Intercity Transportation Research Articles

O3 transport characteristics in eastern China in 2017 and 2021 based on complex networks and WRF-CMAQ-ISAM

Increasingly prominent pollution levels and strong regional characteristics of O3, especially in economically developed eastern China, called for a regional cooperation strategy based on transport quantification. This study adopted the complex networks to construct the O3 Transport Network (OTN) to explore characteristics in eastern China in the summer of 2017 and 2021, whose results were afterward verified with spatial source apportionment results simulated with WRF-CMAQ-ISAM. As OTN suggested, O3 transport showed stronger and faster characteristics in eastern China in 2021 than in 2017, judging from changes in the network density, number of connections, transport ranges, and transport paths. Among all cluster communities, inland Shandong was the most important O3 transport hub, the Central Community was the largest community, and the Southern Community showed the closest inter-city transport relationships. In- and out-weighted degrees in OTN showed relatively superior consistency with the transport matrix obtained with WRF-CMAQ-ISAM, and can be explained by wind fields. Generally, O3 pollution in the whole eastern China showed more frequent intra-regional transport and more strengthened inter-city correlations in 2021 than in 2017, meanwhile, northerly and southerly cities exhibited strengthening and weakening trends in O3 transport, respectively. Despite the completely different principles of complex networks and air quality models, their results were mutually verifiable. This study presented a comprehensive understanding of O3 transport in eastern China for further formulation of regional collaborative strategies and provided the methodological verification for applying complex networks in the atmospheric environment field.

Feasibility Studies and Performance Evaluation of BRTS in Rajahmundry and Kakinada Corridor

Abstract: This paper presents the design of guide way for BRTS. There is some debate about the best type of guide way for BRTS. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) is a high user capacity transport system which delivers very fast, reliable, comfort and cost effective mode of movement for the customers. Since BRTS run in their exclusive lanes, there are very less chances of congestion and accidents. Even due to application of green technologies, air and noise pollution are very less. BRTS has proper provisions for right of ways, easy boarding and alighting facilities for passengers. Moreover with the use of artificial intelligence BRTS stands out quite better than other public transport systems. The first BRTS was implemented in Curitiba, Brazil in the name of Rede Integrada de Transporte in 1974. This service inspired many services around the world. As of November 2019, about 45 million passengers use BRTS every day. Government of India has emphasized on creating SMART cities. In this regard, BRTS will definitely ensure to achieve a good smart city in terms of public transportation system. With increasing population and growing demand for speedy intercity and intra-city transportation services, BRTS will play a major role. This project examines two major cities in Andhra Pradesh; Rajahmundry and Kakinada, both the cities have been declared as a smart cities in 2018, by Govt. of India. It also tries to find out new approaches in terms of cost, quality and time of BRTS in future The speed and delay studies should be helpful for the further alternate route. This work includes alternative routes, proposing foot over bridges where it is needed, intersection models, traffic behaviour in BRTS corridor.

Inter-City Inter-Provincial Transportation Service at The Kalideres Bus-Station at The 2019-2021

This study aims to determine public services in the field of Intercity and Interprovincial (AKAP) Bus transportation in Terminal Kalideres between 2017-2019, considering that Kalideres Terminal is the largest in Jakarta with more than 5,000 passengers. This large number results in still not optimal service functions managed by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Agency. The research method used a qualitative approach to find out more about public services in the field of transportation involving informants from the management and passengers. The results showed that with the rapid development of cities, human activities are increasingly diverse, so we need a system that regulates the transportation system in Indonesia. The impact that arises is the increasing intensity of human movement as labor and goods as production materials. The factor of means and transportation greatly affects the smooth mobility of passengers and goods. Therefore, in addition to infrastructure factors, service factors also have an important role. This study used the snowball sampling technique, which determined informants based on previous informants without determining the exact number by digging up information related to the required research topic. This paper is intended to improve the quality of service and satisfaction of Kalideres bus-station service users.

