Interdisciplinary Space Research Articles

Взаимоотношения врач-пациент в дерматологии: специфика этических проблем

The article deals with ethical aspects of physician-patient relationship in dermatology, and demonstrates their influence on success of diagnostic and treatment activities and level of satisfaction with quality of medical services. Special attention is paid to the specific nature of bioethical issues in dermatology, associated with visuality and peculiarities of the course of disease, emotional and physiological background and coexisting disorders. Special priority is given to effective strategies of physician-patient communication, respect for patient autonomy and protection of confidentiality both in clinical practice, and on the Internet. It is shown that linking personal and strategic social media accounts raises a number of ethical and legal issues, associated with obtaining voluntary informed consent, compliance with standards of corporate ethics, and perception of medical information by non-professional audience. In conclusion, compliance with principles and rules of biomedical ethics is important to set constructive relations in clinical dermatological practice, ensure social trust in medicine and prepare future specialists. It is also important to discuss ethical issues in a professional community, slowly forming an interdisciplinary space of communication between physicians, health officials, specialists in bioethics, medical law, psychology and sociology of medicine.

Discussing The Legitimacy of Digital Market Surveillance

Legal compliance is increasingly becoming digital, and that is a fact. In shaping its digital future, in the past years, the European Union has been proposing one legal reform after another, such as the Digital Services Act package or the AI Act. A common thread in these developments is the policy reflection on not only how to update or make new rules for digital markets but also how to enforce them effectively. This has already been reflected in earlier instruments such as the Consumer Protection Cooperation Regulation or the Digital Market Surveillance Regulation. Although necessary for checking legal compliance, resulting digital enforcement practices need fast innovations from an interdisciplinary scientific space, (e.g., law/computer science/behavioral sciences) which is in its infancy. The pursuit of developing “tools” that can monitor market actors or detect harmful behaviors requires, at a minimum, clear legal interpretations, the translation of these interpretations into computer science tasks, and the ranking of harms affecting consumer behavior. This gap and the surrounding pace at which demands for filling it increases, create some interesting questions relating to the ethical and legitimacy limits of digital market surveillance. In this position paper, we firstly explore definitional frameworks for surveillance on digital markets and digital enforcement and subsequently propose a practical taxonomy for the types of digital compliance activities which may be undertaken by designated authorities in the European Union as a result of recent enforcement regulation, particularly in relation to consumer protection and competition authorities. In this section, we look at the new CPC Regulation and address some of the issues relating to its application to the digital economy. In the third section, we critically reflect upon the dangers of privatizing legal enforcement and briefly address some potential solutions. The fourth section concludes.

Here be Dragons: Legal geography and EU law

AbstractThis paper sets out a research agenda for EU legal geography. It identifies some central traits to the project of legal geography, a relatively new and increasingly populated interdisciplinary space that links legal studies with geography. While the EU and the project of integration appear to offer particularly rich soil for the legal geographer, very little attention has been paid to the ways in which the nature, structure and lived experience of the EU can be explained from a spatial and temporal perspective. For many reasons, as will be elaborated, this is a shame. Most crucially, perhaps, there is a growing realisation in EU studies in general that the authority and legitimacy of the EU depends, more and more, on how it is experienced by its citizens. Legal geography, with its spatial awareness and focus on the way in which space, time and law are co-constituted, offers a lens, language and conceptual framework to fill this void. While EU lawyers have occasionally and haphazardly ventured into the terrain of legal geography, much work is to be done. This could take the form of methodological, empirical, or conceptual work, and would offer a new dimension to existing accounts of European integration and to the central concepts in doctrinal and constitutional work in EU legal studies.

At home with the artist: exploring the Louise Bourgeois Archive

This special issue on French-American artist Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010) brings together essays by curators and scholars who have spent time in her Archive, located next to the artist’s home in New York. This article presents the special issue and how it regroups contributions by authors who share the same object of study but who are rarely brought into dialogue with each other. They range from museum and gallery professionals to academics in art history and literary studies, who have written their contributions in French or in English. An interdisciplinary and bilingual space for established and new critical voices on Louise Bourgeois, this special issue is a scholarly état présent of the research undertaken at the Louise Bourgeois Archive. It brings to light interactions between word and image, literature and visual art in her work, and the importance of writing and words for Louise Bourgeois. This article also reflects on some of the risks faced by researchers in the Archive. It defines some of the tactics that such archival research requires, notably how distance, in order to assert an objective reading, can complement rather than cancel the seductive and feverish intimacy of archives and the interpretative gains they contain.

