Interface Module Research Articles

The SZ effect with anisotropic distributions and high energy electrons

Future observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect promise ever improving measurements in terms of both sensitivity and angular resolution. As such, it is increasingly relevant to model `higher-order' contributions to the SZ effect. This work examines the effects of high-energy non-thermal electron distributions and those of anisotropic electron and photon distributions on the SZ signals. Analytic forms of the anisotropic scattering kernels for photons and electrons have been derived and investigated. We present a method for determining the anisotropic contributions through a spherical harmonic decomposition to arbitrary angular multipoles, and discuss the behaviour of these scattering kernels. We then carry out an exploration of various simplistic models of high energy non-thermal electron distributions, and examine their anisotropic behaviour. The kinematic SZ in the relativistic regime is studied using the kernel formulation allowing us to clarifying the role of kinematic corrections to the scattering optical depth. We finally present a release of an updated and refined version of SZpack including a new integrated Python interface and new modules for the calculation of various SZ signals, including those described in this paper.

Interfacial electronic modulation of NiCo decorated nano-flowered MoS2 on carbonized wood as a remarkable bifunctional electrocatalyst for boosting overall water splitting

The development of a cost-effective and efficient bifunctional electrode for overall water splitting holds significant importance in accelerating the sustainable advancement of hydrogen energy. The present study involved a bifunctional catalytic electrode was prepared by loading NiCo-modified 1T/2H MoS2 onto carbonized wood (NiCo-MoS2-CW) using the hydrothermal and electrodeposition techniques. The XPS analysis revealed that NiCo-modified MoS2 exhibited a weak electron characteristic, which facilitated the ionization of H2O and significantly enhanced the Volmer step. The XPS analysis unveiled that NiCo-modified MoS2 displayed a weak electron characteristic, thereby promoting the ionization of H2O and substantially augmenting the Volmer step. The electrocatalytic performance of the NiCo-MoS2-CW in 1.0 M KOH is remarkably impressive, exhibiting minimal overpotentials of only 64 mV (10 mA cm−2) and 216 mV (50 mA cm−2) for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. The NiCo-MoS2-CW || NiCo-MoS2-CW electrolytic cell can achieve a cell voltage of only 1.69 V to achieve a current density of 50 mA cm−2. Overall, this study proposes a potential approach to improve the catalytic efficiency of overall water splitting by modulating the interfacial electronic properties of MoS2.

Interfacial Modulation of Polydopamine–Reduced Graphene Oxide for Achieving Highly Conductive and Strong Graphene/Cotton Composite Yarn Toward Smart Wearable Devices

Interfacial Modulation of Polydopamine–Reduced Graphene Oxide for Achieving Highly Conductive and Strong Graphene/Cotton Composite Yarn Toward Smart Wearable Devices

SCHOOL EXTRA CURRICURAL ACTIVITY

Abstract : Extracurricular activities have long been recognized as integral components of a holistic education, contributing significantly to the social, emotional, and cognitive development of students. This research paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of school extracurricular activities on student development across various domains. Through an extensive review of literature, empirical studies, and expert opinions, this paper examines the benefits of participation in extracurricular activities, the factors influencing student engagement, and the implications for educational policy and practice. The findings reveal that involvement in extracurricular activities fosters the acquisition of essential life skills such as teamwork, leadership, time management, and communication skills. Moreover, participation in these activities promotes social integration, enhances self-esteem, and reduces the risk of engaging in negative behaviors. Additionally, extracurricular involvement has been linked to improved academic performance, as students learn to balance their commitments and develop a sense of responsibility towards their academic pursuits. Index Term- Mongo DB, React JS, Node JS, Express JS, User-friendly interface Module- Activity creation, Activity list, Enrollment creation, Enrollment list

Self-Poled Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Fiber Sensors for Wireless Monitoring of Physiological Signals.