Optimizing biodiesel blends with green hydrogen fuel: A study on combustion duration, fuel mass burnt, engine performance and emissions

Although the combustion of petroleum-based fuels currently satisfies the majority of our energy needs, rapid industrialization has spurred the utilization of alternative energy sources to meet the growing demand for electricity. With the global population on the rise and increasing awareness of the dangers of climate change, there is a greater need to find sustainable and eco-friendly fuels. Utilizing biodiesel derived from non-edible sources is the most efficient and appealing option for meeting energy needs while mitigating environmental impacts. This paper focuses on the preparation and experimental analysis of biodiesel from Karanja oil. Various blends of Karanja biodiesel and regular diesel were produced and stirred to create KB10 (Diesel 90% + Karanja Biodiesel 10%) and KB20 (Diesel 80 % + Karanja Biodiesel 20%). Hydrogen was incorporated into the biodiesel to enhance fuel characteristics, delivered at a rate of 5 L per minute. The emissions and combustion results of the biodiesel blends were compared to those of pure diesel. At full load condition, KB10H5 reported the minimum combustion duration of 25.8°CA with mass fraction burnt of 17.8%. However, the biodiesel blend with 10% and 20% reported the reduced BTE. Highest brake power has been observed at 4.95 kW. The combination of Karanja biodiesel and hydrogen improves fuel quality and reduces the harmful gases emissions such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. It is crucial to ensure that the operation is both efficient and comfortable, and this approach achieved both objectives. In addition, hydrogen energy can also be applied to the railway transportation industry, as a new direction for the green and low-carbon development of intercity transportation, driving the virtuous cycle and innovative development of the hydrogen energy-related industrial chain.

Private car ownership in Indonesia: Affecting factors and policy strategies

Without transportation demand management, urban development and population growth could lead to an increase in the use of private vehicles. Ultimately, increased internal and inter-city traffic causes numerous transportation and social issues. This study sought to develop strategies to limit car ownership in Bandung, Jakarta, and Surabaya, three of the largest cities in Indonesia, by examining the factors that influence car ownership. We conducted external and internal analyses as the basis for a SWOT analysis for developing policy strategies. The external and internal analyses were conducted to understand the external and internal factors that influence transportation conditions in each city. The external analysis was conducted using two models, (1) binomial logistic regression (BLR) and (2) multiple linear regression (MLR) based on user surveys, while the internal analysis was derived from secondary data such as the cities’ development plans. Based on the binomial logistic regression analysis of 585 responses, we found various factors affecting the tendency of owning a car, such as socioeconomic background, garage capacity, as well as perception and attitude toward cars and neighborhood conditions. The multiple linear regression analysis supported the results of the binomial logistic regression analysis by revealing the relationship between variables that influence the number of cars owned. Based on these influencing factors and secondary data, we then conducted a SWOT analysis to develop a number of policy strategies to reduce car ownership. These strategies were specifically designed for the three respective cities. Cities with similar characteristics, such as the major cities of Southeast Asia, could also implement the same strategy.

Research on the Spatial Spillover Effect of Transportation Infrastructure on Urban Resilience in Three Major Urban Agglomerations in China

The development of transportation infrastructure can ensure the strong recovery and reconstruction function of a city, and it is an important way to build a resilient city. Studying the impact of the transportation infrastructure level on urban resilience is related to the future development of a city. Based on panel data for China’s three major urban agglomerations from 2008 to 2019, this paper uses the spatial econometric model to explore the spatial spillover effect of transportation infrastructure on urban resilience. The results show that, due to its spillover effect, intra-regional transportation infrastructure promotes the urban resilience of cities around Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and the Pearl River Delta, while it only promotes the urban resilience of local cities in the Yangtze River Delta. Inter-regional transportation infrastructure not only inhibits the local urban resilience of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei but also reduces the urban resilience of surrounding cities. However, the impact on the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta is not obvious. To promote the overall resilience level in three major urban agglomerations in China, this paper argues that it is urgently required to improve the quality of urban road traffic facilities and optimize the structure of intercity transportation to promote the development of transportation infrastructure and urban resilience. The implementation of several policies is recommended to efficiently improve the transportation infrastructure and urban resilience in these three major urban agglomerations in China.

