Interests Of Local Governments Research Articles

Game Analysis of Intergovernmental Interests in the Sharing of Grassland Ecological Civilization across Regions

The party has made a strategic decision to promote the construction of ecological civilization vigorously in the 18th CPC National Congress, and the impact of ecological civilization construction and sharing on the economic development of our country is also growing. This paper is based on the study of the coordination of local government interests in the process of joint construction and sharing of grassland ecological civilization. First of all, it explained the conflicts of interest between local governments in the process of co-construction and sharing of ecological civilization in the grass-roots steppe. Secondly, it conducted a game analysis of the interests among local governments in the process of co-construction and sharing of grassland ecological civilization across regions, and on this basis, the corresponding countermeasures were put forward. Cross regional ecological civilization sharing refers to all the administrative regions (can be the smallest village as the basic unit) in the process of its development in a reasonable, fair, sustainable, harmonious as the basic value idea, to resource sharing, shared responsibility, development and win-win for the construction of ecological civilization of grassland basic mode. In this process, we must strengthen the different departments within the administrative region of the regional cooperation and build a win-win situation, emphasizing the administrative regional construction, symbiosis, sharing, win-win situation. The core obstacle in the process of sharing the ecological civilization across the grassland is the interest barrier, especially the interests among the local governments. If the interests of the regions cannot be effectively coordinated, it will cause great obstacles to the process of sharing the ecological civilization across the region and make it difficult to effectively carry out. The conflict of interests that the government faces will affect its decision-making and execution in the process of sharing ecological civilization, which leads to the difficulty of sharing the ecological civilization of the grassland across the region. Only by creating a community of interests, improve the cooperation between local governments, to mobilize the enthusiasm of the local government in the process of cross regional grassland ecological civilization sharing, coordinate the behavior of local government, to promote its development planning and use of resources, protecting the ecological environment of grassland, grassland construction and ecological civilization, so it is of great significance to study.

The Accountability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Corporate Sustainability

The paper underscores the varying and conflicting interests of local community, local government and corporate interest; how CSR implement should comply with the regulation sets by the Indonesia government or fulfill local community needs in aim to gain more favor. This paper aims to analyze the process of formulating the model, the form of execution and the synchronization the implementation of CSR, method used in this research is qualitative, with a case study on PT. Dwikarya Reksa Abadi , Wanam District, Merauke Papua Indonesia. This paper reviews the existing CSR implementation in Merauke Papua with objective of identifying gaps and developing a framework to guide the future CSR implementation. The results showed that the company PT. Dwikarya Reksa Abadi, has implemented CSR to the local community and local economic development around the company as planned but has not received support from labor and community for a conducive business climate, and there are still CSR activities that must be implemented to fulfill local community needs.

