Interconnect Power Research Articles

Power Withstanding Capability and Transient Temperature of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nano Electrical Interconnects

This paper exhibits the electrothermal modelling and evaluation of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) based electrical interconnects for electronic devices. The continuum model of the CNT is considered and the temperature across interconnect is predicted for the given power. Finite element modelling software COMSOL Multiphysics is used to carry out the simulations. The results are compared with Al and Cu interconnects. An electrothermal analysis is also carried out to obtain the temperature for the given power for Single-Walled CNT, Double-Walled CNT, Triple-Walled CNT, and Multi-Walled CNT. Results show that the CNT interconnects performs better when compared to Al and Cu interconnects. The power withstanding capability of CNT is 68.75 times more than Al and 32.35 times more than Cu. Based on the transient analysis, the time taken by the CNT interconnects to reach a steady temperature is obtained as 0.007 ns. On the application of power, Cu and Al interconnects takes 0.1 ns to reach the steady-state temperature. The nanostructured CNT based electrical interconnects would play a considerable role in replacing Cu and Al electrical interconnect applications for micro and nanoelectronic devices.

Sol–gel deposited xerogel, aerogel and porogen based porous low-k thin films: A comparative investigation

Low dielectric constant (Low-[Formula: see text]) films are used as inter layer dielectric (ILD) in nanoelectronic devices to reduce interconnect delay, crosstalk noise and power consumption. Tailoring capability of porous low-[Formula: see text] films attracted more attention. Present work investigates comparative study of xerogel, aerogel and porogen based porous low-[Formula: see text] films. Deposition of SiO2 and incorporation of less polar bonds in film matrix is confirmed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Refractive indices (RI) of xerogel, aerogel and porogen based low-[Formula: see text] films observed to be as low as 1.25, 1.19 and 1.14, respectively. Higher porosity percentage of 69.46% is observed for porogen-based films while for shrinked xerogel films, it is lowered to 45.47%. Porous structure of low-[Formula: see text] films has been validated by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The pore diameters of porogen based annealed samples were in the range of 3.53–25.50 nm. The dielectric constant ([Formula: see text]) obtained from RI for xerogel, aerogel and porogen based films are 2.58, 2.20 and 1.88, respectively.

Electric Power Reintegration of Russia with the Countries of the Central Asian and Caspian Regions

The paper presents the results of the next research stage on Russia’s interstate electric connections. The issues related to the electric power reintegration of Russia with the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus are considered. The article studies the economic efficiency and joint access possibilities of the considered national electric power systems into the electric power markets of Southern and Minor Asia and Middle East countries. The authors estimated preliminary characteristics of the potential the interstate power interconnection “Caspian energy ring”. The high economic efficiency of creating an interstate power grid in this region is shown.

Optimum Parametric Identification of a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System with Battery Storage and Optimization Controller Using Averaging Approach

The dimensioning of photovoltaic systems is the major concern of researchers and power industry practitioners. This aims to improve energy efficiency and protect the conversion units by a consistent assessment of power conditioning circuits and interconnections for the PV application. In this context, this paper sets out to fulfill detailed modeling and control steps of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) power system with energy storage, according to practical specifications of the load, PV generation unit, and battery pack. The main goal is to estimate all unknown parameters, as the diode ideality factor and revers saturation current, the controller, and the PV link. The PV link interfacing the PV source circuit to the PV-side converter (PVSC) provides a filtering function to maintain a steady voltage at the link. The charge controller used in the PV-side converter is a DC/DC buck converter. It transfers the PV power to the battery and supplies the load. Using pulse- width modulation (PWM) technical, of which the switching duty cycle is the control-input variable; the PVSC power-conditioning circuit is permanently controlled by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to achieve the maximum energy. The battery pack voltage is properly maintained by the charge controller and specified to match the load voltage rating, to avoid a high ratio of voltage conversion. A method is proposed to integrate both the MPPT function and the battery cycle charge. The PV generator output and the power conditioning circuits, mainly constructed from switching- mode power converters, are nonlinear. An averaged model is then derived for dynamic analysis and controller synthesis, using the state-space averaging and linearization method. A PV array of nine PV modules configured into three strings is used in this application to demonstrate the effectiveness of modeling, design, control, and simulation. Simulation model for the controller and power interface is built and developed in short term, using the fundamental blocks of Matlab Simulink.

