Interconnected Roles Research Articles

Penicillin G Acylase: A Multifunctional Catalyst with Broad Implications in Pharmaceutical Science and Industrial Applications

Abstract: Penicillin G Acylase (PGA) has emerged as a critical biocatalyst in pharmaceutical sciences, exceeding its traditional role in penicillin synthesis. Despite its industrial significance, challenges, including substrate specificity, stability under industrial conditions, and efficiency in immobilization, persist. Engineering enhanced enzyme variants and developing advanced immobilization techniques along with process optimization shall be possible solutions to further improve reaction efficiency and scalability. Green chemistry integration can make PGA-based processes more sustainable. Moreover, the use of computational tools, including AI-driven optimization, can guide enzyme design and reaction condition refinement. A review synthesizing these advancements not only consolidates existing knowledge but also identifies opportunities for further innovation, ensuring the enzyme’s continued industrial and scientific relevance. The review discusses the structure and functionality of PGA, highlighting its diverse applications beyond penicillin production. Beyond antibiotic synthesis, PGA's usefulness extends to ester synthesis, resolving racemic mixtures and peptide bond formation, underlining its importance in various bioconversions and synthetic reactions. This adaptability is crucial for green chemistry, promoting sustainable practices in industrial processes. The kinetic parameters of PGA are discussed, providing insights into its operational efficiency. Despite its significant potential, PGA faces limitations in commercial applications, primarily due to stability issues under industrial conditions. Efforts to enhance PGA's stability, including engineering approaches, are explored to improve its industrial applicability. The review concludes by emphasizing PGA's role as a catalyst with vast implications in science and medicine, particularly in an era of rising antibiotic resistance. It underscores the enzyme's interconnected roles in production and therapeutics, its broad spectrum of applications, and the shift from traditional penicillin synthesis to broad-spectrum bioconversions. The scope of PGA engineering is also highlighted, indicating future directions for research and application in the pharmaceutical industry.

Efficiency Paradox: Introducing Secure Messaging in Outpatient Care

This study explores the uptake of secure messaging technology and the influence it has on the work of three interconnected occupational roles. It was executed in an outpatient clinic, where the administrative staff adopted the new secure messaging tool, expecting it to improve efficiency. The study found that the efficiency-enhancing tool over time introduced new inefficiencies into the work of administrative assistants, nurses, and physicians, and this phenomenon is noted as the efficiency paradox, which is examined and explained throughout the study. This research contributes to health information technology and role reconfiguration literature by highlighting the crucial role of emotions in this emergent and relational process and discussing the implications of that in the context of patient-provider communication.

Interconnected Supply Chain Management and Logistics: Key to Driving Business Success

Introduction: Supply Chain Management (SCM) and logistics are crucial elements in the success of any business, particularly in today's interconnected global economy. Effective integration of these functions enhances operational efficiency, reduces costs, and creates a competitive advantage.Objective: This paper explores the role of interconnection in supply chain management and logistics, highlighting the importance of seamless collaboration among all stakeholders. With the rise of digital technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), the connectivity between various parts of the supply chain is improving, enabling real-time data sharing and greater responsiveness.Methodology: The Kaggle kernel "gelarerouzbahani/data-analysis-supply-chain-optimization" performs data analysis with a focus on optimizing supply chain processes.Result: By examining case studies and industry trends, this research emphasizes how interconnected supply chains are key to business growth and resilience in a dynamic marketplace.Conclusion: The analysis of the supply chain dataset has provided valuable insights into sales performance, revenue distribution, stock levels, and shipping costs

Trametinib and M17, a novel small molecule inhibitor of AKT, display a synergistic antitumor effect in triple negative breast cancer cells through the AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis and limited response to traditional chemotherapy, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment approaches. Recent researches have highlighted the interconnected roles of the PI3K/AKT pathway and MAPK pathway in TNBC cells, contributing to the efficacy of treatments. Therefore, the concurrent inhibition of both pathways presents a potential new therapeutic strategy for TNBC patients. This study aimed to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of M17, an AKT allosteric inhibitor and a new synthesized shikonin derivative, both alone and in combination with the MEK inhibitor trametinib. We applied various cellular assays and a subcutaneous 4T1 tumor bearing BALB/c mice model were utilized to assess the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects. Computational docking and Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) were employed to investigate the binding of M17 with AKT. Additionally, flow cytometry, transwell assays, western blotting, and tumor xenograft assays were conducted to explore the potential synergistic mechanisms of the combined therapy. The results demonstrated that M17 exhibited moderate antitumor activity against TNBC cells, but significantly enhanced the apoptotic effects and inhibited proliferation and migration when combined with trametinib. Furthermore, the combination of M17 and trametinib showed even more pronounced antitumor activity in vivo. Mechanistically, the dual therapy synergistically suppressed TNBC by targeting the AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, the findings suggested that the combination of M17 and trametinib holds promise as a synergistic treatment option for TNBC patients.