Andean Waterways: Resource Politics in Highland Peru by Mattias Borg Rasmussen

Reviewed by: Andean Waterways: Resource Politics in Highland Peru by Mattias Borg Rasmussen Kimberly Munro Mattias Borg Rasmussen Andean Waterways: Resource Politics in Highland Peru Washington: Univ. of Washington Press, 2015. xxv + 2017 pp. Maps, illus., notes, references. $18.14 paper (ISBN 9780295994932); $90.00 hardcover (ISBN 0295994819); $23.99 electronic (ISBN 0295994932). Mattias Borg Rasmussen's work in Andean Waterways explores how a changing climate is enmeshed in all aspects of everyday life. Rasmussen's ethnography takes place in the Department of Ancash, Peru, in the town of Recuay and its surrounding communities and hamlets. Situated in the Callejón de Huaylas, a highland valley flanked by the mountains of the Cordillera Negra to the west, and stunning views of the Cordillera Blanca to the east, Andean Waterways is an ethnography structured around the question of how a changing climate is affecting the Santa River and its tributaries. Rasmussen, based at the University of Copenhagen, utilizes water to frame the complex relationship between Andean peasant communities and municipal and state governments. Water dynamics, specifically, are not part of the same infrastructure at the local level that they are at the state level, having been formed from centuries of water control at the local level in agro-pastoral Andean communities. Receding glaciers and the transformation of the Santa River's "beautiful flow" to a now unpredictable "devil river" (p. 32), further complicates matters. Andean Waterways highlights the conversations, local politics, and actions taken at the human scale within communities on the forefront of this global problem. The theme of "flow" is examined in both a physical and metaphorical sense in Andean Waterways. Rasmussen focuses on five separate [End Page 246] tributaries and canals, following the courses these channels take through different communities and farmlands. Specifically, Rasmussen discusses the flow and interconnectedness of water, and "the configuration of actors, histories, territories, and environmental conditions that enable or inhibit the water" (p. 21). Because basic infrastructure provided by the national government is often lacking in these rural communities, towns like Recuay are "dominated by local power figures … acting in opposition to the Lima-centered national administration. Therefore, the interests of local governments do not always coincide with national interests" (p. 164). These networks of power relations are presented after an insightful discussion on the meaning of place, space, and structuring landscapes. In the Andes, "Water is Life" (a phrase repeated throughout the ethnography), and Lake Conococha, the source of the Santa River, is considered "The heart of Ancash" (p. 157). Andean Waterways presents interviews with community members and detailed accounts of community meetings, government documents, and local protests, all structured around the control of water. Whether it is navigating the politics of constructing new canals through communal plots of land and privately owned chacras, or the protesting of a mine being constructed near Lake Conococha, Rasmussen's work delves into a world of water access, control, and distribution, where "killing the lake is like killing the people" (p. 157). Rasmussen's book complements the work of geographers and historians on mining (Bebbington and Bury 2009), the catastrophic effects of glacial melt (Carey 2010), and social repercussions of climate change (Bury et al. 2013) in the Ancash region, with implications for the central Andes more broadly. Using the classic anthropological approach of ethnographic inquiry of the small Andean community, Rasmussen echoes and amplifies the valuable research of Mark Carey (a collaborator of Rasmussen's; see Carey, et al. 2017). The unique contribution of Andean Waterways lies in its first-hand account of the impact global climate change on the language and livelihood of peasant communities. The local people are at center stage, and Rasmussen eschews scientific jargon in favor of personal accounts of the everyday machinations required to cope with the changing landscape. Rasmussen's ethnography also contributes to conversations on the theme of abandonment, in a multi-scalar way. First, these rural peasant communities have expressed a feeling of abandonment by the state and NGO actors. These rural communities feel this state abandonment not just in terms of water systems, but also in a lack of maintenance and investment in roadways, health services, schools, and other vital community infrastructure. Abandonment is...

Representation of Local Government Interests and the Legislative Process

The basic principle of the functioning of local self-government is its independence, which is limited by the applicable law created in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity. The article analyzes the normative acts concerning the participation of local self-government bodies in the law-making process. Observation of the practice of their application leads to the conclusion that these solutions are not effective, and they do not correspond to the constitutional guarantees of the territorial self-government system position. The conclusions propose a new mode of selecting the Polish Senate and Self-Government Commission as well as the Polish delegation to the EU Committee of the Regions, which could improve the influence of territorial self-government bodies and the quality of solutions adopted in legal acts.

Analysis of the Benefit Sharing Mechanism of Local Government Cooperations Taking the Xiangxi Ecological Cultural Tourism Circle as an Example

This paper attempts to develop eco-cultural tourism circle of Xiangxi as a research perspective, analyse the difficulties (fragmentation of ecological cultural tourism circle of Xiangxi in cooperation) faced by local government, seize the key factors of local government cooperation in the interests sharing mechanism to solve the dilemma of regional cooperation through the construction of local government interests and cooperation and promote regional economic integration and rapid the development of the economy. Based on the analysis of ecological cultural tourism circle of Xiangxi local government cooperation benefit sharing mechanism facing difficulties, from the sense of cooperation, economic development level, the cadre appraisal system and the rule of law perspective, the writer explores the reasons of the dilemma of cooperation, and puts forward suggestions to improve local government cooperation benefit sharing mechanism.

Economic Empowerment of Local Community around Cipendok Tourist Attraction in Banyumas Regency

Curug Cipendok is one of natural tourism destinations in Banyumas Regency. As an icon of Banyumas tourism destination, the development of Curug Cipendok has the potentials to increase economic benefit to local communities. Related to the tourism development program based on ecological conservation and effort to provide economic contribution to local community in the surrounding area, this research made an attempt to describe how the tourism object would generate benefit to the local community. This research found out that local community considered that the development project of Curug Cipendok tourist attraction has not provided direct impact to the economic benefit. The community has received indirect impact such as street maintenance and other transportation infrastructure. Related to strategies to develop the economy of local community at Cipendok area the policies to be implemented are; 1) synchronizing interests of local government and PT Perhutani to optimize the utilization of natural forest to local community in ecological conservation scheme; 2) leading to active collaboration among local government and PT Perhutani involving university and private sector to establish strategies, and implementing the strategies to support in creating creative industrial products and increase farming value added to local community; and 3) developing regulation focusing on environmental support capability to control any negative impacts of tourism development, including protection to local heritage.

