into the bulk phase. The tail-train configuration is hypothesized to increase the inter-molecular Ca2+ bridging thereby increasing the interfacial stiffness of αs2- and β-casein.Blending the casein fractions revealed a strong negative effect of β-casein on the interfacial modulus, which was more pronounced at a higher concentration. The presence of Ca2+ remained important for interfacial network formation of a casein blend. Without Ca2+, the interfacial network was less stiff, more viscous, and behaved like a 2d polymer solution.With this work we showed that casein interfacial network formation at oil–water interfaces is mediated by Ca2+ bridging. Blending the different casein fractions decreased the interfacial viscoelastic properties through the presence of β-casein. These results indicate that future work on recombinant caseins should focus on single genetic variants, since a blend of variants will likely decrease interfacial functionality.

Modeling of Ball Screw–Nut Interface Stiffness With Wear (Ball Screw Wear Dynamics)

Abstract The effects of wear, preload loss, and missing balls on the dynamics of ball screw drives in machine tools are modeled and incorporated into the finite element model of the drive assembly for condition monitoring. The contacts between the ball–nut and ball–screw are modeled using Hertzian springs, whose stiffnesses vary as a function of the worn contact area. These contact stiffnesses are then transformed to the finite element nodes on the nut and screw. The frequency response functions at the motor shaft and table, which can be measured by commercial computer numerical control (CNC), are predicted for various faults at different positions of the table. The experimentally validated model demonstrates that the faults primarily affect the first coupled torsional-axial mode of the ball screw drive and can be utilized for automated condition monitoring of ball screw drives.

A Study on the Mechanical Behavior of a Wind Turbine Foundation with a Constrained Structural Shear Connector

Aiming to solve the problems that a wind turbine foundation with a foundation pipe may suffer from grouting, where the concrete around the interface collapses and the interface disintegrates under a long-term wind load, a kind of wind turbine foundation with a constrained structural shear connector is proposed. In this article, the scaling model tests and a finite element simulation of a traditional stud foundation pipe, perforated steel shear connector foundation pipe, and three groups of constrained structural shear connector foundation pipes with different anchored depths are presented. The force transmission mechanism and damage mechanism of constrained structural shear connector wind turbine foundations are revealed, and the shear resistance of a constrained structural shear connector is analyzed. The influences of buried depth and other parameters on the mechanical properties of the shear connector are also investigated. The results show that the constrained structural shear connector has the advantages of stronger interfacial stiffness and significant force transfer and diffusion, and can more effectively connect the foundation pipe and concrete foundation to work together. It can give full play to the material advantages of concrete and reinforcements, and effectively improve the embedded stiffness and durability of concrete foundations. It can solve the problem of cracks in concrete caused by local pressure. At the same time, it is suggested that the diameter of the surrounding concrete should be in the range of 3 to 4 D, and the embedment depth of the stud should not be less than 0.4 D to give full play to the performance of the constrained structural shear connector.

Force and energy transmission at the brain-skull interface of the minipig in vivo and post-mortem

The brain-skull interface plays an important role in the mechano-pathology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). A comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior of the brain-skull interface in vivo is significant for understanding the mechanisms of TBI and creating accurate computational models. Here we investigate the force and energy transmission at the minipig brain-skull interface by non-invasive methods in the live (in vivo) and dead animal (in situ). Displacement fields in the brain and skull were measured in four female minipigs by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and the relative displacements between the brain and skull were estimated. Surface maps of deviatoric stress, the apparent mechanical properties of the brain-skull interface, and the net energy flux were generated for each animal when alive and at specific times post-mortem. After death, these maps reveal increases in relative motion between brain and skull, brain surface stress, stiffness of brain-skull interface, and net energy flux from skull to brain. These results illustrate the ability to study both skull and brain mechanics by MRE; the observed post-mortem decrease in the protective capability of the brain-skull interface emphasizes the importance of measuring its behavior in vivo.