Future Directions for Power System Interconnection from Korea’s Perspective

The power system interconnection between Northeast Asian countries has been discussed since 2000 but has not been realized to date due to various obstacles. This paper specifies the expected future energy policy, long-term energy supply plan, and necessity of power interconnection from the Korean viewpoint, including the climate change agreement. There are very many interconnection scenarios presented by various institutes in NEA countries now. These studies contain the overall preliminary feasibility results but do not consider the environmental effects, energy security, and market reforms. Do these existing studies show how we could interconnect specific countries? This paper discusses the trading potentials for green energy utilization between countries and some obstacles to be removed to promote the energy interconnection projects from technical, economic, marketable, and energy security standpoints. Especially, energy security in terms of politics, as well as vulnerability characteristics of renewable energy, could cause the interconnected system blackouts. These could be a serious obstacle to realization and continuous stable operation of these interconnection projects. Finally, this paper will specify the future directions and possible scenarios for power system interconnection by integrating these issues comprehensively from Korea's perspective.

Electronic module assembly

Electronics is the vital basis for innovations and the essential enabler for global trends like connectivity, electro mobility and renewable energies. These applications require high performance and reliability of the electronic modules. Their assembly combines very heterogeneous process chains like remarkable productive and diminutive surface mount technology (SMT), powerful and robust power electronic interconnection techniques, as well as pioneering reel-to-reel based organic electronic printing. After briefly outlining the enormous global economic impact of electronic modules, this paper presents the state of the art of electronic module assembly including substrate materials, electronic components, packaging and assembly processes as well as quality and reliability testing methods.

Structural and Operating Features of the Formation of an Interstate Electric Power Interconnection in North-East Asia with Large-Scale Penetration of Renewables

Structural and Operating Features of the Formation of an Interstate Electric Power Interconnection in North-East Asia with Large-Scale Penetration of Renewables

A GaN BCM AC–DC Converter for Sub-1 V Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting With Enhanced Output Power

A gallium nitride (GaN) boundary conduction mode (BCM) dual-boost ac-dc converter for low-voltage electromagnetic energy harvesting (EH) is presented in this article. The μW-to-mW EH system is very susceptible to any tiny losses from power converters, interconnections, and system parasitic. To have better utilizations of harvested energy, an output power enhanced power conversion design is proposed. First, impedance matching is satisfied between electromagnetic generator and ac-dc converter to achieve maximum delivered power. The ac-dc converter is designed under BCM for constant input impedance. EH's winding inductance is employed as the boost inductor in the ac-dc converter. A codesign principle for converter on-time with electromagnetic generator's winding characteristics is revealed. Second, power transistors in EH low-voltage conversion are optimized to realize high efficiency. Power transistors' low-voltage switching characteristics are significantly different from high-voltage situation with no or little miller plateau region. Low-voltage power transistors are compared from both device characteristics and calculated power loss to provide device selection guidance. A GaN-based dual-boost ac-dc converter under BCM operation with constant on-time controller is designed in this article to provide 3.3 V output for a 500-Ω load resistor. It achieves peak efficiency of 82.4% for open-loop operation at 0.6 V/100 Hz input and peak efficiency of 72.3% for close-loop operation at 0.75 V/100 Hz.

A survey on the development status and application prospects of knowledge graph in smart grids

With the advent of the electric power big data era, semantic interoperability and interconnection of power data have received extensive attention. Knowledge graph technology is a new method describing the complex relationships between concepts and entities in the objective world, which is widely concerned because of its robust knowledge inference ability. Especially with the proliferation of measurement devices and exponential growth of electric power data empowers, electric power knowledge graph provides new opportunities to solve the contradictions between the massive power resources and the continuously increasing demands for intelligent applications. In an attempt to fulfil the potential of knowledge graph and deal with the various challenges faced, as well as to obtain insights to achieve business applications of smart grids, this work first presents a holistic study of knowledge-driven intelligent application integration. Specifically, a detailed overview of electric power knowledge mining is provided. Then, the overview of the knowledge graph in smart grids is introduced. Moreover, the architecture of the big knowledge graph platform for smart grids and critical technologies are described. Furthermore, this paper comprehensively elaborates on the application prospects leveraged by knowledge graph oriented to smart grids, power consumer service, decision-making in dispatching, and operation and maintenance of power equipment. Finally, issues and challenges are summarised.