Optimizing first-mile ridesharing services to intercity transit hubs

Travel to intercity transportation hubs, such as railway stations and airports, can be the most troublesome and inefficient part of the entire air/railway travel journey, as travelers often carry large luggage and have stringent arrival time requirements. Taking public transportation, such as metro and bus services, is inconvenient to carry luggage and less reliable in arrival time while taking taxi services could be less economical. As a result, providing reliable and convenient yet economical on-demand first-mile services for travelers to intercity transportation hubs is essential. This paper proposes a ridesharing approach for the first-mile transport system for travelers heading towards the intercity transportation hub and develops a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model with the objective of minimizing the total operating costs for ridesharing service operators. The MILP model considers (1) large luggage that may occupy seats when the car trunk is not large enough to place them; (2) passengers’ requirements on arrival time and ride time; and (3) travel time uncertainty ensuring that riders’ arrival time and ride time can be satisfied. A tailored adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm with an acceleration strategy is developed for obtaining robust near-optimal solutions within a reasonable time. To assess the solution quality, the MILP model is reformulated as a set-partitioning model, and the column generation algorithm is leveraged to determine a tight lower bound; a greedy algorithm is introduced to obtain an upper bound. Computational experiments on Shanghai South Railway Station demonstrate that ridesharing is an effective strategy for reducing overall travel costs while meeting the first-mile travel demand. In addition, it is essential to consider luggage and travel time uncertainty for determining ridesharing schemes.

An Accessibility Measurement Based on Commuter Behaviour and Living Conditions: An Empirical Analysis of the High-Speed Railway Network in the East of China

High-speed railways as a competitive intercity transport solution in areas of high population density have been constructed rapidly in the last decade. Accessibility measurements have been frequently tested and applied with various definitions, indicators, and processing methods for assessing traffic system utility. In this paper, an improved method of accessibility measurement based on travellers’ profitability is introduced. Three levels of accessibility indicators, Daily Commute Accessibility (DACC), Daily Work Commute Accessibility (DWACC), and Weekly Commute Accessibility (WACC) were designed based on different commuting frequencies and purposes. The average traveller’s income and local living cost were integrated to simulate the real commute scenario and assess the status of the transport system. In the case study, a series of statistics, containing 50 lines of travelling data and 10 years of economic data, was collected from the historical railway service record and local economy yearbook, in an area with 11 cities connected by conventional normal-speed and upgraded HSR networks in the east of China. An index sheet measuring the three levels of accessibility indicated the changes in the travel benefit ratio throughout the test period following popularisation of the high-speed service. To validate the practicability of the new methodology, regression analysis of four groups of panel data, including the accessibility index and local demographic data, was implemented to illustrate the population fluctuation impacted by the HSR services. The results proved that the HSR service is more beneficial in reducing population aggregation than the conventional railway service, which has the opposite effect, leading to the generation of cities with a high population density, and could help to rebalance the local uneven population distribution and promote the progress of urbanisation.

Enhancing intercity transportation will improve the equitable distribution of high-quality health care in China

With the implementation of the patient-mobility policy and the development of intercity transportation in China, interprovincial patient mobility has become an important phenomenon. However, little is known whether or to what extent intercity transportation reshapes the delivery of high-quality health care. This study mapped the accessibility of 41,259 township-level divisions to 1152 tertiary hospitals in multiple patient-mobility scenarios according to whether to seek interprovincial health care and whether to adopt intercity transportation. Our analysis included different transportation systems, such as conventional rail, high-speed rail (HSR), and air transport. Then the geographical detector model was used to contrast the spatial influences of different accessibility patterns on mortality. Our results show that HSR had the largest influence on the utilization of high-quality health care, while air transport was statistically insignificant. HSR can promote the equitable distribution of high-quality health care in that HSR decreases the Gini index and urban-rural disparity in accessibility by 9.52% and 13.25%, respectively. Further, a synergistic effect exists between the intercity transportation and the patient-mobility policy, which could reduce the Gini index and urban-rural disparity in accessibility by an additional 5.07% and 22.50%, respectively. Achieving high-quality universal health coverage relies on sustainable transportation policies and services.