Potensi Pengembangan Budidaya Ulat Sutera di Areal KPHP Model Awota

Dialektika kepentingan pemerintah daerah dan kepentingan pemerintah pusat dalam sektor kehutanan menjadi topik utama kehutanan saat ini. Pengelolaan sutera alam yang merupakan kepentingan pemerintah daerah telah diasimilasikan kedalam sistem pengelolaan KPH dalam bentuk KPHP Model Awota. Hingga saat ini belum ada kajian ilmiah mengenai potensi pengembangan budidaya sutera alam di ruang lingkup areal KPHP Model Awota. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi pengembangan sutera alam. Potensi yang dimaksud adalah sistem kelembagaan, potensi biofisik, potensi lingkungan, potensi pasar dan nilai finansial.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan budidaya ulat sutera di areal KPHP Model Awota memiliki keunggulan potensi biofisik, potensi lingkungan, potensi pemasaran dan nilai finansial. Namun, kegiatan ini memliki hambatan berupa persoalan kelembagaan utamanya sistem yang mengatur pengelolaan budidaya ulat sutera dari sektor hulu ke sektor hilir

Transformasi dan Dualisme Kelembagaan dalam Pemerintah Adat Minang: Studi terhadap Nagari Pariangan, Sumatera Barat

<p>This paper describes the impact of dualism in institution of Nagari Pariangan caused by contestation of social control between state and local government through the Law no. 5 of 1979 and Regional Policy of Sumatera Barat number 2/2007. As a case of institutional transformation, Nagari Pariangan has faced some notorious shape until it was transformed as nagari. We found that the first transformation was the interest of state, and the second is the interest of local government. The results of the transformation are dualism of institution which has diminished political structure of governance and local values of Nagari society.</p>

‘Clubification’ of urban public spaces? The withdrawal or the re-definition of the role of local government in the management of public spaces

This paper reports on a case study on the forms of urban public spaces governance that are emerging in the UK out of a rearrangement of governance responsibilities between local government, communities and private interests. Based on cases of public spaces in London under a variety of different governance arrangements, the paper critiques the dominant explanations of those processes, and suggests a far more complex picture in which empowerment and disempowerment of stakeholders of various types happen at the same time, along complex lines defined by geography, strength of stake and representation of that stake in a formalized governance transfer contract. As the paper suggests, the resulting ‘localization’ of governance, the devolution of governance responsibilities to those local actors with the stronger stake in them, does not intrinsically reduce the publicness dimension of public space, but it reshapes that notion towards one with a variety of ‘publicnesses’, with their own governance dynamics and positive and negative consequences.

Conversion of forests into oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Insights from actors' power and its dynamics

Oil palm plantations have been touted as one of the main drivers of deforestation in Indonesia. This paper aims to explain how oil palm companies accumulate power that enables them to control forestland and convert it into oil palm. Specifically, this paper identifies empirical evidence pointing to why oil palm companies emerge as powerful actors in land use conflicts. This paper uses the case of forest lands claimed by different actors – i.e. a timber plantation company, an oil palm company, and local communities – in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Before the decentralisation policy, the interests of timber plantations were principally safeguarded by coercion from the forest ministry. The timber company was also supported by local communities by promising financial incentives to them. Following the decentralisation policy, additional actors get involved in the land use conflicts leading to more complex power interplays. In fact, some forestlands licensed for timber plantations are used by the oil palm company. Oil palm interests resonate with the economic interests of local governments, who use their legal mandates on land use allocation to facilitate the establishment of oil palm. The power of the oil palm company is also enhanced by the support from local communities, to which it handed more financial incentives than those of the timber plantation. It also used dominant information of customary claims and land appropriation by the ministry of forestry, with which it persuades local communities to pressurize government institutions to support oil palm operations.

Tax incentives and environmental protection: evidence from China’s taxpayer-level data

Since 2008, China has provided ITC (investment tax credit) and TID (taxable income deduction) for firms who engage in investment or business related to reducing pollution emissions and saving energy. This paper examines both incidence and effects of these tax incentives. We use a unique panel dataset mainly from the NTSD (the National Tax Statistics Dataset of China) over 2007–2011, and utilize the Probit Model and the specification suggested by Greenstone (2002) to identify incidence and effects of the ITC and TID, respectively. We find that: (1) The two tax incentives are generally not popular. SOEs are the main beneficiaries, while regional characteristics have no impact on taxpayers’ attitude to ITC or TID. The mechanism behind may be that the incentives hurt interests of firms and local governments. (2) Their effects on taxpayers’ activities including capital, employment, and production are not remarkable, while growth of coal consumption significantly speeds up. These findings are robust to multiple specifications of using different empirical strategies, samples, and variables. (3) However, the results indicate that the tax incentives do serve the purpose of protecting environment by restraining coal consumption in some specific group of firms who are affiliated to the central government. This finding confirms a simple model established in the paper that emphasizes the importance of the government’ executive power on tax policies and relates to the literature finding that local support can remarkably boost the efficiency of tax incentives for environmental protection. According to the above findings, we conclude that the tax incentives such as ITC or TID can be effective tools to protect China's environment if correctively designed and adequately implemented.

