Interface Modulus Research Articles

Dynamic responses of transversely isotropic and layered elastic media with imperfect interfaces under moving loads

Flexible pavement is widely used in engineering practice but is often subjected to the moving traffic loads, with imperfect contact behavior at the interfaces between adjacent layers. This study investigates transversely isotropic and layered elastic media with imperfect interfaces under moving vertical and horizontal loads using a semi-analytical method. The governing equation for moving loads is established within a Cartesian coordinate system and by virtue of the Galilean transformation, which is further decoupled into two ordinary differential equations in terms of the powerful Cartesian system of vector functions. General solutions for any layer are obtained, and the dual-variable position method is applied to derive the semi-analytical solutions for the layered pavement in the vector function domain. The lately introduced refined conversion algorithm, originally from the discrete convolution-fast Fourier transform (DC-FFT) algorithm, is applied to obtain the solution in the physical domain, which can efficiently remove the Gibbs effect near the source. The solutions are validated by comparison with existing solutions and numerical examples are presented to study the effect of interface modulus, moving load velocity, Young’s modulus of asphalt concrete and horizontal/vertical loading ratio on the surface dynamic response of the flexible pavement. Finally, the fatigue and rutting life of the pavement structures corresponding to different imperfect interface moduli are analyzed. The present solution provides practical guidance for the design of flexible pavement.

In situ interfacial evaluation of aramid/epoxy composites by interfacial stress transfer characteristics.

Interfacial bonding between aramid fibers and epoxy resin is crucial for the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Interfacial stress transfer between resin and fibers bridges microscopic and macroscopic properties. Using micro-Raman spectroscopy for in situ stress measurement offers insights into interface bonding through assessment of interfacial stress transfer characteristics. This study measures stress distribution on loaded microdroplet sample surfaces, analyzes stress transfer at the interface, and proposes an evaluation method using finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that interfacial stress along the fiber decreases from the droplet's edge to center, indicating stress transfer between the fiber and matrix, as evidenced by the stress-dependent Raman shift of aramid fiber. The interface modulus (Eif), derived from the FEA model, effectively reflects interface bonding, with droplet shape influence removed in evaluations. The agreement between the proposed method and the transverse fiber bundle test confirms its applicability. The method offers a direct, non-destructive, and shape-independent way to evaluate the interface of aramid/epoxy composites.

In situ creation of aramid fiber surface coating with polymerizable deep eutectic solvents and their interfacial bonding properties with rubber

AbstractThe coating was created on the surface of aramid fibers (AFs) by solution dip‐coating and in situ UV curable method, using a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES), dissolved poly(ethylene imine), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry confirmed the successful construction of the coating on the AF surface, which accounted for 12%–17% of the total fiber mass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed a 2 μm increase in fiber diameter and a maximum fiber surface average roughness (Ra) of 263.7 nm when the polyethyleneimine content was 0.5% (AF‐PDES‐0.5). Based on these results, H pull‐out samples of fiber/rubber composites were fabricated. The results indicated that the H pull‐out force of AF‐PDES‐0.5 samples increased by 109.74% than that of untreated fiber, and reached 12.92 N of the maximum strength. In summary, the method is simple, rapid, non‐polluting, capable of continuous, and intelligent construction of coatings on the surface of AF. Thus, making it highly promising for application in the field of aviation tires.Highlights Using PDES, green, and low‐carbon preparation processes. Solution dip‐coating and UV reaction for improved reaction speed and workability. Quantitative of interface thickness and modulus using EDS and AFM.