UKRAINIAN-POLISH PARTNERSHIP IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION: ACADEMIC DISCOURSE

The Ukrainian-Polish partnership is characterized as a priority of internationalization in the field of modern education and science, as a factor in the progress of pedagogical science based on the constructive interaction of Ukrainian and Polish educational institutions and scientific institutions. It has been proven that the Ukrainian-Polish partnership enables the formation and development of the values of scientific activity in the educational and scientific space, academic culture, and the establishment of priority academic traditions in the European discourse. The experience of pedagogical and educational partnership of two European countries in the system of interaction “pedagogical college – university – scientific institution” is presented through the prism of long-term creative, scientific, educational, research cooperation. The results of the Ukrainian-Polish partnership within the scope of educational institutions of different regions of Ukraine and scientific institutions under the auspices of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine are summarized. The most important achievements in the progress of the Ukrainian-Polish partnership, the results of professional communication of scientists and teachers are characterized, which is confirmed by the holding of Ukrainian-Polish / Polish-Ukrainian forums in cooperation with Polish research and educational institutions. At the current stage of development and intensive self-development of pedagogical science, which is based on the processes of integration and differentiation, the emergence of new branches of pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical subdisciplines (comparative pedagogy, labor pedagogy, adult pedagogy, social pedagogy, media pedagogy, etc.) is being intensified. At the same time, pedagogy remains integral, since pedagogical subdisciplines develop in the context of a single object of study, united by basic general pedagogical concepts. It is promising to study the factors and mechanisms of selfdevelopment of pedagogy as a science based on an interdisciplinary approach, the problem of professional training and teacher activity in an interdisciplinary space. Solving these problems requires joint creative efforts and fruitful scientific research of Ukrainian and Polish scientists.

Развитие интеллектуальных методов анализа ситуаций для обеспечения работы ситуационных центров Арктической зоны Российской Федерации

The article presents a brief overview of the research results on the development of intelligent methods and technologies for operation analytical support of the situational centers in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The main idea of the project was the application of a generalized interdisciplinary conceptual space (CS), within which complex modeling objects can be characterized from the point of view of various subject areas. Detailed results on the development of a complex CP, as well as its application for classifying situations at control objects and assessing the situational awareness of decision makers when managing objects of a hierarchical or network structure are represented in a number of publications, some of which are indicated in the list of references.

Personality psychology and anthropological discourse: In search of new approaches

Modern anthropology is a cycle of disciplines that study a person in culture and are devoted to various aspects of human existence. At the same time, in international discourse, anthropolo- gy is most often understood today as sociocultural anthropologies. However, due to historical and political reasons, neither social, nor cultural, nor psychological anthropology appeared in Russia in the 20th century as institutionalized research directions, and the study of variations in personality development in a variety of cultures took place not so much in psychology as it was scattered in the interdisciplinary space of socio-humanitarian sciences. Today, this situation has not only repeatedly reflected disadvantages, but also less obvious advantages. Spontaneous transdisciplinarity is becoming an important resource in the social sciences, in- cluding psychology. Interacting research fields produce mixed methods and methodologies; cognitive focuses are shifting from traditional subjects of study to mobile research projects; from subject-oriented to problem-oriented research. Personality psychology, sociology of changes, anthropology of our time are included in the intellectual movement, comprehending the issues of how to study a person in a transitive society; how to investigate a personality in change; how to comprehend individuality in the transformations of everyday life, identity in the transformations of the global world. At the same time, responding to current challenges by searching for new approaches and methodologies, psychology, sociology and anthropology are collectively participating in the transformation of the model of cognition. It is suggested that in the current cognitive situation, anthropological discourse can serve as a source of re- newal and critical rethinking of psychological concepts, a space of possibilities in the develop- ment of personality psychology. Materials are presented that confirms this assumption.

O ATELIÊ COMO ESPAÇO INTERDISCIPLINAR NO AMBIENTE ACADÊMICO

The artistic studio is a place that encourages the expansion of ideas and the development of languages, promotes the realization of creative and innovative production that we call Art. It is an essentially interdisciplinary space that unites theory and practice, thought and gesture. This article presents reflections on the experience lived in two different studios, especially dedicated to the creation of works made with glass material, the Mackenzie Presbyterian University and the Faculty of Fine Arts, Porto University, both coordinated by professors-artists, Regina Lara in Brazil and Teresa Almeida in Portugal. As a part of the university, the studio receives students for art and design courses, undergraduate and graduate courses, as well as research projects. The practical class taught in the studio is based on the principle that the experience assisted by a specific reflection generates a conscious creative process, essential for the formation of artists and designers. In these workshops, students are led to understand the physical and aesthetic properties of glass, in plasticity’s and expressive dialogues with other materials through experimentation with means of transforming matter. Relevant aspects of the creative process, routines, inspirations, experiences selected from among the proposed exercises and the studio environment are analyzed, especially those installed in universities that facilitate the emergence of interdisciplinary research, positively expanding its field of action.