Role of pulse globulins and albumins in air-water interface and foam stabilization

Pulse protein isolates are promising substitutes for animal protein in foam preparation, but they typically are complex mixtures of multiple proteins, and the contribution of the individual proteins to the behavior of the mixture in air-water interface stabilization is largely unknown. The major protein fractions in isolates are the globulins and albumins, and this study systematically investigated the molecular properties, and interfacial and foaming properties of these two fractions for three different pulses: lentils, faba beans and chickpeas. The key parameters of these pulse proteins in air-water interface and foam stabilization were investigated by correlation analysis. Based on this, low denaturation enthalpy tends to result in both high foamability and foam stability, most likely due to a greater conformational flexibility that allows for a faster adsorption to the air-water interface, and higher degree of structural rearrangement at the interface, which increases interfacial network stiffness. For globulin-rich pulse protein fractions, vicilins and convicilins tend to introduce high surface hydrophobicity, which increases the affinity of the proteins for the interface, and increases protein-protein in-plane interactions through hydrophobic interactions, resulting in the enhancement of interfacial network connectivity and the level of network branching. These factors increase the interfacial resistance to large deformations and increase foam stability. Vicilins and convicilins also tend to have a high value of the surface charge and further promote foam stability by increasing electrostatic repulsion between air bubbles. Legumins tend to reduce foamability since they adsorb to the air-water interface slowly and tend to disrupt the interfacial network structure. These findings provide deeper insights in the role of pulse globulins and albumins in air-water interface and foam stabilization. The proposed key parameters will benefit the predictability of the interfacial and foaming behavior of pulse proteins.

Influence of bolt creep induced pre-tightening force relaxation on dynamic response of the bolted joint system

The bolted joint is an important link that affects the accuracy maintenance of the heavy-duty machine tool. Due to bolts of the crossbeam are under a preload of several hundred kN for an extended period, the bolt gradually creeps and elongates as the machine tool's service time increases. This relaxation of the preload results in a degradation of the bolted stiffness, weakening the dynamic response of the bolted joint system. To reveal that the degradation law of crossbeam bolting performance of the heavy-duty machine tool induced by bolt creep, based on the Norton-Bailey(NB) model, a method for analyzing the creep of bolts with precision threads is proposed, and the influence of thread geometry and friction coefficient on the creep stress relaxation of bolts is studied. Considering the interface contact, an interface contact stiffness model is derived based on fractal theory. The dynamic equation of the bolted beam system is established using the Matrix27 stiffness matrix. The dynamic response of the bolted system, resulting from the degradation of interface stiffness due to bolt creep, is analyzed. The results show that the stress relaxation of bolt creep is not only related to creep parameters, but also related to the mate-thread interaction. The dynamic model with Matrix27 stiffness matrix is comparable to experiment in calculation accuracy and efficiency, which provides technical guidance for machine tool dynamics analysis and effectively solves the scientific problem of beam bolting performance degradation during the service of heavy-duty machine tools.

Smart Implantable Hydrogel for Large Segmental Bone Regeneration.

Large segmental bone defects often lead to nonunion and dysfunction, posing a significant challenge for clinicians. Inspired by the intrinsic bone defect repair logic of "vascularization and then osteogenesis", this study originally reports a smart implantable hydrogel (PDS-DC) with high mechanical properties, controllable scaffold degradation, and timing drug release that can proactively match different bone healing cycles to efficiently promote bone regeneration. The main scaffold of PDS-DC consists of polyacrylamide, polydopamine, and silk fibroin, which endows it with superior interfacial adhesion, structural toughness, and mechanical stiffness. In particular, the adjustment of scaffold cross-linking agent mixing ratio can effectively regulate the in vivo degradation rate of PDS-DC and intelligently satisfy the requirements of different bone defect healing cycles. Ultimately, PDS hydrogel loaded with free desferrioxamine (DFO) and CaCO3 mineralized ZIF-90 loaded bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to stimulate efficient angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Notably, DFO is released rapidly by free diffusion, whereas BMP-2 is released slowly by pH-dependent layer-by-layer disintegration, resulting in a significant difference in release time, thus matching the intrinsic logic of bone defect repair. In vivo and in vitro results confirm that PDS-DC can effectively realize high-quality bone generation and intelligently regulate to adapt to different demands of bone defects.