STFL-DDR: Improving the Energy-Efficiency of Memory Interface

Power dissipation is a significant problem limiting the performance of today's computer systems. One of the main contributors to power consumption in microprocessors is data movement in cache and memory interface. Several solutions such as low power interconnects, energy-aware data encoding, and low power signaling have been proposed to mitigate this problem. Almost all of these techniques result in a significant system performance degradation. This article examines the application of a novel technique, called STFL-DDR, for hybrid signaling on low-power DRAM interface. To keep the power consumption low, STFL-DDR employs a high-performance clock rate for transferring data on low power wires. To avoid any signal deterioration, STFL-DDR employs data encoding/decoding to prevent each wire from switching in any two consecutive cycles. STFL-DDR creates new opportunities for optimizing the energy-efficiency of DRAM systems. We compare the efficiency of STFL-DDR with the state-of-the-art methods by simulating a mix of 12 parallel benchmark applications on a muticore system. Our simulation results indicate that STFL can reduce the energy consumption of a contemporary DRAM interface by 17 percent as compared to an LPDDR baseline while achieving the throughput of a high-performance DRAM. Applying STFL to both last level cache and DRAM interface results in improving the system energy, energy-delay product, and performance by 8, 15, and 9 percent respectively. Compared with a high-performance memory interface, STFL improves the system energy and energy-delay product by 25 and 75 percent, while reaching 98 percent of the average performance of the high-performance system.

Research and comprehensive evaluation on delivery schemes of the Grand Inga hydropower station

Congo River has abundant hydropower resources, and large-scale cascade power stations, such as the Grand Inga, can be constructed in downstream locations. However, the fragile economic foundations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighboring Central African countries, and the small-scale regional power consumption market prohibit the implementation of large-scale hydropower projects. As the high-voltage, long-distance power transmission technology matures, hydropower from the Grand Inga can be delivered to load centers in other regions of Africa. This study establishes a 6 dimensional comprehensive assessment model using the best–worst method to evaluate large-scale, long-distance, cross-border power interconnection projects.The model is applied to evaluate all the candidate inter-regional power delivery schemes of the Inga III hydropower station, and the evaluation results can effectively help investment institutions and policy makers in policy making and potential market targeting.

Social welfare impact from enhanced Trans-Asian electricity trade

Long distance power transmission is commonly considered as an option for reducing carbon footprint in future electricity systems. Accordingly, this article presents economic insights in a transcontinental power interconnection linking four Asian countries with Europe. Enhanced electricity trade through the interconnected countries is assessed via techno-economic modelling. For this purpose two electricity system scenarios are developed for the year 2040: (i) a Reference Scenario, where electricity system development follows the plans of the involved system operators and (ii) a so-called Trans-Asia Scenario, where additional power transmission capacities are added to strengthen the electricity trading route crossing the interconnected countries: Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Economic benefits arising from the proposed Trans-Asia Scenario are estimated as a change in social welfare in the electricity system. Modelling results show a 140 M€ increase in annual social welfare for the Trans-Asia Scenario. The subsequent cost-benefit analysis results in a net present value in the range of −221 M€ to 534 M€, at a discount rate of 4%. This implies that over a life-cycle period of 40 years, the evaluated economic benefit may compensate investments between 1598 M€ and 3251 M€ needed for the additional power transmission capacities.

Benefits from energy policy synchronisation of Brazil’s North-Northeast interconnection

During the last 10 years Brazil has accelerated the incorporation of new wind capacity into its power matrix. This situation has generated the need for increased transport capacity. However, there have been delays in the planning process for new transmission line construction, thus inducing trapped electricity in the system; in other words, electricity that cannot be dispatched to the interconnected system. Using system dynamics modelling, this paper assesses energy policy alternatives for improving the synchronisation between the construction of both power generation and transmission capacities. Simulation results show that policy synchronisation within the wind industry may provide important opportunities regarding security of supply. This paper concludes that in Brazil’s case it is possible to attain a balance between wind power expansion and interconnection capacity through synchronised and systemic interventions.