Effect of pectin concentration on emulsifying properties of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae albumin modified by pH-shifting and ultrasonication

The effect of pectin concentration on the structural and emulsifying properties of black soldier fly larvae albumin (BSFLA) modified by pH-shifting (pH12) and ultrasound (US) was studied. The results (intrinsic fluorescence, surface hydrophobicity, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and disulfide bonds) showed that modified BSFLA samples, especially pH12-US, were more likely to bind to pectin through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions due to the unfolding of BSFLA, the collapse of disulfide bonds and exposure of hydrophobic groups. Thus, a BSFLA-pectin complex with smaller particle size, more negative charges, and a relatively loose structure was formed. The emulsifying activity (EAI) and stability index (ESI) of pH12-US modified BSFLA were significantly enhanced by the addition of pectin, reaching the highest values (associated with 174.41 % and 643.22 % increase, respectively) at pectin concentration of 1.0 %. Furthermore, the interface modulus of the emulsion prepared by the modified BSFLA was mainly viscous, and had higher apparent viscosity, smaller particle size and droplet size, contributing to higher EAI and ESI. The study findings suggest the addition of pectin to pH12-US treated BSFLA could be used in industry to prepare BSFLA-pectin emulsion with exceptional/desirable properties.

Fiber treatment impact on toughness and interfacial bonding in epoxidized soya bean oil compatibilized PLA/PBAT bamboo fiber composites

Biodegradable plastics such as Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) are commonly used in composite fabrication and applications. However, their inherent properties limit their use. In this study, Epoxidised soyabean oil (ESO) compatibilized PLA/PBAT was filled with modified bamboo fiber (BF). The BF was modified in a two-stage environmentally friendly process involving steam treatment followed by a new approach to hydrophobic natural fiber modification with naturally occurring fatty acid (myristic acid) (MA). Then, the ESO/PLA/PBAT/BF composite was fabricated, and the influence of the new fiber modification method on the toughness and interface bonding of the composite was studied. The composite was characterized using mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), water contact angle measurement, and statistical methods. The melting behavior was also studied using Vicat softening and heat deflection temperatures. The ESO compatibilisation improved the compatibility of the PLA/PBAT blend, resulting in a continuous PLA/PBAT phase, as evidenced by the interface modulus, glass transition temperature, and fractured surface. The modification of BF enhanced its dispersion in the matrix and improved interfacial adhesion. Elongation at break and impact toughness were improved by more than double compared to neat PLA. Adding PBAT and modified BF to PLA resulted in a thermally stable composite. The statistical analysis results suggested that BF modification and BF loading significantly influenced the composite strength and toughness (P ≤ 0.05). The tough and flexible composite material can used in flexible/lightweight and impact-resistant applications, consumer goods, and heat shields.

Fatigue life and failure mechanism of nylon 66 cord/rubber composites under wide temperature range

This work simulates the real harsh service conditions of Fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC), and the dynamic adhesion and failure mechanism of nylon 66 (PA66)-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites under large deformation and wide temperature range are deeply studied by comprehensive analysis of the interfacial adhesion evolution, microstructure and failure damage location of the composites, interfacial heating rate, and modulus ratio of PA66/NR. The failure mechanism of PA66/NR composites is interfacial debonding at −20 °C, 25 °C and 80 °C, whereas that at 120 °C is matrix cracks. Interestingly, at −20 °C, the crack expansion at the interface is slow, and the samples show two-stage damage during fatigue, resulting in the highest fatigue life. At 80 °C, the interface heating rate and modulus ratio of the PA66/NR composites is the lowest, and thus the fatigue life is higher than that at 25 °C and 120 °C. Keywords: fiber reinforced polymer composites, fatigue life, failure mechanism.

Localized Nanoindentation Paradigm for Revealing Sutured Tissue Interface Mechanics and Integrity.

This study investigates the nanoindentation technique to elucidate the quasi-static and dynamic stress response at the wounded and sutured tissue interface. In vitro modeling and wound healing analysis enable an understanding of sutured tissue interface integrity, modulus, and stability using an artificial abdominal wall model. Sutured tissues with simple interrupted suturing (SIS) demonstrated a 35-40% higher modulus than simple continuous suturing (SCS). High-density suturing with a suture space of 2.5 mm exhibited a 2-fold higher modulus than low-density suturing with a suture space of 5 mm. The elastic modulus of the sutured pad immersed in deionized water was ∼70-95% of the dry condition. The dynamic stress data indicate that long-term body motions-triggered stress instability at the wound interface was affected by suturing style and density. The pivotal factors determining wound healing are quasi-static and dynamic modulus at the sutured interface, which is intimately associated with patient pain, wound complications, healing speed, and blood flow. The proposed method and data are an original approach to addressing wound healing, contributing to patient well-being and identifying, interpreting, and breaking the drawn-out debates in the suturing field.