Self-powered sensors have the potential to enable real-time health monitoring without contributing to the ever-growing demand for energy. Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) respond to mechanical deformations to produce electrical signals, imparting a sensing capability without external power sources. Textiles conform to the human body and serve as an interactive biomechanical energy harvesting and sensing medium without compromising comfort. However, the textile-based PENG fabrication process is complex and lacks scalability, making these devices impractical for mass production. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a long-length PENG fiber compatible with industrial-scale manufacturing. The thermal drawing process enables the one-step fabrication of self-poled MoS2-poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite fiber devices integrated with electrodes. Heat and stress during thermal drawing and MoS2 nanoparticle addition facilitate interfacial polarization and dielectric modulation to enhance the output performance. The fibers show a 57 and 70% increase in the output voltage and current compared to the pristine PVDF fiber, respectively, at a considerably low MoS2 loading of 3 wt %. The low Young's modulus of the outer cladding ensures an effective stress transfer to the piezocomposite domain and allows minute motion detection. The flexible fibers demonstrate wireless, self-powered physiological sensing and biomotion analysis capability. The study aims to guide the large-scale production of highly sensitive integrated fibers to enable textile-based and plug-and-play wearable sensors.

Localized Surface Doping Induced Ultralow Contact Resistance between Metal and (Bi,Sb)2Te3 Thermoelectric Films.

Micro thermoelectric devices are expected to further improve the cooling density for the temperature control of electronic devices; nevertheless, the high contact resistivity between metals and semiconductors critically limits their applications, especially in chip cooling with extremely high heat flux. Herein, based on the calculated results, a low specific contact resistivity of ∼10-7 Ω cm2 at the interface is required to guarantee a desirable cooling power density of micro devices. Thus, we developed a generally applicable interfacial modulation strategy via localized surface doping of thermoelectric films, and the feasibility of such a doping approach for both n/p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films was demonstrated, which can effectively increase the surface-majority carrier concentration explained by the charge transfer mechanism. With a proper doping level, ultralow specific contact resistivities at the interfaces are obtained for n-type (6.71 × 10-8 Ω cm2) and p-type (3.70 × 10-7 Ω cm2) (Bi,Sb)2Te3 layers, respectively, which is mainly attributed to the carrier tunneling enhancement with a narrowed interfacial contact barrier width. This work provides an effective scheme to further reduce the internal resistance of micro thermoelectric coolers, which can also be extended as a kind of universal interfacial modification technique for micro semiconductor devices.

Raney nickel induced interface modulation of active NiFe-hydroxide as efficient and robust electrocatalyst towards oxygen evolution reaction

Preparation of active and durable low-cost catalysts towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for alkaline water splitting. Herein, porous Raney-Ni supported NiFe-LDH (NiFe-LDH/Raney-Ni) electrocatalyst was developed to achieve efficient and robust OER performance. Raney-Ni modulates the NiFe-LDH electronic structure by interfacial interaction. In-situ infrared shows the enhanced OH adsorption behavior, and in-situ Raman suggests that Raney-Ni promotes the formation of active NiFeOOH species on NiFe-LDH/Raney-Ni. Theoretical calculations found that the Fe atoms in NiFe-LDH/Raney-Ni enhances the charge transfer to the NiOOH species, which facilitates the formation of O* intermediates accelerating the OER process. The NiFe-LDH/Raney-Ni catalyst exhibits a low OER overpotential of 219 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH with excellent stability for 200 h at 200 mA cm−2. Excellent performance is also achieved in alkaline electrolyzer test. This work presents a facile approach for the design of affordable and efficient alkaline OER electrocatalysts.

DiPPI: A Curated Data Set for Drug-like Molecules in Protein-Protein Interfaces.