Understanding the inter-city causality and regional transport of atmospheric PM2.5 pollution in winter in the Harbin-Changchun megalopolis in China: A perspective from local and regional

Harbin-Changchun megalopolis (HCM) is the typical cold urban agglomeration in China, where PM2.5 pollution is still serious in winter against the backdrop of continuous improvement in annual air quality in China. To further understand interactions of atmospheric pollution among HCM cities, inter-city causality and regional transport of PM2.5 in the winter in the HCM were comprehensively investigated by using convergent cross mapping (CCM) and CMAQ-BFM methods. CCM analysis results suggest strong bidirectional causal relationships between cities in the HCM, and the causality during polluted episodes were significantly larger than that during clean period. In addition, the influence on local PM2.5 from the HCM western cities were larger than that from cities in the southeast. Inter-city and regional transport contributions results demonstrated that although local emission were the largest contributors among 14 sub-regions for most HCM cities, interactions among cities were strong. Regional transport (42.8%–77.4%) largely contributes to HCM cities’ PM2.5 concentrations. Among three regions outside the HCM, NMG (including part of inner Mongolia and Baicheng city in Jilin, 9.1%) was the largest contributor to the PM2.5 concentration in the whole HCM, followed by JLS (including Liaoning Province, Tonghua and Baishan cities in Jilin province, 5.1%) and HLJ (including cities of Heihe, Yichun, Jiamusi, Hegang, Shuangyashan, Jixi, Qitaihe in the Heilongjiang province, 3.8%). Regional transport contribution to the most HCM cities increased significantly from excellent to heavily polluted days. Furthermore, close relationships between transport paths/intensity and wind direction/speed in studied region suggests that we can quantitatively guide the regional joint emergency prevention and control before and during heavily polluted events based on regional weather forecasts in the future.

Research collaboration beyond the boundary: Evidence from university patents in China

AbstractGeographical distance constitutes friction in searching for research collaborators. Taking advantage of a quasinatural experiment featured by High‐Speed Railway (HSR) lines in China, this paper employs the difference‐in‐differences model to identify the causal impact of a substantial improvement in the intercity transportation infrastructure on collaborative innovation across cities. The data pertain to a universe of patent applications filed by Chinese universities and their citations. We find that HSR contributes to a substantial increase in the innovation quantity and quality of collaborative patenting innovation between universities and corporates. It contributes to industry collaboration by utilizing university academic disciplines in the related technology fields. Lastly, HSR facilitates universities to search for new research partners with better quality beyond the geographical boundary.

The Impact of Covid 19 Prevention Measures on Workers in the Informal Economy in Senegal

The informal sector, or informal economy, is a real employment niche and a godsend for young people facing the harsh reality of unemployment and underemployment. However, in senegal, with the covid-19 crisis, this sector, known for its vulnerability, has been further weakened by certain government measures to combat the covid-19 pandemic (introduction of a curfew, closure of schools, markets and other places of business, ban on inter-city transport, etc.). This article, therefore, proposes to analyse the impact of these measures on informal sector enterprises and workers in senegal, particularly in dakar. The results we have obtained, thanks to an exclusively qualitative methodology, show that the application of such measures during the covid revealed an accentuated precariousness of informal work. In addition to having favoured the decline in turnover of informal enterprises, which are also confronted with the problem of indebtedness, they have contributed significantly to the unemployment of employees and other self-employed workers in this sector.

