Intercellular Substance Research Articles

Ultrastructural reorganization of the constituent components of the rat periodontium under conditions of chronic opioid exposure

Opioid addiction has acquired the characteristics of an epidemic in recent years and is a serious problem in modern medicine. In users of narcotic substances, a significant prevalence of diseases of the oral cavity and periodontal tissues is noted in comparison with the general population. The aim of the work was to investigate the ultrastructural organization of the periodontal tissues of rats at the end of the fourteenth week of the experimental opioid effect. The animals were administered intramuscularly, daily, once, the opioid analgesic nalbuphine (pharmacotherapeutic group: analgesics, opioids, morphinan derivatives) in increasing doses for 14 weeks: 1-2 weeks – 0.212 mg/kg, 3-4 weeks – 0.225 mg/kg, 5-6 weeks – 0.252 mg/kg, 7-8 weeks – 0.260 mg/kg, 9-10 weeks – 0.283 mg/kg; 11-12 – 0.300 mg/kg, 13-14 weeks – 0.450 mg/kg. At the end of the fourteenth week of opioid exposure, ultrastructural changes in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the gums, periodontium, and hemomicrovessels with the development of decompensation and pronounced dystrophic-destructive changes were established. With the long-term effect of an opioid analgesic, signs of karyorrhexis, segregation of nucleoli, spongiosis, apoptosis, violation of the integrity of intercellular contacts, as well as vacuole-like formations, which were a manifestation of focal necrosis of epitheliocytes, were revealed. The development of necrotic changes was caused by significant damage and destruction of organelles, as well as fragmentation or lysis of bundles of tonofilaments. The intercellular spaces were mostly expanded and uneven, which was caused by edematous phenomena. Fragmentation and destruction of periodontal collagen fibers, destructive changes in fibrocytes and fibroblasts were found in the periodontium. The translucency of the amorphous component of the intercellular substance of the connective tissue was determined. The ultrastructural reorganization of the cellular components of the periodontium was caused by vascular disorders of a systemic nature, which were manifested by the phenomena of dilatation, hemoptysis, sludge phenomenon, dystrophic changes in the endotheliocytes of hemocapillaries and venules, and the progression of sclerotic changes, which significantly disturbed the trophism of the periodontal tissues of rats.

THE ROLE OF INTERCELLULAR INTERACTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF KELOID SCARS

Pathological scarring at the present stage does not have a clear pathogenetic justification, it is characterized by unpredictability and constant growth of keloid scars, the absence of regression for many years and reasonable pathogenetic treatment. Despite the fact that there is the possibility of extirpation of excess tissue, it is almost impossible to remove keloid scars without recurrence. The paper presents phenotyping data in the structure of cellular ensembles of scars with the disclosure of signaling mechanisms of fibroblast differentiation into specialized cells that secrete collagen and the main matrix of the intercellular substance with pronounced hyalinization. It has been shown that the number of macrophages in the tissue of developing keloid scars is reduced in comparison with areas of normal reparative skin regeneration and in the structure of hypertrophic scars. Given the responsibility of macrophages for the secretion of angiogenesis factors and, accordingly, further oxygenation of the tissue healing zone, the authors point to a decrease in the number of macrophages as one of the main factors inducing keloid scarring and connective tissue metaplasia.

АNALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS OF MAMMALS WITH A MIXED TYPE OF NUTRITION

Diseases of the biliary system, such as cholecystitis of various etiologies, gallstone disease, post-cholecystectomy syndrome and cholangitis, are becoming more common. Every tenth representative of adult population suffers from gallstone disease. This disease is widespread in various countries of the world, and the number of patients is increasing. An increase in the incidence of the biliary system has been noted in all economically developed countries, and women with this pathology are a several times more common case than men. 
 The wall of the intrahepatic bile duct is represented by outer adventitia and inner mucosa. In the initial sections of the excretory system of the liver, bile ducts in the mucous membrane are represented by epithelial tissue with a basement membrane, which ensures the physiological regeneration of this layer. The middle section of the biliary system of the liver is almost no different from the structure in the initial sections. There are still some differences in the structure of the inner shell. Other forms of epitheliocytes are observed. Not only cubic, but also prismatic epitheliocytes are found in intrahepatic bile ducts. The nuclei, which are mainly located near the basal surface, have some differences in the location. But there are also those in which the nucleus is located in the center of the cell. The department of the intrahepatic bile duct, which is the closest to the gate of the liver, has differences in diameter and in the number of cells of the inner lining. Epitheliocytes have a prismatic structure, and the nuclei are mainlylocated on the basal surface and have an elongated shape. The outer shell, in which there are cells of the fibroblastic series and an intercellular substance with collagen fibers and an amorphous substance, remains unchanged.

