Intercropping Research Articles

Response of leaf morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system

Response of leaf morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system

Effect of different spacing of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) intercropped with or without Lablab (Lablab purpureus) on biomass yield and nutritional value of Napier grass

This study was conducted with an objective of determining effect of three spacing of Napier grass intercropped with or without Lablab (Lablab purpureus) on the biomass yield and nutritive value of Napier grass forage in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in RCBD with 4 blocks. Spacing was 1m x 0.5m, 0.75m x 0.5m, and 0.5m x 0.5m. Intercropping decreased the electro conductivity but increased the available phosphorous content of the soil and did not affect the pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen of the soil. Spacing, intercropping and their interaction had no significant effect (P>0.05) on dry matter (DM) yield (DMY) and crude protein (CP) yield (CPY) of the Napier grass. Intercropping and interaction of intercropping with spacing resulted to higher total DMY and CPY (P<0.05). The chemical composition of Napier grass was unaffected by spacing and interaction of intercropping with spacing. Intercropping of Napier grass with lablab however, increased the DM contents (P<0.05) of the Napier grass and decreased the ash contents. In conclusion, intercropping with lablab had a positive influence on the TDMY, TCPY, DM, hence increase the total forage yield and nutritive value of Napier grass. Conversely, spacing failed to have significant impact on these parameters. As such 1 m x 0.5m spacing and intercropping with lablab can be of a better choice based on the results of this study.

Effect of maize/legume intercropping on crop productiviy and soil compaction

Bu arastirma Turkiye’nin batisinda misir/baklagil birlikte ekiminin urun verimliligi ve toprak sikisikligi uzerine etkisini belirlemek amaciyla yurutulmustur. Deneme 7 uygulamadan olusmustur: saf misir (Zea mays L.), borulce (Vigna sinensis L.) ve soya (Glycine max L.) ekimi, ve 2 farkli ekim duzeni (1 ve 2 sirali) ve 4 misir-baklagil birlikte ekim serisi. Birlikte ekim misirda bitki boyu, 1000 tane agirligi, ilk kocan yuksekligi ve tane verimini onemli bir sekilde etkilemistir. Sonuclar saf misir ve misir+soya cift sira ekim sisteminin sirasiyla 11680.2 kg ha-1 ve 8990.5 kg ha-1 tane verimi verdigini ortaya koymustur. Alan esdeger oraninin 1’den buyuk olmasi, bu uretim sisteminin alan kullanimi acisindan karli oldugunu gostermistir. En yuksek alan esdeger orani (1.743), cift sirali misir ve soya birlikte ekiminden elde edilmistir. Baklagiller ile birlikte ekim ardisik siralara ekimde makine yogunlugundan dolayi toprak sikisikligini onemli bir sekilde artirmistir. Iki yillik veriler birlikte ekim sisteminde daha iyi alan esdeger orani, gunes enerjisinden daha iyi yararlanma, bitki gelisimi ve verimi acisindan 1M:2C (1.69) ve 1M:2S (1.74) ekim sisteminin onerilebilecegini gostermistir.

Impacts of water deficit in ecophysiological and spectral responses of coffee intercropped with woody species