Preparation of Financial Statements Based On MYOB Accounting Plus V.18 At PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa

PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa is a company engaged in inter-city transportation services, which still survives with a manual accounting recording system in recording financial transactions and compiling company financial statements, giving rise to the risk of losing records, the risk of recording errors, and the risk of lack of information. This study aims to understand the process and technical preparation of financial statements using MYOB Accounting Plus V.18 at PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa and to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of processing financial transaction data using MYOB Accounting Plus V.18 in producing financial reports. The research method used is descriptive analysis, with data collection techniques in the form of interviews and observations. The results obtained are that PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa set accounting policies for general policies, cash disbursements, cash receipts, and depreciation of fixed assets. To support the recording of financial transactions, PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa makes a list of accounts according to the company's needs. There is a beginning trial balance prepared by the company, accompanied by a list of financial transactions and adjustment data for May 2022. Research on the preparation of financial statements based on MYOB Accounting Plus V.18 at PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa shows positive results, and company owners find it helpful because the MYOB Accounting Plus application V.18 can produce financial reports more quickly and precisely than the manual system, making it easier to know the company's performance in the current period. PT Wahana Mitra Perkasa plans to use the MYOB Accounting V.18 application further.

WAYS TO INCREASE RAILWAY COMPETITIVENESS

Nowadays, railway transport is the most developed in Ukraine. It is the heart of transport services for individuals and legal entities, without it is difficult to imagine the normal functioning of production facilities and logistics firms. Rail transport also occupies the main place among domestic traffic. Passenger transportation occupies a significant place in the work of transport, so suburban transportation occupies the second place in terms of mass transportation after intercity transportation by automobile transport . The demand for this type of transportation can be called elastic, since there is an impact of seasonality on transportation, for example, the beginning and ending of academic semesters, vacation time. Therefore, it is advisable to consider tourist trains that could run on sections of the Dnіpro-Pіvdennij station – Apostolovo station, Dnіpro-Pіvdennij station – Surskoye station, Dnіpro-Pіvdennij station – Zhovtokamenka station, Dnіpro-Pіvdennij station – Elizarovo station. The article provides graphs of the movement of these trains, allowing passengers to visit attractions along the entire route. Consequently, tourist routes can improve the development of tourism throughout Ukraine, and not popular destinations. This may result in increased demand for tourist trains, increased monetization of passenger transportation, thereby improving passenger comfort.

TRENDS IN THE RECOVERY OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF IMERETI)

The Coronavirus along with other sectors of the economy, has caused great damage to the tourism sector and related industries. The number of international tourists decreased by 0.7% in February 2020 compared to 2019. The decrease in the number of visitors has affected the restaurant business, airlines, shopping and catering establishments. In 2020 with the period before the pandemic, the number of employees in hotels throughout Georgia decreased by 17 000 people. According to the statistical data the increase was recorded in the 2nd quarter of 2022. The same trends were observed in the research region in particular in Imereti in 2019. In the mentioned sector by 2020, 2536 people were employed and their number decreased to 1725. By 2021 a slight increase was recorded in amount to 1745 people. In 2021, the highest rate of domestic visitors was recorded, both in the country as a whole and in the regions that exceeded the pre-pandemic period. An increase of 34 000 was recorded in Imereti alone, and the increases of 314 000 in the country as a whole. It were caused by broader crossing restrictions. Although, the income from international tourism decreased significantly during the research period, the opposite result was observed in the case of local visitors, the expense within the country increased significantly and reached 226 million GEL, higher than the same period before the pandemic with is 73,5 million GEL. In post-pandemic conditions, tourism and its separate sector are being revitalized, both in Georgia and in the world as a whole. According to the National Tourism Agency the number of visitors to Georgia in 2022 is promising. In March 2022 211 484 visitors arrived, which is 210,6% higher than the previous years and comprises 48,5% of March of 2019. Difficulties arose in the process of renewal of work in the tourism sector of Georgia. Domestic tourism resumed on schedule, but resumption of international travel was delayed. From June 8, 2021, hotels were allowed to resume operations; Intercity transport was restored. The railway resumed operations on June 15. The final phase of the opening of domestic tourism was marked by the resumption of domestic flights from July 24. On July 8, Georgia opened its borders to 5 European countries (Germany, France, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia). The mutual unconditional opening of the borders with the mentioned countries was caused by the fact that Georgia was included in the list of 15 safe countries for travel published by the European Union on June 30. To date, the flow of passengers in all three international airports of Georgia has almost equaled the period before the pandemic, in particular, according to the data of the 8th month of 2022, Kutaisi airport recorded a 95% recovery of the same period of 2019, Batumi airport - 94%, and Tbilisi airport - 74%. In 2022, the rapid recovery of the tourism sector began everywhere, including Georgia. An accelerated pace of tourism recovery has been observed in our country since May 2022. In the first half of 2019, compared to 2019, a 56.8% increase in tourist visits was recorded, and in June-August, a 78.7% increase. Tourism revenues recovered faster, in particular, in the first half of 2022, 78.3% growth, and 123.6% growth was recorded in July-August, which is explained by the influx of migrants and high inflation. It was observed, which is explained by the influx of migrants and high inflation. At the same time, hotel revenues recovered faster in the regions than in the capital, one of the reasons being the increase in domestic tourism. The pandemic reduced the interest of investors, which slowed down the construction process of medium and large hotels. As a result of the research conducted by JSC Bank of Georgia group "Galt & Taggart", a forecast is made that by the end of 2022, tourism will be fully restored to the pre-pandemic level, and by 2023, a 10% increase will be recorded. In addition, the tourism sector of Georgia should focus on the development of such high-income destinations as - wine, winter. Resort and MICE tourism development (Tourism Review, 2022). Hopefully, the above-mentioned trends will increase the flow of visitors and their spending, not only in the country as a whole, but also in individual regions, including Imereti. Together, everything will contribute to overcoming the economic crisis caused by the pandemic.