0D/1D Heterojunction Implant with Electro‐Mechanobiological Coupling Cues Promotes Osteogenesis

AbstractMimicking the natural bone extracellular matrix containing intrinsic topography and electrical signals is an effective way to modulate bone regeneration. However, simultaneously coupling of the intrinsic mechanobiology and electrical cues of implant to modulate bone regeneration remains ignored. Here, the authors report in situ designation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocone/bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanodot heterojunctions on bone implant surface to electro‐biomechanically trigger osseointegration at bone/implant interface. TiO2 nanocone/Bi2O3 nanodot heterojunctions exhibit built‐in electric field at the nanoscale interface and elastic modulus equivalent to that of bone tissue. The nano‐heterojunctions significantly promoted the attachment, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and the osteogenesis in vivo. The authors also show that the effects of nano‐heterojunctions on osteogenesis are mediated by yes‐associated protein biomechanical signal pathway and intracellular enrichment induced Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signal pathway. Their findings highlight the coupling of topographical and electric parameters of biomaterials for modulating cell behaviors.

Ellipsoidal inhomogeneity with anisotropic incoherent interface. Multipole series solution and application to micromechanics

The ellipsoidal inhomogeneity with transversely isotropic incoherent interface is considered in the conductivity and elasticity context. The general imperfect interface is modeled by the first order approximation of thin transversely isotropic interphase layer. This model expands the Gurtin et al. (1998) theory of curved deformable interfaces in solids with a nanometer-scale microstructure to the incoherent interfaces between the dissimilar elastic materials and provides a certain insight into the interface moduli. The rigorous analytical solution to the conductivity and elasticity problems has been obtained by the multipole expansion method in terms of ellipsoidal solid harmonics. An accurate fulfillment of the imperfect interface conditions reduces the model boundary value problem to the linear algebraic system for multipole strengths. These results apply equally to the inhomogeneities with anisotropic interphases and nano level incoherent interfaces. The obtained solutions are valid for the non-uniform far loading and are readily incorporated in the many-particle (finite cluster or representative unit cell) model of heterogeneous solid with anisotropic incoherent interface. The tensors of effective conductivity and elastic stiffness of composite with ellipsoidal inhomogeneities are evaluated using Maxwell homogenization scheme. The obtained accurate numerical data indicate that the effective properties of composite may vary widely due to shape of inhomogeneities and the interface anisotropy ratio. Taking the incoherency of interface into account may increase reliability of predicting the behavior of nanostructured solids.

Influence of the Application and Light-Curing of Bonding Adhesives Inside Lithium Disilicate Ceramic Crowns.

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of the application and previous photoactivation of bonding adhesives in lithium disilicate ceramics. This was achieved by analyzing the bond strength of the cement-ceramic interface, nanohardness and elastic modulus of bonding adhesives and resin cements. The bonding adhesives used were Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP); Scotchbond Multi-Purpose light-cured (SBMP+LC); Single Bond 2 (SB2); Single Bond 2 light-cured (SB2+LC); Single Bond Universal (SBU) and Single Bond Universal light-cured (SBU+LC). After luting the ceramic in composite resin blocks, all specimens were subjected to 10,000 thermocycles. Sticks were obtained for the microtensile bonding strength test and the nanohardness and elastic modulus of the bonding adhesive and resin cements. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Fishers tests (α =0.05). The results indicated that the bonding strength and mechanical properties were influenced by the interaction of the bonding adhesive and resin cement. For the mechanical properties analyzed, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups. Single Bond Universal was the only system that was effective with or without previous light activation. For the other adhesive systems, Scotchbond Multi- Purpose and Single Bond 2, the previous light activation was necessary to optimize the bonding strength of the adhesive interface.

Stability of gravity-driven free-surface flow past a deformable solid: The role of depth-dependent modulus.