A tribo-dynamics model of ball screws based on flexible body element

Dynamic actuation accuracy of ball screws is dramatically affected by screw flexible deformation and the behaviors of ball-groove interface such as friction, stiffness and damping. However, few dynamics studies have considered the screw flexible deformation and rubbing interface behaviors in ball screws. In this study, a dynamics model is developed by including both the screw flexible deformation and lubrication interface behavior. Discretization of the screw/nut is completed using the 6 degree-of-freedom Timoshenko beam element. The tribological properties of ball-groove interface are solved by the mixed lubrication model. Comparison with experimentally tested nut acceleration frequencies verifies the correctness of theoretical model. On this basis, the effects of nut motion, nut position and rough surface on the dynamic response are analyzed. With the increase of time, the screw axial displacement decreases with a certain slope and is accompanied by periodic vibrations. The centers of axis trajectories at different nut positions are far apart. From Hertz, smooth surface to rough surface, the interface stiffness coefficient decreases and the nut vibration amplitude grows. The novel tribo-dynamics model can provide a theoretical basis for fault diagnosis and performance optimization of ball screws.

Durability Properties of Steel Textiles and Bonding Properties at the Interface of Steel Textiles with Reinforced Mortar-Reinforced Concrete Systems.

Aging and deterioration of building structures have been persistent concerns in the field of engineering. To address these challenges while supporting modern green and sustainable development goals, this study introduces an innovative reinforcement system that employs steel textiles as the primary reinforcing material. The steel textiles were engineered by optimizing the compatibility between steel fibers and a hot melt adhesive (HMA). These textiles were then used to reinforce concrete structures, creating a steel textile-reinforced mortar (STRM)-reinforced concrete system. The study also examined the durability of the steel textiles and the interfacial bonding performance within the STRM-reinforced concrete system. The results showed that the compatibility between steel fibers and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (HMA-2) is better, and the steel textiles prepared with it have superior hydrothermal and corrosion resistance. After the system had been maintained for 28 days, the overall flexural strength of the STRM-reinforced concrete system was increased by 100.03%, the interfacial shear load by 49.54%, the interfacial shear stiffness by 61.2%, and the positive tensile bond performance by 26.1%. This proves that STRM has a good reinforcement effect on the concrete reinforcement system.

Interface stiffness identification of rough and weak bonded interface using developed ultrasonic reflection phase derivative spectrum

The thickness and interface roughness of coatings both affect the interface bonded quality. Existed ultrasonic testing methods based on traditional phase screen approximation or spring model assumption are difficult to simultaneously identify the interface roughness and stiffness of coating. This paper, a new method for integrated identifying coating thickness, interface roughness, and interface stiffness using developed ultrasonic reflection phase derivative spectrum (URPDS) is proposed. A phase-screen-approximated spring-model (PSASM) for ultrasound vertically propagating into rough and weak bonded interface is constructed. On basis of PSASM, a URPDS of coating/substrate structure is developed for identifying the interface stiffness and other parameters of coated parts. Cross-correlation analysis is used to eliminate the phase deviation of URPDS introduced by reference signal and initial phase of tested signal. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the high-sensitivity regions of URPDS to interface roughness and interface stiffness. Genetic algorithm optimization is used to achieve integrated identification of coating thickness, interface roughness, and interface stiffness. The rationality of PSASM is verified through numerical simulation using a series of coating/substrate models with rough and weak bonded interface, and the relationship between the high-sensitivity regions and the high-precision measurement ranges of interface roughness Rq and interface stiffness Kn is clarified. Ultrasonic experiments are implemented on Nickel-coating samples and coated parts using plane wave probe. The coating thickness, interface roughness, and interface stiffness could be identified accurately, which shows that the proposed URPDS method can identify the interface stiffness of rough contacted dissimilar media or coated parts with rough interface.