대학생의 우울이 스마트폰 중독 경향성에 미치는 영향: 회피/분산적 정서조절양식과 학업지연행동의 이중매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the dual mediating effects of avoidant/distractive emotion regulation styles and academic procrastination in the relationship between depression and smartphone addiction tendency among university students. Methods A total of 474 undergraduate students aged 18 and older nationwide were analyzed. They completed a survey that included the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (K-CES-D), the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), the Aitken Procrastination Inventory (API), and the Smartphone Addiction Self-Diagnosis Scale (S-Scale). The mediating effects were analyzed using Model 6 of the SPSS PROCESS macro and the bootstrapping method to test for statistical significance. Results First, there were significant positive correlations among all variables. Second, a significant double mediating effect of avoidant/distractive emotion regulation style and academic procrastination in the relationship between depression and smartphone addiction tendency. Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, it is proposed that university students who experience depression may engage in attempts to avoid or distract themselves from distressing emotions, which in turn influences academic procrastination. As a form of alternative behavior to procrastination, students may resort to using smartphones, which are highly accessible. This increased smartphone use may lead to reinforcement of the behavior, potentially resulting in a higher tendency toward smartphone addiction. Furthermore, this study suggests that interventions aimed at reducing and preventing smartphone addiction among university students should consider the interconnected roles of depression, avoidant/distractive emotion regulation, and academic procrastination.

Evaluating the Sufficiency of Multiplicity Functions of Visual Cues in English Modules for Remote Learning: Perspective from Public Junior High School Teachers

This study aims to evaluate the sufficiency of visual cues in English modules and examine the adaptation practices of public junior high school teachers in utilizing these modules. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study analyzed the relationship between the sufficiency of visual cues and the extent of teachers’ adaptation practices. Data were collected using a researcher-constructed survey instrument, validated and tested for reliability, and distributed to 70 junior high school English teachers in Tanauan City through an online platform. Statistical analyses, including mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, were employed to interpret the data. The findings revealed that visual cues in English modules were perceived as moderately sufficient, with teachers demonstrating a moderate extent of adaptation practices. A positive correlation was identified between the sufficiency of visual cues and the extent of adaptation practices which emphasizes their interconnected role in fostering effective teaching strategies. These results highlight the potential of well-designed visual cues and adaptive practices to enhance critical thinking and creativity among students by supporting more effective and inclusive learning experiences in diverse educational settings. This study calls for the implementation of professional development programs to enhance teachers’ competencies in adapting and integrating diverse, culturally responsive visual elements into their instructional practices to foster deeper student engagement and more meaningful learning outcomes.

Examining the nexus of infrastructure development and economic growth: Evidence from SAARC countries

This study investigates the interconnected roles of infrastructure development, financial growth, and economic growth in SAARC nations. Using principal component analysis, the paper develops a composite infrastructure development index, which integrates factors such as access to electricity, telecommunications, air transport, and agricultural land use. This index serves as a comprehensive measure to assess and compare infrastructural progress across the region. Econometric analyses, including Pedroni’s and Kao’s cointegration tests, reveal long-term associations between the studied variables. The results demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between trade openness and GDP growth in the short term, as well as unidirectional influences from inflation to financial development and from infrastructure development to inflation. However, findings vary across SAARC countries, reflecting their diverse economic structures and development stages. Notably, Afghanistan is excluded due to data limitations, emphasizing the region-specific focus of the results. The study highlights the critical role of targeted infrastructure investment and financial sector reforms in fostering sustainable economic growth. Policymakers are encouraged to consider these findings when designing synchronized public and private sector initiatives to bridge development gaps. By offering detailed insights into region-specific dynamics, this study enriches understanding of the complex interplay between infrastructure, finance, and economic growth in emerging economies.

General Acetal-Protected Aldehyde Strategy for Facile Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Splendid Crystallinity and Uniform Morphology.