А. Н. Веселовский и научная полемика о генезисе героической эпопеи

Introduction. The article analyzes attitudes of the outstanding Russian scholar Alexander N. Veselovsky (1838–1906) towards the scientific controversy to have arisen in the early 19th century around the theory of origin of heroic epic. Goals. The breadth of academic expertise and sophisticated methodologies made A. N. Veselovsky a recognized leading scientist of his era both in Russia and worldwide. Distinguished by spacious mind and fluency in multiple languages, he would fearlessly tackle textual experiments, skillfully use tools of different scientific schools, spontaneously work in interdisciplinary space to surprise colleagues with bright though not always appreciated hypotheses. So, the article aims at revealing foundations of A. N. Veselovsky’s theory of origin of heroic epic, clarifying whether it was further accepted by scientific community, specifying which scientists came to similar conclusions, and adjusting the perception of A. N. Veselovsky’s theory. Materials and methods. The study provides an insight into scientific heritage of the scholar with the aid of textual, retrospective methods, and that of historical comments. Results. The article concludes as to the significance of that scientific discussion in an attempt to identify common patterns and its place in A. N. Veselovsky’s historical poetics in general.

Strengthening of the institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the conditions of modern society as a scientific and practical problem

Modern scientific research of the problems of constitutional jurisdiction in Ukraine is conditioned not only by their established theoretical and practical significance for legal doctrine and law enforcement. In the context of modern global challenges and threats that inevitably affect the domestic legal order of Ukraine, taking into consideration the national problems in the field of human rights and freedoms, interaction between state and society, lawmaking, law enforcement and administration of justice, etc., the need to strengthen the institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court is an important scientific and practical task. It is aimed at strengthening the stability of the institution of constitutional jurisdiction in difficult sociopolitical situations, restoring public confidence in the Constitutional Court and the state in general, improving the legal protection of the Constitution of Ukraine and ensuring its supremacy, reviving respect for the Basic Law and the rule of law, accommodating the functioning of the Constitutional Court to the best international standards of constitutional jurisdiction. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the study of the problem of strengthening the institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine as a complex scientific and applied issue, which provides for its solution in the interdisciplinary scientific space. General scientific research methods, sociological method, structural-functional, as well as interdisciplinary approaches, are used. The institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is considered as an institutional property of a body of constitutional jurisdiction, which reflects its organisational and functional ability to ensure the implementation of its tasks, functions, and powers under certain conditions and resources. Indicators of the institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court are efficiency, stability, and adaptability to changes. Strengthening the institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court should take place through legal support for strengthening its independence from political influence, improving mechanisms for selecting candidates for judges, modernising constitutional proceedings, developing a mechanism for the Court's interaction with the public, and so on. The main directions of the study of the institutional capacity of the Constitutional Court are determined

Post-Khmer Rouge Documentary and the New Paradigm in Genocide Studies

The Journal of Perpetrator Research (JPR) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal committed to promoting the scholarly study of perpetrators and perpetration of political and mass violence, terrorism, and genocide.JPR does not confine its attention to any particular geographical region or historical period - instead, it fosters scholarly discussions about perpetrators and perpetration across the broader continuum of political and mass violence. The journal's mission is to provide a forum for scholarship taking place within a broad range of fields including history, criminology, law, forensics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, political science, memory studies, cultural studies, literary studies, film and media studies, museum studies, and education. In providing an interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary space, the journal moves academic research on perpetrators and perpetration beyond, and between, disciplinary boundaries. JPR not only addresses issues related to perpetrators and perpetration in the past but also responds to present challenges. Fundamental questions informing the journal include, for example, questions of terminology, motivation, ideology, agency, processes and dynamics, as well as questions of prevention: Who or what is a perpetrator? How is such a label applied and by whom? How do such labels evolve? What drives people to commit acts of mass violence and genocide and how do these acts unfold? What measures can be taken to identify potential perpetrators before they act, and what can be done to prevent mass violence from occurring? What can be done to rehabilitate perpetrators after the fact? Another set of questions informing JPR pertains to the status and significance of the perpetrator as a discursive formation in legal, political, historical, philosophical, and cultural settings. How do societies come to terms with acts of perpetration and with the perpetrators themselves? What role does the figure of the perpetrator play in the popular imagination? How do representations of perpetrators change over time and across geographical and cultural boundaries as well as across different media, genres, and traditions? Finally, JPR is also interested in exploring questions of theory and method. What are the ethical and moral implications of studying perpetrators? How do ethical considerations influence the methodological and theoretical criteria of the inquiry? How does one address the inherent ambiguity, limitations, and contentiousness of labels such as “perpetrator,” and the strategic and political implications of their application?