Traffic Stream Characteristics Analysis for Roadway Linking to Pick-up Zone of Passenger Transportation Hub: A Fundamental Diagram Derived from Threshold Queueing Theory

A pick-up zone links a hub of inter-city transportation (e.g., airplane and rail, etc.) with a connected roadway belonging to the city road network. Passengers depart through the pick-up zone and the interactions between passengers and vehicles lead to delays and queues of vehicles on the connected roadway. A better understanding of the unique traffic characteristics of the connected roadway can help to reveal the collecting or dispersing capacity of the hub. This paper treats passenger boarding in a pick-up zone as a service process in a queue system and uses a fundamental diagram model derived from M/M/1 threshold queueing theory with two service phases to investigate the supply–demand relationship of the system. A calibration method is proposed to determine the parameters of the model. Numerical experiments showed that the model can capture a unique capacity drop in the pick-up zone. Moreover, analyses on the impacts of designed parameters on the model features, such as capacity and degree of capacity drop, were performed, and the comparisons showed that the model used performs better than other classical methods with a 0.69 mean squared error and a 0.90 sum of squares due to error). The results will be important supports for hub capacity management.

Blended Wing-Body Unmanned Aerial Transport Aircraft: A conceptual design

UAVs have advantages for tasks like aerial surveillance, agriculture, and transportation because of their low operating costs and the ability to automate the work. This paper introduces a conceptual design of a parcel transport UAV called Baseline-X BWB that carries two kilogrammes of payload for inter-city transport. The scope of discussion is limited to aerodynamic estimation, flight performance, and monetary cost. This UAV prototype has a longer battery charge range, a larger and heavier payload capacity, and a lower operating cost-per-mile and fleet cost per route than conventional designs of the same size, making it feasible and profitable for operators.