O objetivo foi avaliar respostas espectrais e ecofisiologicas de cafeeiros consorciados com madeireiras ao deficit hidrico. A cultivar Catuai Vermelho 99 foi plantada em monocultivo e consorciada com as arboreas mogno-africano, teca e acrocarpo distribuidas em dois espacamentos (9 x 13,6 e 18 x 13,6 m) na linha dos cafeeiros. As avaliacoes de crescimento das arboreas e do cafeeiro foram realizadas aos 25 meses apos o plantio. As avaliacoes espectrais e ecofisiologicas nos cafeeiros foram realizadas em quatro epocas (junho, agosto, setembro e dezembro de 2014). O acrocarpo apresentou maior altura, diâmetro de copa e de caule. Nao houve diferencas entre o crescimento dos cafeeiros consorciados e monocultivo. As diferencas de potencial hidrico, indices espectrais e ecofisiologicas foram mais evidentes nas fases de inicio (agosto) e de recuperacao (dezembro) de deficit hidrico. Em agosto, o cafeeiro em monocultivo apresentou maior potencial hidrico que os cafeeiros consorciados e foi discriminado por apresentar escores positivos e maiores valores dos indices espectrais NDVI, WBI, ARI1, CRI1, SIPI e FRI. Ja em dezembro, maiores valores de potencial hidrico foram encontrados no monocultivo, plantio consorciado com teca em ambos os espacamentos e acrocarpo no maior espacamento. Contudo, nessa epoca, destacou-se o cafeeiro consorciado com teca no maior espacamento, que apresentou escores positivos e valores mais elevados de eficiencia do uso da agua, eficiencia fotoquimica potencial do PSII e indices ARI1, CRI1 e FRI. O consorcio com teca no maior espacamento apresenta impacto positivo sobre as respostas espectrais e ecofisiologicas do cafeeiro apos o deficit hidrico.

Effect of maize-soybean relay strip intercropping on protein characteristics of soybean

Effect of maize-soybean relay strip intercropping on protein characteristics of soybean

Effects of potato-fababean intercropping on crop productivity and soil water under a plastic mulch and ridge-furrow planting system in a semiarid area

Effects of potato-fababean intercropping on crop productivity and soil water under a plastic mulch and ridge-furrow planting system in a semiarid area

Soil physical quality on conilon coffee intercropping and monoculture

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of conilon coffee the unshaded and shaded with tree species on soil physical quality. Six treatments were studied: T1- coffee monoculture; T2, T3, T4 and T5- intercropping coffee with peach palm, gliricidia, banana and inga, respectively; T6- native vegetation in natural regeneration. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-0.10 m for determination of soil attributes. Similar values of soil bulk density, total porosity, organic matter and carbon stocks occurred in the coffee monoculture and intercropping managements. T2 and T3 showed a greater plant-available water capacity, with 142 and 135 L m-3, which resulted in higher soil moisture. Lower aeration porosity occurred in T2 and T3. The treatments presented non-limiting S index (S>0.035), with the exception of T4. The treatments presented critical bulk density of 1.32 Mg m-3. The increase in soil organic matter resulted in an increase of the S index. The managements of the conilon coffee plantation with peach palm and gliricidia presented improvements in soil physical quality. The choice of species used in intercropping with conilon coffee must be adjusted to the characteristics of the region and the farmer.

Variation of combination yield of maize and soybean under the maize-soybean inter-cropping system in Sichuan Province

Variation of combination yield of maize and soybean under the maize-soybean inter-cropping system in Sichuan Province

Productívíty of cassava and other crops in an intercropping system

Intercropping is a common practice among farmers in tropical regions of the world and has persisted for years, not only for traditional reasons, but also for certain advantages that helped in its ecological adaptation. In regard to low income farmers with small areas for cultivation, more attention should be given to the cost of production and better land management. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the best intercropping system of cassava with other crops. The experiment was conducted in an area belonging to the cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) producers of the Planalto de Minas district in Diamantina, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The treatments comprised cassava intercropped with maize, beans and dwarf pigeon pea, as well as controls with and without weeding. The dry mass of shoots for maize, beans and dwarf-pigeon pea was affected by the presence of cassava. The productivity of cassava was dependent on cultivar and the intercropped crop. The highest harvest indexes were observed when cassava was intercropped with maize. In a general way, intercropping with maize and beans showed the highest area equivalence indexes and are recommended for the cassava crop. Intercalar cultivos es una practica comun entre los agricultores de las regiones tropicales del mundo, que ha persistido a lo largo de los anos, no solo por tradicion, sino tambien por la busqueda de las ventajas que han ayudado en su adaptacion ecologica. Cuando se considera a agricultores con pequenas propiedades de cultivo y bajos ingresos economicos, se debe poner mas atencion en los costos de produccion y en el mejor aprovechamiento de la tierra. Asi pues, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el mejor sistema de intercalar la yuca con otros cultivos. El experimento se realizo en un area perteneciente a los productores de yuca ( Manihot esculenta) del distrito de Planalto de Minas en Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los tratamientos consistieron en intercalar la yuca con maiz, frijoles y guisantes enano paloma, asi como los controles con y sin deshierbe. La produccion de materia seca de rebrote de maiz, frijoles y guisantes enano paloma se vio afectada por la presencia de yuca. La productividad de la yuca depende de la variedad utilizada y de los cultivos intercalados. Los mayores indices de cosecha se observaron cuando la yuca se intercalo con maiz. De forma general se puede afirmar que el cultivo de la yuca, intercalado con maiz y frijol, muestra los indices de equivalencia area mas altos, siendo el mas recomendado para el cultivo de la yuca.