The synergistic regulation of chondrogenesis by collagen-based hydrogels and cell co-culture

The suitable seeding cells and scaffolds are very important for tissue engineering to create functional cartilage. Although the physicochemical properties of scaffold and co-culture system of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes could affect functional properties of engineered cartilage tissues respectively, the combined effects of them on chondrogenesis is currently unknown. Herein, methacrylated collagen (CMA30 and CMA80) hydrogels with different degradation rate and stiffness were prepared. The MSCs and chondrocytes were co-cultured or monocultured in collagen, CMA30 and CMA80 hydrogels in vitro or in vivo. The results demonstrated that cell spreading and proliferation was regulated by degradation rate and stiffness of hydrogels. Compared to single MSCs culture, co-culture cells in all collagen-based hydrogels significantly improved chondrogenesis. CMA30 hydrogel with moderate degradation rate and low storage modulus was the most effective for co-culture system to promote chondrogenesis compared to Col and CMA80 hydrogel in vitro culture, while there was no obvious difference between CMA30 and CMA80 hydrogel in vivo. Furthermore, the intercellular substance exchange was very important for co-culture system to maintain the positive effect on chondrogenesis. Overall, the current study highlights the synergistic effects of the physicochemical properties of collagen-based hydrogel and co-culture system on cartilage formation. Statement of significanceScaffolds and cells play a key role in cartilage tissue engineering. The combined effects of physicochemical properties of collagen hydrogels and co-culture system (MSCs and chondrocytes) on chondrogenesis is unknown. In contrast to the studies that investigated the effect of single factor (scaffolds or cells) on cartilage formation, this manuscript explored the synergistic regulation of both scaffold properties and biological factors on chondrogenesis, and provided a promising strategy for cartilage tissue engineering.

A Multifractal Vision of 5-Fluorouracil Release from Chitosan-Based Matrix.

A suite of four drug deliverance formulations grounded on 5-fluorouracil enclosed in a chitosan-founded intercellular substance was produced by 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal with in situ hydrogelation. The formulations have been examined from a morphological and structural point of view by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and microscopy with polarized light, respectively. The polarized optical microscopy (POM) pictures of the three representative formulations obtained were investigated by fractal analysis. The fractal dimension and lacunarity of each of them were thus calculated. In this paper, a novel theoretical method for mathematically describing medicament deliverance dynamics in the context of the polymeric medicament constitution limit has been advanced. Assuming that the polymeric drug motion unfolds only on the so-called non-differentiable curves (considered mathematically multifractal curves), it looks like in a one-dimensional hydrodynamic movement within a multifractal formalism, the drug-release physics models are provided by isochronous kinetics, but at a scale of resolution necessarily non-differentiable.

DEPOLARIZATION OF CELL MEMBRANES IN THE FORMATION OF DRUG RESISTANCE

Correlation of the properties of biofilms of microorganisms and malignant tumors indicates the existence of a certain analogy between them, which allows us to explain the essential circumstances of the formation of drug resistance. Intercellular substance plays a significant role in the functioning of both types of cell groups. Both types are characterized by the formation and local accumulation of structurally damaged proteins and peptides. The regularity of their interaction with membrane’s phospholipid bilayer creates prerequisites for the formation of β-structured inclusions that are characterized by electrical conductivity. This leads to membrane depolarization and, as a result, to disruption of its barrier function. An increase in the permeability of the membrane contributes to the entry of external genetic material, the formation of mutated forms and the development of drug resistance.