Economic viability and regulation effects of infrastructure investments for inter-regional electricity transmission and trade in China

The transition of energy structure to renewable energy is a social and systematic engineering that requires complex regional power interconnection as a support. Thus, an assessment of the economic viability of infrastructure investments for supporting such transmission expansion is crucial. This study presents a multi-regional power system optimization model to evaluate the potential economic benefits of infrastructure investments for the national inter-regional electricity network in China under various scenarios in the context of low-carbon transformation. Key factors influencing economic benefits are analyzed specifically and regulation barriers associated with inter-regional electricity trade are given particular attention. The results show that approximately 140 Giga Watt (GW) of infrastructure construction for the inter-regional electricity trade network is economically viable during the planning horizon. These new interconnections would lead to 250–440 billion RMB of economic benefits. Regional electricity trade barriers caused by imperfect market mechanisms have a negative impact on the economic benefits of transmission infrastructure investments, although they promote scale and utilization efficiency in the power sector of electricity-importing regions. Improving the national grid coordination mechanism to break the grid isolation between the State Grid Corporation of China and the China Southern Power Grid is crucial, because a large number of transmission lines connecting these two national-level power grids are economically viable.

Unlearning as Moving Towards Dehumanism and Decolonial Entanglements – Singh, Julietta (2018): <i>Unthinking Mastery: Dehumanism and Decolonial Entanglements</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press

Unthinking Mastery examines the routes of knowledge production for their ongoing and sometimes even unconscious reliance on masterful ways of thinking. In assessing discourse from an inevitable ‘inside position’, Singh's non-masterful attempt follows a strategy of sensibility. As a practice of ‘vulnerable readings’ of a selected literature this diverts from masterful routines through attentiveness to the emerging slippages in interpretations. This admittance of an ambivalence uncovers how masterful structures of knowing contribute to the obscuring of particular bodies, spaces, and things. Her engagement not only touches on feminist and queer theories but also provides a powerful interconnection between environmental and postcolonial studies.

Decentralized Optimization of Electricity-Natural Gas Flow Considering Dynamic Characteristics of Networks

The interconnection of power and natural gas systems can improve the flexibility of system operation and the capacity of renewable energy consumption. It is necessary to consider the interaction between both, and carry out collaborative optimization of energy flow. For space-time related line packs, this paper studies the optimal multi-energy flow (OMEF) model of an integrated electricity-gas system, taking into account the dynamic characteristics of a natural gas system. Besides, in order to avoid the problem of large data collection in centralized algorithms and consider the characteristics of decentralized autonomous decision-making for each subsystem, this paper proposes a decentralized algorithm for the OMEF problem. This algorithm transforms the original non-convex OMEF problem into an iterative convex programming problem through penalty convex-concave procedure (PCCP), and then, uses the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm at each iteration of PCCP to develop a decentralized collaborative optimization of power flow and natural gas flow. Finally, numerical simulations verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the algorithm proposed in this paper, and analyze the effects of dynamic characteristics of networks on system operation.

MLR institute of technology campus energy monitoring and controlling system with interconnection of grid and solar power

This paper mainly deals with energy consumption and monitoring of each block after carefully observing where the losses occur and how to minimize these losses and how to reduce unit consumption of each block and units consumed by capacitor bank. Base loads and Peak loads can be observed and operated in such a way as to reduce unit consumption.MLR college has 315KVA power from the grid as well as 260KW solar power generating unit where 40 percent of the power from the grid is saved. Proper planning for operating the underground bore motors used for Hostels, Mess and College buildings also saves some amount of units consumed by these motors. Further if power factor is maintained 0.99 instead of 0.2 or 0.3 some amount of units consumed can be saved. Further if maximum demand is prevented from reaching beyond the transformer rating then some amount of units consumed can be saved. Installing copper earth pits of suitable numbers for each block and balancing the loads in each phase can also reduce the losses.Synchronizing panel is to be connected to the existing 4 generators of rating 200KVA,180KVA and two numbers of 125 KVA to utilize the power resources properly.The common electrical problems like short circuit, open circuit, over voltage, low voltage, frequent power cuts, low power factor, high electricity bills damage in the meters etc. The above electrical problems are identified, rectified and frequently monitored through modern technologies like IOT. Â