RESPONSE OF MAIZE/BEAN INTERCROP ON PRE APPLIED HERBICIDES

RESPONSE OF MAIZE/BEAN INTERCROP ON PRE APPLIED HERBICIDES

Quality biological indicators of soil in intercropping to jatropha curcas

El uso intensivo de suelo viene ocasionando diversas alteraciones en sus procesos fisicos, quimicos y biologicos, pudiendo la calidad del suelo ser evaluada por medio de indicadores. De esta forma, su objetivo con este trabajo es evaluar los bioindicadores de calidad de suelo de la biomasa microbiana en cultivo en asociacion y rotacion de cultivos en diferentes conjuntos de plantas (jatropha y cultivos anuales arroz, frijol, sorgo y soya) en el sur del Estado de Tocantins. Ese estudio fue conducido en el Laboratorio de Suelos de la Universidad Federal de Tocantins, Campus Universitario de Gurupi, en la localizacion de 11°43´45” de latitud y 49°04´07” de longitud. En el dia 03/04/2014 fueron retiradas las muestras de la capa de 0-20cm, fueron evaluados cinco tratamientos, siendo T1 – asociacion jatropha y arroz, T2- asociacion jatropha y frijol-caupi, T3- asociacion jatropha, frijol-caupi y arroz, T4- asociacion pinhao manso con rotacion de frijol-caupi y arroz, T5 – cultivo solo de jatropha, teniendo como referencia pasto degradado y sin cultivo en los ultimos 10 anos. Fueron evaluados, el carbono de la biomasa microbiana (Cmic), el nitrogeno de la biomasa microbiana (Nmic), los cuocientes metabolicos o relaciones Cmic/Nmic, la respiracion basal, el cuociente metabolico (qCO2), la actividad de la ureasa y β-glucosidasa. No hubo diferencia entre los tratamientos para la variable carbono de la biomasa microbiana, cuocientes microbianos, respiracion basal, cuociente metabolico, actividad de las enzimas ureasa y β-glicosidasa y el cultivo de asociacion intercalado de jatropha y frijol-caupi presentaron mayor valor en cuanto al nitrogeno de la biomasa microbiana.

Agronomic and biological efficiency in the castor bean intercropped with cowpea or maize