The linear stability of a Newtonian liquid layer flowing down an inclined plane lined with a deformable linear elastic solid characterized by a continuously varying modulus is analyzed in this study. A low-wave-number asymptotic analysis is performed to obtain an analytical expression for the complex wavespeed which shows striking similarity with the earlier results of Sahu and Shankar [Sahu and Shankar, Phys. Rev. E 94, 013111 (2016)10.1103/PhysRevE.94.013111] for gravity-driven flow of Newtonian fluid past a solid bilayer having constant shear modulus (in each layer) lined on a rigid inclined plane. This shows that a deformable solid layer having a continuously varying shear modulus can be treated as a generalization of a system having multiple solid layers of constant shear modulus. Also, in the low-wave-number limit, we show that the stability of the free surface is governed by the value of effective shear modulus G_{eff}, and not by the detailed spatial variation of the modulus. Here the effective shear modulus (H/G_{eff}=∫_{1}^{1+H}1/[E_{0}+E[over ¯](z)]dz, where [E_{0}+E[over ¯](z)] represents the modulus gradient function) characterizes the overall modulus of the elastic solid, which is obtained by treating the continuous variation to be the limit of the arrangement of solid layers of infinitesimal thickness (each having a constant shear modulus) in a series. At finite wave numbers, we show that the free-surface and the liquid-solid interface become unstable as we increase the value of Γ, where Γ indicates the ratio of viscous stresses in the fluid to elastic stresses in the solid. When the system is analysed for different types of spatial modulus variations, we find results similar to those of Gkanis and Kumar [Gkanis and Kumar, Phys. Rev. E 73, 026307 (2006)10.1103/PhysRevE.73.026307], i.e., when we have two different configurations of the shear modulus function that have the same spatially averaged modulus, but have different values at the interface, the system is more stable for the configuration having higher shear modulus at the liquid-solid interface. In a similar manner, when we examined systems having the same shear modulus at the liquid-solid interface and same average modulus, the more stable case is the one which has a higher value of shear modulus just below the interface. Thus the use of deformable solids with a depth-dependent modulus potentially offers more control in the passive manipulation of the instabilities.

Enhancing magnetoelectric effect in magneto-electro-elastic laminated composites via interface modulus and stress

Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling is of interest for a variety of applications, but it is weak in a single-phase material. Strain-coupled laminates are an efficient way to achieve a high ME coupling. In this paper, we first derive an exact solution for a simply supported multilayered anisotropic magneto-electro-elastic plate with interfacial magneto-electro-elasticity. It is expressed in terms of the extended pseudo Stroh formalism along with the propagator matrix method. The interface modulus and stress are considered by constructing an interface matrix. Based on this solution, sandwich plates made of different layups of piezoelectric and piezomagnetic materials are numerically studied. Our results indicate that for the given layup, it is possible to tune the ME coupling by the interface modulus and stress. Considering interface effect is common in nanoplate, this study could provide an extra channel for turning the ME coupling in the layered magneto-electro-elastic plates with possible device applications.

Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of Compact TiC-Fe Gradient Coating Fabricated on Cast Iron Substrate by Two-Step In Situ Reaction

A compact TiC-Fe gradient coating with high hardness and toughness has been fabricated on cast iron by two-step in situ reaction. The phase constitution of the coating was TiC and α-Fe. As the thickness of the coating was increased, the size (about 6.34 μm to 0.54 μm) and volume fraction of TiC particles gradually decreased. The formation mechanism of TiC was nucleation-growth of TiC grains (the first step of the in situ reaction) and the diffusion-type solid-phase transition via diffusion of carbon atoms into the titanium lattice (the second step of the in situ reaction). From the surface of the coating to the coating–substrate interface, the hardness and elastic modulus gradually decreased from 30.74 ± 0.61 GPa and 438.47 ± 4.82 GPa to 21.67 ± 1.03 GPa and 380.71 ± 5.86 GPa, respectively. Meanwhile, t he fracture toughness gradually increased from 3.21 MPa m1/2 to 6.75 MPa m1/2.