ANALISIS TINGKAT PELAYANAN ANGKUTAN KOTA PT TRANEX GPM RUTE BUKITTINGGI – PADANG

Bukittinggi is one of the cities in West Sumatra and has the second largest economy in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Considering the growth and development of the city of Padang, most people use public transportation for trade, work and tourism. The population in this study were users of public transportation between cities on the Bukittinggi - Padang route. City transportation PT Tranex Graha Perkasa Mandiri has 8 fleets with executive class buses equipped with air conditioning, the number of passenger seats is 16 people with a sample of 97 respondents. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of public transportation PT Tranex Graha Perkasa Mandiri and determine the level of service. Sampling technique is done by sampling technique. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire. 80% of the respondents surveyed the security conditions in the vehicle are safe or there are no disturbances, both criminal and passenger safety, while 20% of respondents stated that it was not safe. 55% of inter-city public transport vehicle passengers on the Bukittinggi - Padang route who were interviewed stated that the vehicle they were traveling in was moderate, while 30% said it was good and 15% said it was bad. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that the waiting time for PT Tranex Graha Perkasa Mandiri is 60 minutes, which according to service standards is less and the waiting time is 30 minutes less in service standards. Keywords : City Transport, Bukittinggi, service, transportation

Tekirdağ İli Çorlu İlçesinde Toplu Taşıma Kaynaklı Karbon Ayak İzinin Hesaplanması Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Carbon footprint is formed as a result of the use of internal combustion, mostly diesel engine vehicles, in passenger and freight transport activities in urban and intercity transportation. Depending on the type of fuel used in road passenger and freight transport vehicles and the amount of consumption, carbon dioxide gas is emitted into the atmosphere. This gas is one of the gases that cause the formation of the greenhouse effect. One of the most important sources of exhaust gas emissions causing air pollution is internal combustion engine vehicles. Increasing urban air pollution as a result of the use of fossil fuels is closely related to the CO2 emissions released from public transportation vehicles, which are a part of our daily life. For this reason, reducing gas emissions from public transport gains importance in the fight against air pollution and climate change. This study was conducted to measure the CO2 emissions released from a selected public transport vehicle as an example. Fuel consumption and passenger transportation data for February 2020 of the public transportation vehicle used on line 7 in Tekirdağ, Çorlu urban transportation were collected. This line has 55 stops. Using this collected data, the carbon footprint of the public transportation vehicle was calculated with the Tier-1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Methodology. Total fuel consumption for February 2020 is 3189.28 liters, and 0.0082 Gg of CO2 emissions have been calculated in the calculation made with the Tier-1 method. This equates to 8.2 tons of CO2 emissions. It has been determined that 0.276 kilograms of CO2 carbon dioxide emissions per passenger carried.

Distributed recycling system with microwave-based heating for obsolete alkaline batteries

In the recycling sector, the transition in system networks from centralization to decentralization is an emerging concept. The feasibility to decentralize the recycling of e-waste needs to be analyzed, considering the different characteristics of each municipality. We propose a distributed recycling system for obsolete alkaline batteries using microwave apparatus as a small-scale recycling technology. Firstly, the reactivity of obsolete alkaline batteries with microwave irradiation was empirically examined. In lab-based experiments, pyrometallurgical microwave-based heating successfully separated a mixed sample of Mn 3 O 4 and ZnO contained in obsolete alkaline batteries and recovered MnO and Zn separately, achieving a recovery rate of 97% under an ambient atmosphere. It was also found that the recovery rate of zinc obtained by microwave-based heating is 1.5-fold that using conventional electric furnace-based heating, with less than half of the heating time required. The experimental results were then used to analytically determine the energy efficiency of the distributed recycling system for the treatment of obsolete alkaline batteries with microwave apparatus compared with the centralized recycling system. In an analytical study which considered the characteristics of 1710 municipalities in Japan, it was found that an annual energy and greenhouse gas reduction of 26,500 GJ and 1.54 Gg-CO 2 eq, respectively, can be achieved at the national level by creating a well-balanced harmony between the centralized and distributed systems. The method applied in this study to determine the effectiveness based on population and intercity transport distance can be readily implemented in any city for the adoption of a distributed recycling system. • An empirical-and-analytical hybrid study was conducted. • Recovery rate of Zn from obsolete alkaline batteries reaches 97%. • 25300 GJ of energy saving is achieved by distributed recycling. • 1.54 Gg-CO 2 eq of greenhouse gas emissions are saved by distributed recycling. • Microwave technology is appropriate to distributed recycling.