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a eficiencia agronomica e biologica dos consorcios de mamoneira com feijao-caupi ou milho. As pesquisas foram desenvolvidas na Fazenda Experimental Lavoura Seca, da Universidade Federal do Ceara, em Quixada-CE. Foram avaliados os consorcios entre plantas de mamoneira cv. BRS Energia com feijao-caupi cv. Setentao (I) ou com milho cv. BRS 206 (II). Os tratamentos consistiram da combinacao entre duas culturas em duas densidades populacionais (5.000 e 10.000 plantas por hectares de mamoneira; 20.000 e 40.000 plantas por hectares do consorte) mais dois cultivos solteiros, que foram distribuidos em quatro blocos casualizados. Avaliou-se a produtividade das culturas, uso eficiente da terra, indice de competitividade e requerimento minimo exigido pelas culturas consortes. Os dados de produtividade foram submetidos a analise de variância e as medias comparadas por meio de contrastes. Os indices biologicos foram interpretados a partir dos valores parciais de uso eficiente da terra plotados em um plano cartesiano. Os sistemas de cultivo afetaram a produtividade da mamoneira, do feijao-caupi e do milho. Tambem foram observados efeitos dos consorcios e das densidades populacionais da mamoneira e das culturas consortes nos indices de uso eficiente da terra e competitividade. As produtividades da mamoneira e dos consortes sao reduzidas quando consorciadas. O consorcio entre feijao-caupi e mamona e eficiente no uso da terra. Na consorciacao da mamoneira com milho ha eficiencia no uso da terra apenas com as maiores populacoes da oleaginosa. No consorcio mamona com feijao-caupi a cultura dominante e influenciada pela densidade das culturas, enquanto o milho e mais competitivo que a mamoneira.

Effects of intercropping of maize and potato on sloping land on the water balance and surface runoff

It has been suggested that the increased yields of intercropping are strongly correlated to its effect on controlling water loss. However, studies of the effect of intercropping on controlling water loss on sloping land are few. In this study, with maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as experimental crops, a comparison was made of surface runoff, soil evaporation, soil moisture content, crop transpiration and crop yield between the intercropping and the sole crop on sloping land during 2012–2013. Data showed that: (1) the accumulative runoff in maize and potato intercropping (IC) was not significantly different from that in sole potato (SP), but significantly decreased by 56.75–74.53% (P<0.05) as compared with that in the sole maize (SM); (2) the daily mean soil evaporation in IC decreased by 20.83–28.44% (P<0.05) as compared with that in SM, and decreased by 6.99–14.85% (P=0.034 in 2012 and P=0.064 in 2013) as compared with that in SP; (3) the soil moisture content in IC at each observation period was higher than that in SM and SP (P=0.101 in late July and P<0.05 in other periods); (4) the transpiration in IC was significantly higher than that in SM and SP (P<0.05); and (5) the land equivalent ratio (LER) of IC was 1.19–1.34 (P<0.05), indicating that the maize and potato intercropping induced a yield advantage. Overall, the results suggested that on sloping land, the maize and potato intercropping can reduce the water loss from the surface runoff and the soil evaporation, thus increasing the soil moisture content and contribute to the increase of the transpiration and crop yield. Data also indicated that the lower runoff in maize and potato intercropping compared with sole maize is associated not only with the higher leaf area index, but also with the potato tubers.

Effects of shade and lighting recovery on growth and yield of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping

Effects of shade and lighting recovery on growth and yield of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping

Scenario of Entomological Research in Legume Crops in Nepal

This review paper highlights scenario of entomological research in grain legumes in Nepal into headings of the monitoring, survey and surveillance, insect pest management, existing problem and future strategies. A survey study on yield loss assessment of chickpea due to Helicoverpa pod borer under field condition has been recorded up to 75% in the year 1996-1998 at Banke and Bardiya district. While monitored Helicoverpa armigera through pheromone trap, during the 2nd week of March, peak catches of 91 male moths were recorded at Rampur, while it was the maximum (42 male moths) during the 3rd week of March. Synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and cypermethrin used at 0.01% concentration (a.i.), were effective in controlling the chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Genotypes NCH-18, NCH -31, NCH-138 and ICC 3075 WR were found resistant. Ripcord 10%@0.05% was found to be superior and effective chemical insecticides to control stem fly and soybean hairy caterpillar. The late sowing date December, 10 showed significantly higher percentage of chickpea pod borer damage with lower grain yield. Inter crops combinations of Chickpea +wheat (2:1) ratio was found effective against Helicoverpa armigera damage (1.2%) followed by chickpea+barley (2.36%) and Chickpea+linseed (2:1) ratio (3.7%). Bakaino (Melia azederach L.) was identified as the best indigenous pesticides to check the normal growth of hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia casigneta kollar) under laboratory condition. Metarhizium anisopliae was found effective for the management of Helicoverpa armigera that caused maximum mortality (94.67%), infection (45.33%) within 7.49 days (LT50). Similarly, Beauveria bassiana caused maximum mortality (98.67%), infection (80.00%) with the least LT50 value (5 days). Crop sprayed with HaNPV had the lowest pod damage (0.3%) and the highest in Racer (2.2%). This review work provided a lot of information to conduct entomological research activity conducted in grain legumes and opens the door for future research and strategy.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 367-372