Relationships between green urban citizens’ initiatives and local governments

AbstractIt is often challenging to establish a good relationship between the green initiatives of urban citizens and local governments. Our aim is to gain a better understanding of how citizens and local authorities interact and how they can establish good relationships, relationships that contribute to the realization of the aims and interests of citizen initiatives and local governments. We analysed these relationships for five different initiatives, including the perspectives of initiators and civil servants. We hypothesized that an important challenge is to connect the initiative’s informal world and the formal world of local governments. Relationships can be problematic due to a lack of recognition and appreciation for the initiators on the part of the municipality, diverging ambitions or ideologies between the initiative and municipality or unreliable behaviour of initiatives in the view of civil servants. The results showed that a willingness to work together and developing trust are key conditions...

Building consensus for network power? Some reflections on strategic spatial planning in the North West region of England

This case study of collaborative regional spatial planning in the North West region of England seeks to understand if ‘network power’ provides a sufficient incentive for the politically stronger and institutionally established players (particularly local government) to adopt a more flexible approach to consensus building. An observed failure in this respect, due to the overwhelming strength of the parochial interests of local government under network governance, leads to a suggestion to incentivise greater collaboration and consensus building at the strategic level through what has been termed ‘meta-governed citizen power’.

Urban land marketization in China: Central policy, local initiative, and market mechanism

Market-oriented reforms in transitional economies have often been considered top-down institutional arrangements dominated by the state. This study simultaneously views urban land marketization in China as a bottom-up process, which is consisted of two important elements; namely, a pivotal and active role played by municipal governments as well as a variety of market mechanisms used by municipal governments to maximize their interests. A systematic analysis of prefecture-level land supply data during the period 1999–2010 reveals that urban land supply marketization level in China has reached approximately 35%. The differences of the land marketization levels between well-developed coastal regions and underdeveloped interiors have not emerged until recently. Multivariate analyses using a panel data model show the significant effects of the policies formulated by the central state to promote urban land marketization. Land supply strategies adopted by municipal governments are more motivated by their interests to maximize long-term profits in economic growth and tax base expansion and less motivated by the prevailing notion of immediate land finance. Economic growth and the accompanying industrial upgrading are significantly favorable for urban land marketization, which is expected to improve naturally with regional development. Local governments have learned well to make the best of market mechanisms to achieve their own goals. Thus, effective central policies should fully consider the interests of local governments and the law of the market.

ECONOMIC VALUATION OF WATER BENEFITS IN BANTIMURUNG BULUSARAUNG NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH SULAWESI

The potential of water resources in Bantimurung Bulusaraung NP (Babul NP) can be utilized as a source of ir rigation for rice fields farming , and fulfillment of clean water for people in Maros, and surrounding areas. The importance of resources are sometimes neglected, and appreciation of it is ver y low due to lack of information regarding how economic benefits generated by the resources for local communities and local government interests. The objective of this research is to observe the economic value of environmental water services in Babul NP. Economic valuation for household was done by procurement cost method; for drinking Regional Water Company by using simple financial analysis; for ir rigation water by using a different method in estimated calculated from the difference between productivity of irrigated-land with non-irrigated land; for micro-hydro by applying replacement market price method; for fisheries and car washing business by using contingen valuation method approach; for tourism pur pose calculation by using travel cost method. The results showed that the park has economic benefits value, amounting to 1,7 trillion rupiah per year for surrounding community, and for local government approximately 130 billion rupiah. The value of economic benefits resulting from Babul NP is expected to be considered by all parties to participate in preserving Babul NP.

Making the Best of a Bad Beginning: Young New York Lawyers Confronting the Great Recession

In this article, we utilize both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to examine the impact of the 2007-2009 recession on lawyers that were admitted to the New York State bar in 2008. This research examines the experiences of lawyers from a wide range of practice settings: large law firms; midsize firms; in-house corporate counsel; federal, state and local government and public interest organizations. This variation allowed us to capture differences in experiences. We found that overwhelmingly, the recession created financial and career insecurity for most lawyers in all of the practice settings, albeit in different ways. Particularly, while some large law firm lawyers experienced layoffs and deferrals, government lawyers experienced budget cuts that impacted their practice, and some public interest lawyers could not launch their careers altogether. In addition, the new lawyers in this study challenged the belief that a law degree is flexible and broadly applicable beyond conventional law settings. Further, in addition to feelings of job and income insecurity, lawyers who were admitted to the New York State bar during the financial crisis reported experiencing variable health consequences, including concerns about weight gain, depression and alcohol dependence. In addition, young lawyers working in law firms reported that their health was poorer than lawyers working in other settings, while young lawyers who indicated that they had chosen alternative professional career paths reported comparatively better health.