Complicity and Indifference in Eastern Europe under Nazi Rule

The Journal of Perpetrator Research (JPR) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal committed to promoting the scholarly study of perpetrators and perpetration of political and mass violence, terrorism, and genocide.JPR does not confine its attention to any particular geographical region or historical period - instead, it fosters scholarly discussions about perpetrators and perpetration across the broader continuum of political and mass violence. The journal's mission is to provide a forum for scholarship taking place within a broad range of fields including history, criminology, law, forensics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, political science, memory studies, cultural studies, literary studies, film and media studies, museum studies, and education. In providing an interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary space, the journal moves academic research on perpetrators and perpetration beyond, and between, disciplinary boundaries. JPR not only addresses issues related to perpetrators and perpetration in the past but also responds to present challenges. Fundamental questions informing the journal include, for example, questions of terminology, motivation, ideology, agency, processes and dynamics, as well as questions of prevention: Who or what is a perpetrator? How is such a label applied and by whom? How do such labels evolve? What drives people to commit acts of mass violence and genocide and how do these acts unfold? What measures can be taken to identify potential perpetrators before they act, and what can be done to prevent mass violence from occurring? What can be done to rehabilitate perpetrators after the fact? Another set of questions informing JPR pertains to the status and significance of the perpetrator as a discursive formation in legal, political, historical, philosophical, and cultural settings. How do societies come to terms with acts of perpetration and with the perpetrators themselves? What role does the figure of the perpetrator play in the popular imagination? How do representations of perpetrators change over time and across geographical and cultural boundaries as well as across different media, genres, and traditions? Finally, JPR is also interested in exploring questions of theory and method. What are the ethical and moral implications of studying perpetrators? How do ethical considerations influence the methodological and theoretical criteria of the inquiry? How does one address the inherent ambiguity, limitations, and contentiousness of labels such as “perpetrator,” and the strategic and political implications of their application?

On Strongmen. An Interview with Ruth Ben-Ghiat

The Journal of Perpetrator Research (JPR) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal committed to promoting the scholarly study of perpetrators and perpetration of political and mass violence, terrorism, and genocide.JPR does not confine its attention to any particular geographical region or historical period - instead, it fosters scholarly discussions about perpetrators and perpetration across the broader continuum of political and mass violence. The journal's mission is to provide a forum for scholarship taking place within a broad range of fields including history, criminology, law, forensics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, political science, memory studies, cultural studies, literary studies, film and media studies, museum studies, and education. In providing an interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary space, the journal moves academic research on perpetrators and perpetration beyond, and between, disciplinary boundaries. JPR not only addresses issues related to perpetrators and perpetration in the past but also responds to present challenges. Fundamental questions informing the journal include, for example, questions of terminology, motivation, ideology, agency, processes and dynamics, as well as questions of prevention: Who or what is a perpetrator? How is such a label applied and by whom? How do such labels evolve? What drives people to commit acts of mass violence and genocide and how do these acts unfold? What measures can be taken to identify potential perpetrators before they act, and what can be done to prevent mass violence from occurring? What can be done to rehabilitate perpetrators after the fact? Another set of questions informing JPR pertains to the status and significance of the perpetrator as a discursive formation in legal, political, historical, philosophical, and cultural settings. How do societies come to terms with acts of perpetration and with the perpetrators themselves? What role does the figure of the perpetrator play in the popular imagination? How do representations of perpetrators change over time and across geographical and cultural boundaries as well as across different media, genres, and traditions? Finally, JPR is also interested in exploring questions of theory and method. What are the ethical and moral implications of studying perpetrators? How do ethical considerations influence the methodological and theoretical criteria of the inquiry? How does one address the inherent ambiguity, limitations, and contentiousness of labels such as “perpetrator,” and the strategic and political implications of their application?