Efeito de diferentes sistemas de pastejo em atributos físicos do solo

In view of the importance of the interaction soil-climate-plant-animal to attain good yields in the system, the objective of this study is to evaluate changes in soil physical properties caused by grazing systems continuous and rotated. The systems were used: conventional (CC): Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, unfertilized annual replacement, managed under continuous stocking; fertilizer (AD): Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã managed under rotational stocking system, with annual replacement fertilization with NPK at a ratio of 45-20-20 kg ha-1 year-1, and intercropping (IC): Consortium of Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã and Stylosanthes Campo Grande, managed in a rotational system of stocking, fertilization receiving annual replacement with 00-20-20 NPK kg ha-1 year-1. To evaluate the effect of animal trampling on systems with rings were collected soil samples with undisturbed layers from 0.00 - 0.06 m, 0.06 - 0.12 m before and after grazing for the determination of soil density by the volumetric ring method, macroporosity and total porosity by the method of the tension table, were also collected samples deformed structure in the same layer for determining the organic matter content. The resistance to penetration was determined before and after grazing in the depths of 0.0 - 0.1, 0.1 - 0.2, 0.2 - 0.3 and 0.3 - 0.4 m, with the impact penetrometer. Animal stepping changed only the microporosity, the use of different cropping systems and grazing no differences in relation to organic matter content. The soils of the conventional grazing system were more tendency to soil compaction measured by penetration resistance of roots.

Kemitraan Multistakeholder dalam Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat di Kawasan Hutan Darajat Kabupaten Garut

The problem of forest resources in Darajat Forest Zone is a multidimensional problem, involving social issues, economics and the environment, yet the continuing process of forest degradation in particular. This is due to logging which is notbalanced the effort of established rehabilitation. Intercropping farming systems, plundering and illegal loggingin forests committed by the community made deforestation worse. Another important issues is the lackness of community role and the parties support outside Perum Perhutani KPH Garut, such as the district/village government, universities and non-governmental organizations so that rehabilitating the forest area is not considered as an optimal effort, still.Forest resources management model through multi-stakeholder partnerships which is done participatively, integratedly and sustainably starting from forest resources inventory,program planning, implementation and partnership monitoring programcan be implemented optimally. Multistakeholder Partnership Program in forest management suitable with the partnership principlesaretogetherness, equality, trust and mutual benefit. It is expected all stakeholders participate and contribute according to their role and function.

Delineamento de zonas de manejo para macronutrientes em lavoura de café conilon consorciada com seringueira

Estudos que visem delinear zonas de manejo e a variacao espacial de atributos de solo podem contribuir para a aplicacao racional de insumos, possibilitando ganhos economicos e ambientais. Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, determinar a distribuicao espacial dos macronutrientes do solo, Ca, Mg, K e P, bem como a definicao de zonas de manejo para aplicacao de insumos em uma lavoura de cafe conilon consorciada com seringueira, utilizando-se a tecnica de agrupamento por metodo hierarquico associada a geoestatistica. O estudo foi realizado no municipio de Nova Venecia, ES. A area experimental possui dimensoes de 24 x 63m (1.512m2) e relevo com forma convexa, onde demarcou-se uma malha de 60 pontos amostrais. Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas quatro subamostras de solo na projecao da copa do cafeeiro, compondo uma amostra, na profundidade de 0-0,20 m. Coletou-se tambem uma amostra composta pelo metodo de amostragem tradicional, caminhamento em zigue-zague, formada por 15 subamostras. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a analise exploratoria multivariada: agrupamento hierarquico, segundo o metodo Ward, com o intuito de definir os numeros de grupos ou de zonas de manejo. Os dados foram submetidos a analise geoestatistica. No dendrograma obtido com a aplicacao da tecnica de analise de agrupamento, separam-se tres grupos ou zonas de manejo. A analise de agrupamento integrada com a caracterizacao da variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo foi eficaz na definicao de zonas de manejo na lavoura em estudo.