Proteins interact through their interfaces, and dysfunction of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has been associated with various diseases. Therefore, investigating the properties of the drug-modulated PPIs and interface-targeting drugs is critical. Here, we present a curated large data set for drug-like molecules in protein interfaces. We further introduce DiPPI (Drugs in Protein-Protein Interfaces), a two-module web site to facilitate the search for such molecules and their properties by exploiting our data set in drug repurposing studies. In the interface module of the web site, we present several properties, of interfaces, such as amino acid properties, hotspots, evolutionary conservation of drug-binding amino acids, and post-translational modifications of these residues. On the drug-like molecule side, we list drug-like small molecules and FDA-approved drugs from various databases and highlight those that bind to the interfaces. We further clustered the drugs based on their molecular fingerprints to confine the search for an alternative drug to a smaller space. Drug properties, including Lipinski's rules and various molecular descriptors, are also calculated and made available on the web site to guide the selection of drug molecules. Our data set contains 534,203 interfaces for 98,632 protein structures, of which 55,135 are detected to bind to a drug-like molecule. 2214 drug-like molecules are deposited on our web site, among which 335 are FDA-approved. DiPPI provides users with an easy-to-follow scheme for drug repurposing studies through its well-curated and clustered interface and drug data and is freely available at http://interactome.ku.edu.tr:8501.

Electric field control of spin-orbit torque in annealed Ta/CoFeB/HfO x heterostructures via interfacial oxidation modulation

Electric field control of spin-orbit torque (SOT) exhibits promising potential in advanced spintronic devices through interfacial modulation. In this work, we investigate the influence of electric field and interfacial oxidation on SOT efficiency in annealed Ta/CoFeB/HfO x heterostructures. By varying annealing temperatures, the damping-like SOT efficiency reaches its peak at the annealing temperature of 320 °C, with an 80% field-free magnetization switching ratio induced by SOT having been demonstrated. This enhancement is ascribed to the annealing-induced modulation of oxygen ion migration at the CoFeB/HfO x interface. By applying voltages across the Ta/CoFeB/HfO x heterostructures, which drives the O2‒ migration across the interface, a reversible, bipolar, and non-volatile modulation of SOT efficiency was observed. The collective influence of annealing temperature and electric field effects on SOT carried out in this work provides an effective approach into facilitating the optimization and control of SOT in spintronic devices.

Strain-induced polarization modulation at GaN/Ti interface for flexible thin-film sensor

We have demonstrated an effective piezoelectric polarized interface modulation in a GaN/Ti Schottky structure and fabricated a flexible GaN-based sensor using a double-transfer method. Chemical etching of the Ni sacrificial layer successfully removes the temporary substrate without damaging the metal electrodes. The fabricated flexible GaN-based sensor, with top and bottom Ti metal Schottky contacts, exhibits a current on/off characteristic under external strain. Specifically, the current shows a 53.9% reduction under 2.3% tensile strain and a 67.8% enhancement under −2.3% compressive strain at a 5 V bias voltage. It was found that the light/dark current ratio in the GaN/Ti Schottky junction significantly increases near zero-bias voltage under 2.3% tensile strain, likely indicating an enhanced built-in piezoelectric polarized field at the interface. This work advances the study of flexible sensors based on wurtzite III–V nitrides for wearable electronics and optoelectronics.

2D Tungsten Borides Induced Interfacial Modulation Engineering Toward High-Rate Performance Zinc-Iodine Battery.

Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their high energy density and low cost. However, their development is hindered by several drawbacks, including zinc dendrites, anode corrosion, and the shuttle of polyiodides. Here, the design of 2D-shaped tungsten boride nanosheets with abundant borophene subunits-based active sites is reported to guide the (002) plane-dominated deposition of zinc while suppressing side reactions, which facilitates interfacial nucleation and uniform growth of zinc. Meanwhile, the interfacial d-band orbits of tungsten sites can further enhance the anchoring of polyiodides on the surface, to promote the electrocatalytic redox conversion of iodine. The resulting tungsten boride-based I2 cathodes in zinc-iodine cells exhibit impressive cyclic stability after 5000 cycles at 50 C, which accelerates the practical applications of zinc-iodine batteries.