The Narcissistic Nazi

The Journal of Perpetrator Research (JPR) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal committed to promoting the scholarly study of perpetrators and perpetration of political and mass violence, terrorism, and genocide.JPR does not confine its attention to any particular geographical region or historical period - instead, it fosters scholarly discussions about perpetrators and perpetration across the broader continuum of political and mass violence. The journal's mission is to provide a forum for scholarship taking place within a broad range of fields including history, criminology, law, forensics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, political science, memory studies, cultural studies, literary studies, film and media studies, museum studies, and education. In providing an interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary space, the journal moves academic research on perpetrators and perpetration beyond, and between, disciplinary boundaries. JPR not only addresses issues related to perpetrators and perpetration in the past but also responds to present challenges. Fundamental questions informing the journal include, for example, questions of terminology, motivation, ideology, agency, processes and dynamics, as well as questions of prevention: Who or what is a perpetrator? How is such a label applied and by whom? How do such labels evolve? What drives people to commit acts of mass violence and genocide and how do these acts unfold? What measures can be taken to identify potential perpetrators before they act, and what can be done to prevent mass violence from occurring? What can be done to rehabilitate perpetrators after the fact? Another set of questions informing JPR pertains to the status and significance of the perpetrator as a discursive formation in legal, political, historical, philosophical, and cultural settings. How do societies come to terms with acts of perpetration and with the perpetrators themselves? What role does the figure of the perpetrator play in the popular imagination? How do representations of perpetrators change over time and across geographical and cultural boundaries as well as across different media, genres, and traditions? Finally, JPR is also interested in exploring questions of theory and method. What are the ethical and moral implications of studying perpetrators? How do ethical considerations influence the methodological and theoretical criteria of the inquiry? How does one address the inherent ambiguity, limitations, and contentiousness of labels such as “perpetrator,” and the strategic and political implications of their application?

Proceedings of the 2019 Viral Clearance Symposium, Session 4: Viral Clearance Strategy and Process Understanding.

This article describes a summary of discussions and outcomes from the 2019 Viral Clearance Symposium Session 4 on the utilization of knowledge, both from within and external to a given organization (e.g., across the interdisciplinary space), that supports viral clearance strategy and process understanding, including engagement with Health Authorities in the development and implementation. Several significant areas were identified for prioritization in an ICHQ5A update including application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and replacement of in vivo tests, resin reuse, and use of a parvovirus as a single model virus for virus filtration. Specific opportunities were identified based on case studies for application of prior knowledge to support risk assessments, to guide viral clearance study designs, and to support viral clearance claims based on a limited number of confirmatory runs. One discussion focused specifically on how to apply best practices and prior knowledge to an assessment of the potential impact of resin reuse on viral clearance. Prior experience showed a trend toward larger log reduction values (LRVs) with reused protein A resin. For other resins, differences in LRV (>1.0) between new and reused resins were mainly found when validation was performed in independent studies, not side by side. Another example of applying prior knowledge was an assessment of potential variability and worst-case retrovirus-like particle (RVLP) levels in unprocessed bulk presented by Paul-Ehrlich-Institut. The opportunity to utilize noninfectious surrogates for viruses (such as RVLPs or parvovirus-like particles) in screening experiments to determine the impact of process parameters on viral clearance, and the associated current limitations owing to analytics, was also reviewed.

Культурологические проекции христианского религиозно-мистического опыта

The paper aims to analyze the heuristic potential of the Christian religious and mystical experience comprehension through the subject of culturology. The authors focus on the culturological approach to this experience which is conceptualized as a cultural tradition. Particular attention is paid to the Christian mysticism as spiritual and at the same time cultural heritage. The scientific originality of the research consists in the complex analysis of the place of culturological knowledge and cognition in the interdisciplinary space of the Christian religious and mystical experience comprehension. Particular importance is given to the interdisciplinary interaction between culturology and philosophy of culture in relation to defining the role of mystical experience in Christian culture. As a result, it has been proved that culturological projections of the Christian religious and mystical experience as a subject of culturology form a multifaceted system presented not only by the variety of artifacts, but also by the unique manifestation of transcendent basis of human culture.

Is deliberative democracy possible during a pandemic? Reflections of a bioethicist.