Enhancing Yields in Organic Crop Production by Eco-Functional Intensification

&lt;p&gt;Organic agriculture faces challenges to enhance food production per unit area and simultaneously reduce the environmental and climate impacts, e.g. nitrate leaching per unit area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit mass produced. Eco-functional intensification is suggested as a means to reach these objectives. Eco-functional intensification involves activating more knowledge and refocusing the importance of ecosystem services in agriculture. Organic farmers manage agrobiodiversity by crop rotation (diversification in time). However, sole cropping (SC) of genetically identical plants in organic agriculture may limit resource use efficiency and yield per unit area. Intercropping (IC) of annual grain species, cultivar mixes, perennial grains, or forage species and forestry and annual crops (agroforestry) are examples of spatial crop diversification. Intercropping is based on eco-functional intensification and may enhance production by complementarity in resource use in time and space. Intercropping is based on the ecological principles of competition, facilitation and complementarity, which often increases the efficiency in acquisition and use of resources such as light, water and nutrients compared to sole crops, especially in low-input systems. Here we show that IC of cereals and grain legumes in European arable organic farming systems is an efficient tool for enhancing total grain yields compared to their respective sole crops. Simultaneously, we display how intercropping of cereals and legumes can be used as an efficient tool for weed management and to enhance product quality (i.e. cereal grain protein concentration). We discuss how intercropping contributes to efficient use of soil N sources and minimizes losses of N by nitrate leaching via &lt;em&gt;Ecological Precision Farming&lt;/em&gt;. It is concluded that intercropping has a strong potential to increase yield and hereby reduce global climate impacts such as GHG kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; grain. Finally, we discuss likely barriers and lock-in effects for increased use of intercropping in organic farming and suggest a roadmap for innovation and implementation of IC strategies in organic agriculture.&lt;/p&gt;

Castor bean intercropped with annual crops: an option for family farming

El tartago por sus caracteristicas agroecologicas se adapta a la agricultura familiar. Para evaluar la factibilidad de la asociacion de tartago con cultivos anuales se instalo un experimento con diseno en bloques completos al azar, con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones, en el Distrito de Escobar, Departamento de Paraguari, entre agosto de 2007 y julio de 2009. Los tratamientos fueron T1: monocultivo de maiz; T2: monocultivo de poroto; T3: monocultivo de algodon; T4: monocultivo de tartago; T5: tartago asociado a maiz; T6: tartago asociado a poroto; T7: tartago asociado a algodon. Fueron analizadas altura del cacho primario, altura de plantas de tartago en el primer ano y rendimiento en granos de tartago, maiz, poroto y algodon en rama, en monocultivo y asociados y la eficiencia de las asociaciones mediante el Indice Equivalente de la Tierra (IET) en los dos anos. La mayor altura de insercion del cacho primario y altura final de plantas se obtuvieron en la asociacion del tartago con maiz (149,0 cm), y de tartago con algodon (215,0 cm), respectivamente, evaluadas en el primer ano de experimentacion. El rendimiento de tartago en el mismo ano en monocultivo y en asociacion presento escasa variacion, entre 963 y 1059 kg ha-1. En el segundo ano, se obtuvo menor produccion en la asociacion de tartago con maiz (898 kg ha-1) y con algodon (890 kg ha-1) que en monocultivo (1056 kg ha-1). El IET obtenido en los dos anos indica que asociando el cultivo de tartago con algodon, maiz o poroto se logra un uso mas eficiente del suelo.