Interfacial modulation of bifunctional electrolyte additive engineering for dendrite-free and robust lithium metal anode

Anode materials for rechargeable electric car batteries are obtained from Li-metal owing to their extremely high specific capacity and low redox potential. Unfortunately, safety concerns related to dendrite formation on the anode surface caused by the uneven distribution of Li-ions during the discharge process interfere with the use of Li-metal in industrial batteries. In this study, methyl vinyl sulfone (MVS), a sulfone-based functional electrolyte additive, is used in an additive engineering strategy to control Li-electrolyte interactions and address the aforementioned problems. Li dendrite growth may be restricted, and transition metal degradation on the surface of the cathode can be reduced by the MVS-derived functional electrolyte additive interfacial layer. The electrochemical performance of an ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC) + 1 wt% MVS Li-metal anode of a Li||Li symmetric cell exhibits remarkable cycle stability, maintaining a low overvoltage for over 750 h at 1 mA cm−2, and capacity of 1 mA h cm−2. Additionally, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) full cells with the MVS additive exhibit enhanced electrochemical stability for 250 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. This study provides an innovative approach for stabilizing the metal-electrolyte interfacial layer that may be used for practical applications in metal-based rechargeable batteries.

Design of Poison Lawn Springer Robot Using Proportional Integral Derivative Algorithm With Remote Control System

Grass is one of the plants that live on God's earth, even grass is also written in the Koran. Grass is currently also a pest for plants, so sometimes to minimize grass growth, many farmers or people eradicate grass by cutting it and even poisoning the grass. Each method used has its own risk of work accidents, such as using grass poison can experience insecticide poisoning. To anticipate this, a remote control robot was designed to sprinkle automatic grass poison using the PID (Proportional Integral Derivativ) method. The test results using measurements using a multimeter or multitester show that the robot works with a voltage of 11.1 VDC with a 5-12VDC motor with a speed of 3000 rpm and uses a motor gearbox so that it turns into a torque load of 5 Kg. Meanwhile, for control using a bluetooth module with the HC-05 interface type connected to the Android bluetooth system, the maximum distance transmission system is 0 - 10 m. For watering grass, it has 2 scales of watering from the height of the grass, grass with a height of 10 - 15 centimeters using PID 1, which is watered with a voltage of 11.1 VDC delay (t) 1.5s. Grass with a height reaching 20 - 30 using PID 2, watered with a voltage of 14.8 VDC delay (t) 3s. All lawn watering uses a 16 VDC pump motor with 1500 rpm. After the lawn watering system is implemented using the PID method, the P value = 14.56. Value I = 22.08 and value D = 15.5. The conclusion from the design of a grass poison sprinkler robot, namely the robot is able to read the type of tall grass from the ultrasonic sensor, and the robot can be controlled remotely because it uses the HC-05 interface module.

Inorganic fillers tailored Li+ solvation sheath for stable lithium metal batteries

Ionogel electrolytes based on gel scaffolds and ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered widespread attention for their processing compatibility, non-flammability, and exceptional thermal/electrochemical properties. While there have been many studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the bisalt approach in stabilizing lithium metal anode, the precise impact of skeleton-constrained dual-anion ionogels on interface modulation remains somewhat obscured and deserves further attention. Herein, we formulate a Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO)-incorporated dual-anion ionogel to reveal the solvation chemistry in the presence of LLZTO and detail the Li+ transport mechanism and effect on the interfacial chemistries of Li-metal. The impact of inorganic substances on the solvation structure in IL-based solid electrolytes and their role in forming the SEI layer on lithium metal was unveiled. To be specific, the introduction of fillers exert a selective modulating influence on the anions species in the Li+-solvated shell and fine-tunes the local Li+ environment, thereby fostering a more robust interfacial layer. Modified ion environment in ionogels enables a preferable shift from vehicular to structural Li+ transport, whereby a high Li ion conductivity (1.24×10−3 S/cm) and high Li ion transference number of 0.42 is achieved. The synergistic solvent coordination and adjustment of the electrode-electrolyte interface enable the LiFePO4|PIL-10|Li cells to cycle steadily with capacity retention of 95.4 % after 500 cycles at 1C and 25 °C. The strategy of promoting transport mechanisms holds promise for designing the next-generation solid-state lithium metal batteries with high energy density.