Distributed design optimization of multi-component systems using meta models and topology optimization

Distributed optimization architectures decompose large monolithic optimization problems into sets of smaller and more manageable optimization subproblems. To ensure consistency and convergence towards a global optimum, however, cumbersome coordination is necessary and often not sufficient. A distributed optimization architecture was previously proposed that does not require coordination. This so-called Informed Decomposition is based on two types of optimization problems: (1) one for system optimization to produce stiffness requirements on components using pre-trained meta models and (2) one for the optimization of components with two interfaces to produce detailed geometries that satisfy the stiffness requirements. Each component optimization problem can be carried out independently and in parallel. This paper extends the approach to three-dimensional structures consisting of components with six degrees of freedom per interface, thus significantly increasing the applicability to practical problems. For this, an 8-dimensional representation of the general 12 x 12 interface stiffness matrix for components is derived. Meta models for mass estimation and physical feasibility of stiffness targets are trained using an active-learning strategy. A simple two-component structure and a large robot structure consisting of four components subject to constraints for 100 different loading scenarios are optimized. The example results are at most 12.9% heavier than those of a monolithic optimization.

Adhesion Evolution: Designing Smart Polymeric Adhesive Systems with On-Demand Reversible Switchability.

Smart polymeric switchable adhesives represent a rapidly emerging class of advanced materials, exhibiting the ability to undergo on-demand transitioning between "On" and "Off" adhesion states. By selectively tuning external stimuli triggers (including temperature, light, electricity, magnetism, and chemical agents), we can engineer these materials to undergo reversible changes in their bonding capabilities. The strategic design selection of stimuli is a pivotal factor in the design of switchable adhesive systems. This review outlines recent advancements in the field of smart switchable polymeric adhesives over the past decade with a focus on the selection of stimulus triggers. These systems are further categorized into one of four adhesion switching mechanisms upon initiation by a specific stimuli-trigger: (i) interfacial adhesion, (ii) stiffness, (iii) contact area, or (iv) suction-based switching. Evaluation of adhesion switching performance across systems is primarily made based on three key metrics: (i) maximum adhesion strength, (ii) switch ratio, and (iii) switch time. Different stimuli and mechanisms offer distinct advantages and limitations, influencing the performance characteristics and applicability of these materials across domains such as detachable biomedical devices, robotic grippers, and climbing robots. This review thus offers a perspective on the present advancements and challenges in this emerging field, along with insights into future directions.

Measurement of safety state of cross-jointed segmental lining based on system performance index

The correlation between convergence deformation and the safety state of a cross-jointed segmental lining is investigated and clarified. The limitations of convergence deformation as a measuring scale is explored also. Firstly, an analytical algorithm (known as the relative stiffness method, RSM) is developed and verified for tracing the mechanical response of a cross-jointed segmental lining in failure history. Then, an explicit mapping relationship between convergence deformation and the causal factors is established using the RSM. Finally, the root causes of the limitations in using convergence deformation as a scale to evaluate tunnel safety state are discussed, and an alternative quantity, the system performance index (SPI), is proposed. It shows that: (1) The convergence deformation consists of three components induced by segment bending, elastic joint rotation, and joint stiffness attenuating, respectively. The deformation induced by attenuating joint stiffness is dependent on the failure index of segment joints and provides crucial information about the load-bearing state of the segment joints; (2) The components of elastic joint rotation and joint stiffness attenuating are significantly affected by the contact stiffness of the segment joint interface, including the physical and mechanical properties of the packing material. The magnitudes of convergence deformation and its components are not suitable for use as a quantitative scale to evaluate the safety state of the lining due to their inherent drawbacks; (3) The proposed dimensionless variable SPI can eliminate the influence of packing material on the safety state of the segment lining and reflect the comprehensive influence of the failure indexes of the segment joints.

Interfacial bond-slip of horizontally embedded CFRP strips and concrete considering the effect of the groove depth-to-width ratio