WITHDRAWN: Assessment of multi-level legal mechanisms for the protection of ecosystem services in China

Abstract The Chinese environmental law recognizes the value of ecosystem services and provides a multi-level system of legal mechanisms. Differentiation of land use, the accountability of local government and their political leaders for the environment, including the ecosystem services capacity, the payment for ecosystem services through transfer payments or market mechanism, the tort liability for the disruption of ecosystem, and criminal liability for disruption of the ecosystem are the main legal mechanisms for the protection of ecosystem services in China. These mechanisms can be grouped into more centralized or decentralized mechanisms. The criminal and civil liabilities for disrupting ecosystems are decentralized mechanisms while others are more centralized. The recent development of public interest litigation helps to remedy ecological disruptions. The enforcement of criminal liability primarily relies on the police and public prosecutors. The more centralized mechanisms primarily rely on the command and control of the higher government over lower government but the incentives of lower government is also essential. Considering environmental protection is just one of the responsibilities of local governments, it is essential to incentivize political leaders of local governments to put more weight on environmental protection and the conservation and improvement of ecosystems. The central government categorizes four type of function zones (optimized development zone, intensive development zone, restricted development, and prohibited development zone) and set differentiated economic and environmental requirement on each category of land. The purpose is to differentiate the incentives of local governments. The local governments are responsible to meet the environmental protection goals. The central government incentivize the local governments through a top-down hierarchical performance evaluation system of local political leaders whose promotion largely depends on the governmental official performance evaluation system. The economic compensation for the conservation of ecosystem services is accomplished through transfer payments or market mechanisms. The local government of regions that benefit from the ecosystems of other regions may need to make payment to the government of the latter either directly or via the higher government. The success of the more centralized mechanisms depends on the authority of the central government over local governments, the authority of the higher local governments over lower local governments. The interests of local residents and local governments may be ignored. The high transaction costs may make these mechanisms inefficient.

Samorząd terytorialny i jego udział w organizacji imprez biegowych

The aim of the article is to evaluate the interest of local government in the organization (or co-participation in the organization) of running events taking place within their boundaries, as well as, the degree of running events being used to promote the region and its natural values. To assess the involvement of local governments in the organisation process, running events held in Poland in the second half of 2016 were analysed. Based on the available regulations, 964 running events were classified by the organizer of the run and the purpose of the event. The obtained data shows that local councils are involved in the organization of every third event; and boroughs in 14%. Among the local governments, Podkarpackie district is pre-eminent and Malopolskie displays the lowest level of involvement. Regarding objectives, every third running event is designed to promote municipality, every fourth - region, and every fifth - natural values. These objectives are mostly present in events taking place in Pomorskie and Warminsko – Mazurskie district. The weakest emphasis on the promotion of municipality during the running events puts Lubuskie, region – Opolskie and natural assets – Kujawsko-Pomorkie district. Translated by Elzbieta Nazari

Local Government Interest in and Justifications for Collecting Payments-in-Lieu of (Property) Taxes from Charities

AbstractWe use data from a survey of Indiana local government officials (LGOs) to explore their attitudes towards PILOTs for major types of charities. We consider whether these attitudes are related to local economic conditions, political factors, LGOs’ attitudes towards the relationship between local government and nonprofits, and the extent to which LGOs are personally involved with nonprofits as leaders, members or volunteers. We also explore whether these attitudes vary by type of charity involved (hospitals, schools/universities, churches) and present preliminary data on LGO agreement with various justifications for PILOT policies.

Ubezpieczenie odpowiedzialności cywilnej samorządu gminnego w Polsce

Effective protection of insurance interest of local government in the field of civil liability requires consideration of the two areas of functioning: dominium and imperium. The main attribute of local government is exercising of public authority. Insurance of this area of activity requires the inclusion of pure economic loss into contract. A study conducted on 45 municipalities showed that the main areas of activity are covered by general liability insurance in most of the municipalities. In 2/3 of the examined municipalities pure economic loss resulting from official authority is covered by insurance. The insurance in most cases is based on act committed trigger, which is the best solution both from the point of view of the insured as well as the potential victim.