Crystallinity and morphology are critical factors that closely related to the properties and applications of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). However, the controlled synthesis of COFs with both high crystallinity and uniform morphology remains a significant challenge due to uncontrollable polymerization and complex reaction conditions. In this work, we present a general acetal-protected aldehyde protocol for the facile synthesis of imine-linked COFs, which enables the simultaneous optimization of crystallinity and morphology. Of the acetal-protected aldehydes explored, ethanediol-protected terephthalaldehyde (Tp-E) emerged as the most effective, balancing stability and reactivity to yield highly crystalline Py-COF-E with a well-defined hollow spherical morphology and a significantly enhanced BET surface area compared to its aldehyde-based counterpart Py-COF. This synthetic approach demonstrates broad adaptability across various framework topologies, precursor species, and synthetic solvent systems, simplifying the typically laborious solvent screening process in COF synthesis. Furthermore, Py-DBT-COF-E showed superior photocatalytic H2 evolution performance relative to Py-DBT-COF, despite their identical chemical compositions, emphasizing the critical role of crystallinity and morphology in determining functional performance. Overall, this study provides a versatile methodology for the controlled synthesis of COFs and offers valuable insights into the interconnected roles of morphology, crystallinity, and material performance.

The Influence of Art on Society: Exploring the Impact of Visual Arts, Music, and Literature

This article explores the profound influence of art on society by examining the interconnected roles of visual arts, music, and literature. Art is not merely a reflection of society's values and norms but a powerful force that shapes cultural identity, influences political landscapes, and fosters social change. Through an in-depth analysis of each art form-visual arts, music, and literature-this article highlights how art acts as a medium of expression and communication, transcending language barriers and connecting individuals across different cultures and backgrounds. Furthermore, it discusses the collaborative influence of these art forms and the impact of technological advancements on the creation and consumption of art. By integrating various examples from history and contemporary society, this article illustrates the dynamic interplay between art and society, underscoring the importance of art in human expression and its significant impact on societal development.

Squeeveillance: Performing Cuteness to Normalise Surveillance Power

Cute videos are everywhere online. Many of these videos increasingly come from footage taken by doorbell cameras. Amazon’s Ring, and related connected camera devices, introduce new sociotechnical relations into domestic environments. First, I outline “squeeveillance” as the affective and performative dimensions of cuteness within surveillance. I explore the Ring surveillant assemblage and why it needs the power of cuteness. Then, I examine squeeveillance as the use of cuteness in the way Ring operates. I use the TV show Ring Nation (2022–present) to discuss the remediation of cute footage from doorbell cameras onto other media, before discussing the ways in which cuteness is performed as a normalisation of surveillance power. The article draws on theories of cuteness in conjunction with surveillance studies of power relations. In presenting squeeveillance as a lens through which to assess the expanding scope of Ring, I offer a discussion of the interconnected role of surveillance in contemporary domestic and media settings and its relation to current forms of power in surveillant assemblages.

Modulatory effects of CNNM4 on protein- l -isoaspartyl- O -methyltransferase repair function during alcohol-induced hepatic damage.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of liver-related mortality worldwide, with limited treatment options beyond abstinence and liver transplantation. Chronic alcohol consumption has been linked to magnesium (Mg 2+ ) deficiency, which can influence liver disease progression. The mechanisms underlying Mg 2+ homeostasis dysregulation in ALD remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of the Mg 2+ transporter Cyclin M4 (CNNM4) in ALD by analyzing its expression patterns in patients with ALD and preclinical animal models. In this study, CNNM4 is upregulated in the liver of both patients with ALD and animal models. CNNM4 overexpression triggers Mg 2+ homeostasis dysregulation, linked to ALD progression. We propose a novel therapeutic approach for ALD treatment using N -acetylgalactosamine silencing RNA technology to specifically modulate Cnnm4 expression in the liver, improving mitochondrial function and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Notably, silencing Cnnm4 restores protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PCMT1) activity, essential for repairing ethanol-induced protein damage. Enhancing mitochondrial activity through Cnnm4-dependent mechanisms increases S -adenosylmethionine levels, crucial for PCMT1 function, highlighting the interconnected roles of mitochondrial health and protein homeostasis in ALD treatment. These findings shed light on the dysregulation of Mg 2+ homeostasis in ALD, providing a promising therapeutic approach targeting CNNM4. N -acetylgalactosamine si Cnnm4 therapy boosts the repair processes of ethanol-damaged proteins through the upregulation of PCMT1 activity.

Population health and public health: Commonalities and differences.