Concrete structures with shallow grooving depths require minimal adjustments to accommodate horizontal near-surface-mounted (NSM) carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. This method proves advantageous in minimizing damage to reinforced concrete structures, establishing itself as an effective reinforcement technique. To delve into the interfacial performance of the horizontal CFRP strip reinforcement, single shear pull-out testing is utilized to analyze and compare the interfacial bonding performances of concrete specimens reinforced with external bonding (EB), NSM, and horizontal NSM CFRP strips. The study also explores the influence of groove depth-to-width ratio on the interfacial bonding performance of horizontal NSM CFRP strip reinforcement. An interfacial bond-slip principal structure model of horizontal NSM CFRP strips and concrete is established, factoring in the groove depth-to-width ratio. Subsequently, the proposed interfacial bond-slip model is validated through finite element numerical simulation. The results show that the horizontal NSM CFRP strips reinforcement method exhibits commendable bonding capacity and interfacial bond stiffness. Within a specific range of groove widths, increasing the groove depth-to-width ratio diminishes the distance between the peak bond shear stress location and the loading end of the horizontal NSM CFRP strip-reinforced specimens. This improves the interfacial bonding performance between the horizontal NSM CFRP strips and concrete. The theoretical curve derived from the interfacial bond-slip principal structure model aligns well with test data across all reinforced specimens. FEM numerical simulations based on this interface bond-slip principal structure model demonstrate minor relative errors compared to experimental values. Furthermore, the theoretical distribution curve of CFRP strip strain closely follows the measured distribution curve. This model concerning the bond-slip principal structure of the interface between horizontal NSM CFRP strips and concrete, accounting for the groove depth-to-width ratio, exhibits applicability and stands as a valuable reference for practical engineering applications.

Estimating equivalent elastic properties of frozen clay soils using an XFEM-based computational homogenization

This study addresses the challenge of estimating the elastic properties of heterogeneous frozen clay soils by introducing a comprehensive approach that combines analytical and numerical models. The frozen clay soil is treated as a mixture composed of frozen clay-water composites and nonclay mineral inclusions. An inversion algorithm is employed to deduce the elastic properties of the matrix (clay-water composites) of two artificially frozen sandy clay samples with known temperature-dependent elastic properties. Subsequently, a two-dimensional numerical simulation using the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is conducted to carry out numerical homogenization by considering the imperfect bond among frozen clay-water composites and nonclay minerals. The numerical homogenization model offers insights into the temperature-dependent behavior of the interface stiffness parameter. The numerical homogenization results are compared with conventional numerical homogenization approaches like the FEM, which rigidly defines the bonding between inclusions and the matrix. The comparison indicates that the neglect of imperfect bonds among clay-water composites and nonclay minerals will lead to unrealistic outcomes in cases with a high fraction of inclusions. This integrated approach advances the understanding and prediction of elastic properties of frozen clay soils by considering their heterogeneous nature.

An analytic solution for bending of multilayered structures with interlayer-slip

Layered structures are prevalent in both natural environments and engineered composite materials. The elastic bending behavior of these structures is primarily governed by properties of their abundant interfaces. While the behavior of two- and three-layered beams has been extensively studied, this research shifts the focus to the impact of elastic shearing at interfaces on the deflection of multilayered structures comprising a substantial number of layers. We present an analytical solution indicating that the bending properties of multilayered beams and plates are nonlinearly dependent on interfacial stiffness. Denoting Se as the effective bending stiffness of an n-layered beam of length L, and S0 as the bending stiffness of a perfectly bound counterpart, we arrive at SeS0=11+(n2−1)tanhαLαL where αL represents a dimensionless parameter related to geometry and material properties. The analytical solutions, validated through finite element simulations, highlight the substantial variations in stiffness across different layered structures. This solution could also be instrumental in assessing interfacial damage and delamination in lamellar composites.

Far-from-equilibrium solid–liquid interfacial properties of aluminum

Simulating quantitatively far-from-equilibrium conditions, which is relevant to a host of rapid solidification processes, has remained a major challenge where theoretical models and physical mechanisms for far-from-equilibrium solid–liquid (SL) interface are essential. Herein, we investigate the effects of far-from-equilibrium state and external strain on SL interfacial properties by using capillary fluctuation method and models based on transition rate theory. Under an extreme temperature gradient (TG), both SL interfacial stiffness (S) and SL interface velocity (v) are found to increase with TG. The nonlinear relationship between v and temperature is revealed over a large undercooling range (640 K). It is found that an external strain (ϵ) of 1%–3% could decrease S by 10%–30%. v is found to increase with external strains at large undercooling. Tensile strains decrease the activation energy (Q) and viscosity, thus facilitating SL interface movement. A strain-dependent Gibbs–Thomson condition is proposed by incorporating linear S-ϵ and Q-ϵ relations. Our systematically theoretical discussion on the far-from-equilibrium SL interfacial properties could provide a predictive guideline on SL interface behavior in the additive or extreme manufacturing.