Performance of composites via multiple interface engineering techniques: plasma etching, UV-induced grafting and nanotube deposition

We systematically investigate interfacial modification mechanisms on interfacial structure, mechanical and anti-fatigue performances of carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) composites. The same interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was achieved by reasonable experiment design based on three explored mechanisms: (i) Ar plasma treatment for mechanical interlocking mechanism, (ii) UV-induced grafting acrylic acid for chemical bonding effect and (iii) carbon nanotubes electrophoretic deposition for transition layer theory. We found that the interface layer thickness and modulus of composites vary greatly due to different interfacial modification mechanisms. The damage resistance can be improved by increasing the propagation paths or hindering the propagation direction of the destructive cracks. Under the condition of the same interfacial strength, the variation trend of mechanical strength and fatigue properties were signfificantly different owing to the different interface microstructure. The nanotube deposition method has advantages in flexural strength, tensile strength and storage modulus, because the formed gradient interface layer has the dual effects of strengthening, toughening resin and increasing stress transfer efficiency. Plasma etching method is superior to the other two methods in residual bending strength retention because the mechanical interlocking in the interface micro-region can improve the stiffness of the composite and hinder the propagation of cracks. UV-induced grafting method is beneficial in improving the tensile strength of composites, because it has low damage to the mechanical strength of fiber. Therefore, when the interfacial strength is the same, carbon nanotubes electrophoretic deposition among the three modification methods has more attractive application prospects.

Self-gelling electroactive hydrogels based on chitosan–aniline oligomers/agarose for neural tissue engineering with on-demand drug release

Designing biomimetic scaffolds is an intellectual challenge of the realm of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. An electroactive substrate should meet multidisciplinary mimicking the mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties of neural tissues. Hydrogels have been known platforms to regulate neural interface modulus, but the lack of conductivity always hampered their applications; hence, developing conductive hydrogels with on-demand drug release has become a concern of tissue engineering. In this work, electroactive hydrogels based on chitosan–aniline oligomer and agarose with self-gelling properties were synthesized, and their electrical, thermal, and electrochemical properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and four probe method . The conductivity of the as-prepared aniline oligomer-based hydrogel was ∼10−4 S/cm; which fell within the range of conductivities appropriate for applications in tissue engineering. The aniline oligomer played a key role in controlling the hydrogel properties by regulating the glass transition temperature and thermal properties. In addition, the swelling and degradation rates were decreased because of the hydrophobic properties of the aniline oligomer. The swelling capacity of the pristine hydrogel was ∼800%, while that of the conductive hydrogel decreased to ∼300%. The conductivity of the hydrogel was regulated by modifying the macromolecular architecture through aniline oligomer incorporation thanks to its conductivity on-demand drug release was observed by electrical stimulation, in which a large amount of the drug was released by voltage application. Biocompatibility analysis of the designed hydrogel was indicative of the conductivity enhancement, as reflected in the growth and proliferation of cellular activity.

Nanomechanical Analysis of Extracellular Matrix and Cells in Multicellular Spheroids.

Over the last decade, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has played an important role in understanding nanomechanical properties of various cancer cell lines. This study is focused on Lewis lung carcinoma cell tumours as 3D multicellular spheroid (MS). Not much is know about the mechanical properties of the cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) in rapidly growing tumours. Depth-dependent indentation measurements were conducted with the AFM. Force-vs.-indentation curves were used to create stiffness profiles as a function of depth. Here studies were focused on the outer most layer, i.e., proliferation zone of the spheroid. Both surface and sub-surface stiffness profiles of MS were created. This study revealed three nanomechanical topographies, Type A-high modulus due to collagen fibers, Type B-high stiffness at cell membrane and ECM interface and Type C-increased modulus due to cell lying deep inside matrix at a depth of 1.35μm. Both Type and Type-B topographies result from collagen-based structures in ECM. This study has first time revealed mechanical constitution of an MS. Depth-dependent indentation studies have the revealed role of various molecular and cellular components responsible for providing mechanical stability to MS. Nanomechanical heterogeneities revealed in this investigation can shed new light in developing correct dosage regime for collagenase treatment of tumours and designing better controlled artificial extracellular matrix systems for replicating tissue growth in-vitro.