To explore the synergy between population health and public health by initiating a discourse about their interconnected roles, responsibilities, and approaches in achieving optimal health outcomes. Population health and public health, although distinct, are interconnected disciplines critical for enhancing health outcomes. Population health focuses on analyzing health determinants and outcomes within specific groups, employing data to guide targeted interventions and policies. Public health, on the other hand, prioritizes broader preventive measures and community-wide interventions to safeguard health. Both fields benefit from a transdisciplinary approach that integrates strategies to address and improve health. Such integration is essential for addressing health disparities and improving the efficiency of health systems. By combining the analytical strengths of population health with the implementation capabilities of public health, a more comprehensive framework can be developed. These collaborations will not only enhance the effectiveness of health programs but also promote health equity by leveraging collective expertise and resources. They will facilitate the development of interventions that are both preventive and responsive, capable of addressing the upstream determinants of health and the immediate needs of communities. Such transdisciplinary efforts were demonstrated within the oral health field during the COVID-19 pandemic. The synergy between population and public health can lead to robust health outcomes, fostering comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention strategies. By aligning research, practices, and policies, these integrated approaches will transcend traditional boundaries within the healthcare sector to build efficient health systems.

Interconnected roles of human capital, employment, and sustainable development in the EU countries

Interconnected roles of human capital, employment, and sustainable development in the EU countries

Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and voluntary running have distinct effects on the serum metabolome of rats with high or low intrinsic aerobic capacity.

A growing body of literature associates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism to increased fatty acid oxidation and better metabolic health. Hence, BCAA-rich diets may improve body composition and muscle protein synthesis. However, the role of individual characteristics such as a low aerobic fitness, a well-established risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases, has not been studied. This study examined 64 female rats from the high-capacity runner (HCR) and low-capacity runner (LCR) rat model. Rats from each line (HCR or LCR) were divided into four groups; differing from diet (CTRL or BCAA) and from the opportunity to voluntarily run on a running wheel (NONRUNNER or RUNNER). Groups were matched for body mass and maximal running capacity within each line. We measured maximal running capacity and metabolism before and after the intervention of diet and voluntary running activity. After the end of the experiment, serum samples were collected for metabolome analysis. We are the first to show that BCAA supplementation has a more pronounced impact on LCRs compared to HCRs. Specifically, in LCR rats, BCAA supplementation led to reduced daily voluntary running distance and an enrichment of serine metabolism in the serum metabolome. While voluntary running increased food intake and energy expenditure, its effects on the serum metabolome were minimal in HCRs. The present research highlights the benefit achieved by combining BCAA supplementation with running activity, especially in the LCR line. Importantly, our results underscore the interconnected role of BCAAs and fatty acid metabolism in promoting overall metabolic health.

Understanding the Role of Social Determinants in Shaping Chronic Disease Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review

This review explores the influence of social determinants of health (SDH) on chronic disease outcomes, focusing on the interconnected roles of socioeconomic status, physical environment, community context, education, healthcare access, and behavioral determinants. Chronic diseases—such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions—pose a significant public health challenge, with social determinants increasingly recognized as critical factors in shaping their prevalence, progression, and management. This review synthesizes findings from recent studies to elucidate how SDH create disparities in chronic disease outcomes, particularly among marginalized populations. We examine mechanisms linking SDH to chronic disease, including biopsychosocial and behavioral pathways, and discuss implications for public health interventions and policy-making. Addressing these social determinants through comprehensive public health strategies could help reduce the burden of chronic diseases, improve health equity, and support healthier communities.

Digital financial inclusion and public service equalization

While digital technologies transform financial servicesglobally, research examining their impact on public resource distribution remains limited, especially regarding regional variations in effectiveness. Prior studies have separately addressed digital finance adoption or public service delivery, neglecting their interconnected role in development. Analyzing Chinese provincial data (2011–2021) through fixed effects and instrumental variable approaches, we find that digital financial inclusion significantly enhances public service equity, particularly in regions with advanced innovation capabilities and established technological infrastructure. Our analysis reveals two key mechanisms: reduced metropolitan-rural disparities and industrial structure optimization, with effects most pronounced in eastern provinces and high-innovation regions. The findings show that both service accessibility and usage intensity contribute to balanced resource allocation, though effectiveness varies substantially with regional innovation capacity. These results indicate that technological advancement in financial services can promote regional equity when aligned with local innovation capabilities, providing strategic insights for policymakers developing targeted digital finance initiatives across diverse development contexts.