ESTIMATIONS OF ERROR OF PROGNOSIS MODELS AND PROGNOSES OF THE USED ELECTRIC ENERGY ARE ON OBJECTS OF POWER MARKET

The article examines the estimation of models of forecasting of electric energy on industrialobjects of the energy market of Ukraine. The exponential first-order smoothing model, Holt model, Winter model,Box-Jenkins model and Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) were used in the study. The methods used are simple topredict electricity and allow you to investigate the behavior of the prediction error, depending on how the model isestimated. Using modern methods of gathering information will allow you to make the right decisions in real time.The article can significantly affect the correct choice of both model parameters and method of forecasting electricity.The research will allow to make the forecasting of electric energy with less error in the objects of the energy marketof Ukraine knowing the statistics of errors of forecasting methods.The study has shown that estimation of forecasting models will allow to make a choice of a forecastingmodel in a short time and the forecasting error will reach up to 10%.Methods for estimating the error of power consumption forecasting models have shown that the standarddeviation ratio and the Taylor coefficient are the most suitable for comparison purposes because it is a numberbetween 0 and 1.The root value of the root mean square error of the RMSPE for the methods is very small, namely for themethods, on the basis of which it can be stated that the accuracy of the forecasts is high. The mean absolute MAPEerror is for the methods, respectively, which also indicates good accuracy.The values of the dimensionless obtained Tail coefficients, which are equal and corresponding,respectively, indicate that the forecasts have high accuracy (forecasts are absolutely accurate if U = 0).The calculations confirmed that the SSA method is appropriate for use in short-term forecasting tasks andwhen planning power consumption modes.Electricity forecasting is highly dependent on daily and seasonal power consumption. In energy associationswhere there is a high irregularity in electricity consumption schedules, and there is a significant deviation ofconsumption from the seasonal trend, the prediction error is not significant.When organizing market power sales and power interconnections with high irregularity in electricityconsumption schedules, the forecasting error will be high and they will be subject to greater penalties for exceedingor reducing consumption.The best results from power consumption forecasting are obtained when using specially designedweathering models.

Realising the ASEAN power grid through unbundling: takeaways from the Philippines’ and Singapore’s experience

The ASEAN Power Grid (APG) is a flagship initiative mooted in 1997 to strengthen and promote power interconnection and trade in the ASEAN region. The ultimate aim of the APG is to ensure energy security and sustainability in the region, particularly the electricity. One way to achieve this, as demonstrated by the Nordic countries, is by having a regional electricity market, on top of the physical interconnection of the grids. Thus, taking the cue from the Nordic region, a pre-requisite to the regional electricity market is the liberalisation of the electricity supply industry (ESI) of each of the ASEAN member countries. Although there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the establishment of the regional electricity market, liberalisation of the ESIs can potentially be the path for the ASEAN countries too, with the necessary modifications and localisations in place. Furthermore, ESI liberalisation or unbundling is not entirely new to the ASEAN countries. Nine out of the ten of its member countries have implemented unbundling, although the degree of implementation varies. To date, two ASEAN countries have unbundled their ESIs fully, namely Singapore and the Philippines. However, the two countries underwent different experience in liberalising their ESIs. While it was a ‘bumpy ride’ for the Philippines, Singapore had a smoother and more orderly transition. As such, deliberation of their experience in liberalising their ESIs would provide good insights for the other ASEAN countries to consider in liberalising their ESIs, should it become the direction. This paper therefore presents a brief overview of the Philippines’ and Singapore’s experience in their transformation towards liberalised ESIs with the aim to identify the good practices, the challenges as well as the lessons learnt from these transformations. Findings from the study show the importance of the governance and legislative framework to instate reform, as well as the gradual introduction of the reform moves. This is especially necessary as the lack of homogeneity and harmonisation of the regulatory framework and ESI structure of the ASEAN countries was found to be amongst the barriers towards the full realisation of the APG.

News from Japan

The completion of installation and the commencement of operation of a new high-voltage (HV) DC power interconnection system connecting between two major islands in Japan, Honshu and Hokkaido, using cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated cables, was reported in “News from Japan” in the November/December issue of the Electrical Insulation Magazine [1]. As a continuing article, the outline of a 400-kV HVDC XLPE cable system connecting between the United Kingdom (UK) and Belgium is introduced in this article [2].