In 1985, Governor Mario Cuomo established the New York State Task Force on Life and the Law to provide guidance on issues at the interface of medicine, ethics and the law. During its tenure, the Task Force has been the leading state-based commission in this space producing landmark reports on end-of-life care, physician-assisted suicide, genetic testing, newborn care, brain death, surrogate decision making, assisted reproduction, and ventilator allocation in pandemic flu. These documents have informed state policy, both regulatory and statutory, and had an outsized influence on policy deliberation nationwide. Despite this notable provenance, the Task Force was missing in action during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although individual members were sought for consultation, the Task Force as a whole did not meet during the entirety of the pandemic. This article will explore the consequences of this omission and argue that as a deliberative body, the Task Force should have been an essential component of statewide debate on questions of crisis standards of care, health equity, and vaccine allocation. The COVID-19 experience exposed weaknesses in New York's process of deliberative democracy in response to the pandemic. A state with a distinguished history in this interdisciplinary space was left behind with the views of important constituencies left unheard and communities unserved. Better apprehending how this abdication of responsibility occurred. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement This has public policy significiance as it can help prevent its recurrence in the future and lead to more trustworthy, inclusive and effective public health and health law governance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Building Teacher Community During a Summer of Crisis: STEAM Professional Development in 2020

The GoSTEAM program promotes authentic integration of the arts into PreK-12 computer science, engineering, and invention instruction. STEM and arts teachers come together to form STEAM Innovation Teams in collaboration with university-based coaches and creative Innovators-in-Residence. Starting with a STEAM professional development summer institute and continuing throughout the year, the teams come together to design and implement novel STEAM lessons and initiatives in their schools that integrate learning goals from both the STEM and the art disciplines. This type of transdisciplinary collaboration between colleagues from vastly different fields is new to most teachers and presents unique challenges. A primary goal of the GoSTEAM professional development is therefore to create safe, interdisciplinary spaces where meaningful, cross-disciplinary collaborations can occur. In 2019, this was accomplished through an intensive, 120-hour face-to-face summer professional institute that incorporated many community building activities and collaborative planning sessions. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the summer institute changed to an online format and faced the challenge of providing teachers with a personally meaningful STEAM experience during a summer of crisis. Results show that the 2020 institute successfully supported the teachers, energized them, and provided them with tools to augment their virtual instruction. This paper describes the program adaptations due to COVID-19.

Assyrian merchants meet nuclear physicists: history of the early contributions from social sciences to computer science. The case of automatic pattern detection in graphs (1950s–1970s)

ABSTRACT Community detection is a major issue in network analysis. This paper combines a socio-historical approach with an experimental reconstruction of programs to investigate the early automation of clique detection algorithms, which remains one of the unsolved NP-complete problems today. The research led by the archaeologist Jean-Claude Gardin from the 1950s on non-numerical information and graph analysis is retraced to demonstrate the early contributions of social sciences and humanities. The limited recognition and reception of Gardin's innovative computer application to the humanities are addressed through two factors, in addition to the effects of historiography and bibliographies on the recording, discoverability, and reuse of scientific productions: (1) funding policies, evidenced by the transfer of research effort on graph applications from temporary interdisciplinary spaces to disciplinary organizations related to the then-emerging field of computer science; and (2) the erratic careers of algorithms, in which efficiency, flaws, corrections, and authors' status, were determining factors.

Expert Text Analysis in the Inclusion of History and Philosophy of Science in Higher Education

The history and philosophy of science (HPS) plays a special role in education. An elective HPS course on the philosophy of scientific experimentation for young scientists and graduate students of natural science is presented. The course bears a pragmatic character, and its main aims include the development of critical thinking (CT), familiarization with philosophical problems in the relevant areas of knowledge, and the cultivation of a taste for reflective, critical analysis, both individual and group based, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the features of scientific practice in the context of modern complex group cooperation. Students are offered a classical HPS program that included debates on the relationship between empiricism and rationalism, the role of Kant’s transcendental philosophy, modern topics associated with the practical success of rationalism in the emergence of modern natural science, and the theory-ladenness of experimentation. Particular attention during the course is paid to the problems of megascience, the inclusion of which is justified by the specifics of the students’ engagement with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Emphasis is placed on the structure and typology of the collective subject in the modern educational process as well as in experimental practice. Lessons on the methodology of expert text analysis (META), which are aimed at the development of critical thinking skills and the creation of an interdisciplinary discussion space, are included in the course and relied on the example of the history and philosophy of high-energy physics to motivate professional reflection. META classes included in the course prepare graduate students for teamwork in big science, proto-megascience, and megascience. The course offers practical recommendations that could be applied to students’ own research and could be useful for practitioners.