Empathetic Leaders: Cultivating Success Through Multifaceted Support and Continuous Growth

This study aims to explore the interconnected roles of mentoring, coaching, modeling, and supervision in supporting personal and professional development. A systematic literature review was conducted, sourcing 29 articles to clarify definitions, roles, and distinctions among these frameworks. Through mentoring, individuals gain structured guidance; coaching fosters self-discovery; modeling provides behavioral examples; and supervision ensures adherence to ethical standards. The results reveal unique and overlapping functions of these roles, especially emphasizing coaching supervision’s value in maintaining quality and ethical practices. This study’s novelty lies in its comprehensive integration of these concepts within a single framework, highlighting synergies that enhance developmental outcomes. Consequently, this work contributes to the field by offering a holistic approach for practitioners to optimize human potential across educational and professional contexts.

Unveiling the potential of fine arts education in enhancing resilience among Chinese gifted students.

The current study aimed to explore the complex dynamics influencing the resilience of gifted Chinese students, emphasizing the interconnected roles of fine arts education (FAE), creativity, and self-efficacy (SE). By examining the transformative potential of FAE, this research highlighted creativity and SE as key mediating factors for resilience among Chinese gifted students. This study involves administering a structured set of questions to a sample of gifted young adults, thus achieving a high response rate of 93.21%. The Maus scale (1938) has been used to measure FAE, the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale assesses resilience, while creativity and SE are measured using the Kaufman scale and Schwarzer and Jerusalem scale, respectively. Statistical analyses includes a correlation matrix, ANOVA, confirmatory latent factor model tests, and mediation effect analysis for resilience and creativity. Data analysis has been conducted by using the SPSS Statistics 29.0, bootstrap, and AMOS 25.0 software. Current findings determines a significant role of FAE in enhancing emotional resilience, creativity, and SE among gifted students. This study also finds the importance of FAE in building essential coping mechanisms to address intellectual and emotional challenges specific to this group. This study proposes to integrate FAE into educational curricula to better support the intellectual and emotional needs of gifted young adults, thereby facilitating the development of coping skills crucial for their emotional wellbeing. Additionally, this study indicates the importance of art therapy and global initiatives in boosting the resilience, while preparing gifted students to face future challenges with enhanced psychological resilience.

Effect of Organizational Cynicism on Job Performance: Evidence from the Rubber Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka

Human capital serves as a beacon of any organization in the 21st century. Organizational cynicism, a pervasive negative attitude towards one's workplace, has been recognized as a significant factor influencing employee behavior and outcomes. In the last two decades, the global market has embraced Sri Lanka’s Rubber industry for its value-added products. Since the Sri Lankan context is obsessed with an empirical in exploring the organizational cynicism in the Rubber manufacturing sector, this research aims to ex-amine the impact of organizational cynicism on the job performance of operational-level employees within the rubber manufacturing industry, focusing on Gampaha District. This study is deductive and quantitative, deploying a sample consisting of 170 operational level employees in the rubber manufacturing industry in the Gampaha District, selected through the stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using an online structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS (version 21). By deploying Pearson Correlation analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis, four hypotheses of the study were tested and three hypotheses were accepted. The thorough investigation of these hypotheses collectively confirms the detrimental influence of organizational cynicism on the job performance of operational-level employees in Sri Lankan Rubber manufacturing firms. Two facets of cynicism—cognitive, and behavioral—exerts a distinct yet interconnected role in mitigating job performance while the affective component was removed from the model. These revelations advocate for a paradigm shift in organizational strategies, urging managers to not only address the visible symptoms but also delve into the root causes of cynicism.

Interrelated drivers of migration intentions in Africa: Evidence from Afrobarometer surveys

Migration is influenced by various factors, including economic, political, social, and environmental drivers. While the multicausal nature of migration has been recognized, there are considerable gaps in understanding how different drivers interact with each other and jointly influence human mobility. This is particularly relevant in the African context, where local communities are faced with multiple, often interlinked challenges that affect their livelihoods, security, and health and well-being. Using detailed data from Afrobarometer surveys for 36 countries, this study analyzes the interconnected nature of 23 potential drivers of migration intentions that span across various domains. Our results show that previous migration experiences at the household level, political conditions and instabilities, the personal economic situation, as well as issues related to personal safety are particularly strongly related to respondents’ intentions to migrate. The drivers are not independent of each other, but closely interconnected, jointly shaping and reinforcing migration intentions in non-linear ways. We also find strong evidence for heterogeneous effects of the drivers across sociodemographic groups, further contributing to diverse patterns in the relationships. Our study emphasizes the need to move beyond analyzing average linear effects and advocates for approaches that consider the interdependencies of various systems of drivers and their interconnected roles in shaping both intended and actual migration behavior.