Effective modulus of biological staggered nanocomposites with interface stress effect

Biological composites with staggered matrix–platelet nanostructures, such as bone, teeth and nacre, possess superior mechanical properties. The interface property between mineral platelets and protein matrix at nanoscale is one of the key factors influencing effective properties of such nanocomposites. In this study, based on the Gurtin-Murdoch model, two tension-shear chain models (TSCMs) considering the interface stress effect are established to analyse the influence of interface stress effect on the effective Young's modulus of the staggered nanocomposites. One is the TSCM without tension region between two adjacent hard platelets, while another is with tension region. Two explicit formulae of effective Young's modulus of the nanocomposites are derived based on the two TSCMs. Meanwhile, an interface factor reflecting the combined influence of the platelet thickness and interface-platelet modulus ratio is also abstracted. The validity and accuracy of the two TSCMs are verified by comparing with the finite element simulations. Both the explicit formulae and the finite element simulations show that the interface stress effect has significant influence on the effective modulus, when the absolute value of the interface factor is large. For a given interface modulus, the interface effect on the effective modulus becomes more significant with decreasing the internal structure size of the nanocomposites to nanoscale.

Analytic Solution for a Line Edge Dislocation in a Bimaterial System Incorporating Interface Elasticity

We examine the plane strain deformations of a bimaterial system consisting of a line edge dislocation interacting with a flat interface between two dissimilar isotropic half-planes in which the additional effects of interface elasticity are incorporated into the model of deformation. The entire system is assumed to be free of any external loading. Despite the fact that it is generally accepted that the separate interface modulus describing interface elasticity is permitted to take negative values, we show that simple closed-form solutions for the dislocation-induced stress field and the image force acting on the dislocation are available only when the interface modulus is assumed to be positive; the corresponding system admits no valid solutions when the interface modulus is negative. We present several numerical examples to illustrate our solutions. Additionally, we show that the influence of interface elasticity on the dislocation-induced interfacial stress field decays with increasing hardness of the adjoining half-plane (free of the dislocation). Moreover, we find that for a given (positive) in-plane interface modulus, the corresponding interface effects on the image force (acting on the dislocation) can reach maximum or minimum values when the Burgers vector of the dislocation is either parallel or perpendicular to the interface.

Slope Stability Analysis with Interaction of Frictional Contact

Interface effects have an essential role during any contact between two bodies; and the inclusion of contact-friction in the model body can be a useful approach. This is the case, for example, of adding the recent depot on a former layer. The practical applications are either geology or geodynamics, the modeling of waste storages and the stability analysis of artificial embankments. The latter is examined in this paper, as we use the interaction of contact friction between two blocks (bodies). This study was carried out using the finite element method coupled with the shear strength reduction technique. The results of this study indicate that we must take into consideration any rupture in slopes because this helps to know the real situation after analyzing the slope and also to show the importance of the presence of interaction interfaces in modeling the frictional contact between soil interfaces. Young's interface modulus plays a very important role in the interaction.

An analysis of interfacial adhesion in nanoclay polycarbonate nanocomposites

In this study, Sato-Furukawa and Ji micromechanics models were used to explore the interfacial adhesion properties of a series of polycarbonate nanocomposite samples from the literature. Both models were used to evaluate the interfacial adhesion properties between organoclays and polycarbonate. These organoclays were formed by cation exchange between sodium montmorillonite (Na+MMT) and several ammonium montmorillonite surfactants. Several parameters, such as the adhesion parameter (ξ) in Sato-Furukawa model were examined. The ratio of thickness of the interphase region to the dispersed phase thickness ( $$\tau$$ /t), and the interface modulus (E i) in Ji model were also investigated. All calculated parameters show different extent of interfacial bonding, depending on the type of the used ammonium montmorillonite surfactant structure. Moreover, the results that a surfactant composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and octadecyl tails show 67% enhancement in stiffness. Also, an interfacial adhesion parameter (ξ) value of −61.54 reported by Sato-Furukawa model. Furthermore, a ratio of the thickness of the interphase region to the dispersed phase thickness ( $$\tau$$ /t), and an interface stiffness (E i) values of 6 and 48.31 GPa by Ji model.