Steering bidirectional polysulfide conversion in virtue of interface microenvironment of Ni/porous carbon Mott-Schottky heterojunctions

Originating from the notorious shuttle effect and intrinsically sluggish redox kinetics of polysulfides (especially under the conditions of high sulfur loadings and low electrolytes), the low capacity and sulfur utilization efficiency, unsatisfactory rate performance, and unremarkable cycle performance severely hinder the practical commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Furnishing rapid electron transfer and mass diffusion in virtue of interface modulation and nanostructure design is an effective strategy to enhance the activity of catalysts. Herein, a Mott-Schottky heterojunction composed of porous carbon (PC)-supported nickel (Ni) nanoparticles was fabricated on a functionalized carbon nanotube sponge (Ni/PC/FCNTS) via adjusting the geometric structure such as the particle size, aggregation state and pore volume (based on the different solvothermal reaction temperature of the Ni-MOF precursor and the high-temperature pyrolysis process). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the charge redistribution and a self-generated built-in electric field accelerated electron transfer at the heterogeneous interface between Ni and PC. Meanwhile, the high pore volume of Ni/PC/FCNTS-170 provided a reaction space for rapid ion diffusion and sulfur redox process. Benefiting from the synergistic effect, the derived S@Ni/PC/FCNTS-170 cells manifested excellent rate performance with a capacity of 784.2 mAh g-1 at 2 C and a high areal capacity of 8.09 mAh cm-2 with a high sulfur loading of 17.6 mg cm-2 and low electrolyte/sulfur of 11.3 µL mg-1.

Lattice Strain and Mott-Schottky Effect of the Charge-Asymmetry Pd1Fe Single-Atom Alloy Catalyst for Semi-Hydrogenation of Alkynes with High Efficiency.

The ideal interface design between the metal and substrate is crucial in determining the overall performance of the alkyne semihydrogenation reaction. Single-atom alloys (SAAs) with isolated dispersed active centers are ideal media for the study of reaction effects. Herein, a charge-asymmetry "armor" SAA (named Pd1Fe SAA@PC), which consists of a Pd1Fe alloy core and a semiconducting P-doped C (PC) shell, is rationally designed as an ideal catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes with high efficiency. Multiple spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory calculations have demonstrated that Pd1Fe SAA@PC is dual-regulated by lattice tensile and Schottky effects, which govern the selectivity and activity of hydrogenation, respectively. (1) The PC shell layer applied an external traction force causing a 1.2% tensile strain inside the Pd1Fe alloy to increase the reaction selectivity. (2) P doping into the C-shell layer realized a transition from a p-type semiconductor to an n-type semiconductor, thereby forming a unique Schottky junction for advancing alkyne semihydrogenation activity. The dual regulation of lattice strain and the Schottky effect ensures the excellent performance of Pd1Fe SAA@PC in the semihydrogenation reaction of phenylethylene, achieving a conversion rate of 99.9% and a selectivity of 98.9% at 4 min. These well-defined interface modulation strategies offer a practical approach for the rational design and performance optimization of semihydrogenation catalysts.

Decentralized Mobility Solution: Blockchain Enhanced Peer-to-Peer Transportation

In today's rapidly evolving urban transportation landscape, the demand for efficient, decentralized mobility solutions is paramount. This research presents a comprehensive framework for a Blockchain-enhanced peer-to-peer transportation system. Drawing inspiration from various research papers, four pivotal modules are integrated to ensure a holistic and efficient approach to mobility. Firstly, the Blockchain Integration Module enables secure, transparent, and decentralized transactions, fostering trust and accountability. Secondly, the User Interface Module enhances user experience by providing an intuitive interface tailored to diverse urban settings. Thirdly, the Computational Module optimizes transportation aspects such as route planning and demand forecasting. Lastly, the Ride Allocation Module orchestrates efficient and equitable ride assignments based on user preferences and real-time conditions. Together, these modules offer a resilient and user-centric peer-to-peer transportation system, leveraging cutting- edge technologies and insights from existing studies to transform urban mobility.

Microglia Density and Its Association With Disease Duration, Severity, and Orexin Levels in Patients With Narcolepsy Type 1.

Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is due to the loss of hypothalamic neurons that produce orexin (ORX), by a suspected immune-mediated process. Rare postmortem studies are available and failed to detect any inflammation in the hypothalamic region, but these brains were collected years after the first symptoms. In vivo studies close to disease onset are lacking. We aimed to explore microglia density in the hypothalamus and thalamus in NT1 compared with controls using [18F]DPA-714 PET and to study in NT1 the relationships between microglia density in the hypothalamus and in other regions of interest (ROIs) with disease duration, severity, and ORX levels. Patients with NT1 and controls underwent a standardized clinical evaluation and [18F]DPA-714 PET imaging using a radiolabeled ligand specific to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). TSPO genotyping determined receptor affinity. Images were processed on peripheral module interface using standard uptake value (SUV) on ROIs: hypothalamus, thalamus, frontal area, cerebellum, and the whole brain. SUV ratios (SUVr) were calculated by normalizing SUV with cerebellum uptake. A total of 41 patients with NT1 (21 adults, 20 children, 10 with recent disease onset <1 year) and 35 controls were included, with no significant difference between groups for [18F]DPA-714 binding (SUV/SUVr) in the hypothalamus and thalamus. Unexpectedly, significantly lower SUVr in the whole brain was found in NT1 compared with controls (0.97 ± 0.06 vs 1.08 ± 0.22, p = 0.04). The same finding between NT1 and controls in the whole brain was observed in those with high or mixed TSPO affinity (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04). Similar trend was observed in the frontal area in NT1 (0.96 ± 0.09 vs 1.09 ± 0.25, p = 0.05). In NT1, no association was found between SUVr in different ROIs and age, disease duration, severity, or ORX levels. We found no evidence of in vivo increased microglia density in NT1 compared with controls, even close to disease onset, and even unexpectedly a decrease in the whole brain of these patients. These findings do not support the presence of neuroinflammation in the destruction process of ORX neurons. ClinicalTrials.org NCT03754348.

Amorphous/crystal interface modulation of RuCoWOx toward alkaline hydrogen evolution

Oxides have traditionally been considered inert in hydrogen evolution reaction due to their strong adsorption of hydrogen. Here, we successfully prepared a novel RuCoWOx-400 catalyst by strategically adjusting the calcination temperature to manipulate the growth of oxide heterointerfaces. The characterization techniques reveal that RuCoWOx-400 is a porous structure and contains multiple heterogeneous interfaces to enhance catalytic activity. Additionally, the as-synthesized RuCoWOx-400 exhibits low overpotential of 93 mV at 10 mA cm−2 coupled with small Tafel slope of 37.22 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH. Remarkably, the electrochemical performance of RuCoWOx-400 remains stable for up to 50 h. Moreover, the adsorption and desorption of water at Co, W, and Ru sites coordinate the hydrogen evolution reaction, highlighting the unique role of these elements in enhancing catalytic activity. This study underscores the potential of oxide materials in hydrogen evolution reaction, paving the way for further exploration and optimization in this field.

Simulation and Analysis of the Code Domain NOMA with UFMC for 5G Wireless Networks

In fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, radio access techniques and multi-carrier waveforms play a vital role in meeting the diversified demands of ultra-low latency, massive connectivity, and higher throughput. Multi-access schemes used conventionally in 4G system was Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) technique. The OMA techniques suffer from inefficient spectrum utilization, high latency, and supports a limited number of users. Next-generation networks, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), has a great potential, in which multiple users are simultaneously served using the same time, frequency, or code resource increasing the throughput. Code domain-NOMA (CD-NOMA) is the key technique implemented in the system design where multiple users are distinguished based on unique user-specific spreading codes. The NOMA system could significantly benefit from Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) modulation waveform in terms of flexibility, spectral efficiency, compatibility with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique, and relaxed synchronization requirements. The novel integrated system proposed in the paper is CD-NOMA-UFMC with convolutional codes. The major outcome of the paper is that the combination of UFMC air interface modulation technique with CD-NOMA access method can be the most effective way to meet the growing demands of 5G.