Pathological mechanisms of connexin26-related hearing loss: Potassium recycling, ATP-calcium signaling, or energy supply?

Hereditary deafness is one of the most common human birth defects. GJB2 gene mutation is the most genetic etiology. Gap junction protein 26 (connexin26, Cx26) encoded by the GJB2 gene, which is responsible for intercellular substance transfer and signal communication, plays a critical role in hearing acquisition and maintenance. The auditory character of different Connexin26 transgenic mice models can be classified into two types: profound congenital deafness and late-onset progressive hearing loss. Recent studies demonstrated that there are pathological changes including endocochlear potential reduction, active cochlear amplification impairment, cochlear developmental disorders, and so on, in connexin26 deficiency mice. Here, this review summarizes three main hypotheses to explain pathological mechanisms of connexin26-related hearing loss: potassium recycling disruption, adenosine-triphosphate-calcium signaling propagation disruption, and energy supply dysfunction. Elucidating pathological mechanisms underlying connexin26-related hearing loss can help develop new protective and therapeutic strategies for this common deafness. It is worthy of further study on the detailed cellular and molecular upstream mechanisms to modify connexin (channel) function.

Sustainable alginate lyases catalyzed degradation of bio-based carbohydrates.

Alginate is a water-soluble and acidic polysaccharide derived from the cell wall and intercellular substance of brown algae. It is widely distributed in brown algae, such as Laminaria, Sargassum, and Macrocystis, etc. Alginate lyase can catalytically degrade alginate in a β-eliminating manner, and its degradation product-alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) has been widely used in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics and other fields due to its wide range of biological activities. This article is mainly to make a brief introduction to the classification, source and application of alginate lyase. We hope this minireview can provide some inspirations for its development and utilization.

Грануляционная ткань как разновидность соединительных тканей (обзор)

Currently, there is no consensus among scientists on the place of scar tissue and, in particular, granulation tissue in the classification of fibrous connective tissue. This paper aimed to generalize literature data on the structure and development of fibrous scar tissue. It is demonstrated that granulation tissue is mostly composed of myofibroblasts, along with fibroblasts, as well as old fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Myofibroblasts are characterized by a developed cytoskeleton represented by stress fibers, which ensures active migration of these cells and remodelling of the surrounding intercellular substance. The developed synthetic apparatus of the myofibroblast, in addition to synthesis of the intercellular substance, provides cell paracrine activity, which maintains the homeostasis of the cellular components of granulation tissue. The intercellular substance is represented by type III collagen fibers; elastic fibers are absent. The ground substance has a high degree of hydration and low stiffness and is rich in glycosaminoglycans, collagenases and fibronectin; this greatly facilitates the migration of myofibroblasts, endotheliocytes and fibrocytes. The ability of the intercellular substance to accumulate growth factors plays an important role in the transdifferentiation of fibrocytes into myofibroblasts. The blood vessels of the granulation tissue are the source of fibrocytes, which play a key role in the formation of granules of the newly formed tissue around the vessel. Myofibroblast apoptosis triggers the differentiation of granulation tissue into dense fibrous loose connective tissue. At the same time, type III collagen is replaced by type I collagen, elastin fibers appear, angiogenesis is inhibited, and mechanisms providing sympathetic innervation of connective tissue are triggered. Thus, granulation tissue can be considered as temporary connective tissue, which is one of the examples of dedifferentiation that occurs not only at the cellular, but also at the tissue level.

Effects of exosomes on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles originating from the endosomal system, which are involved in intercellular substance transfer and cell waste elimination. Recent studies implicate the roles of exosomes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process through which new granule cells are generated in the dentate gyrus, and which is closely related to mood and cognition, as well as psychiatric disorders. As such, exosomes are recognized as potential biomarkers of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. This review briefly introduces the synthesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, and discuss the relationship between exosomes and hippocampal neurogenesis, and their roles in regulating depression, epilepsy and schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the prospects of their application in diagnosing disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).

Feasibility of Growth Factor Agent Therapy in Repairing Motor Injury.

Growth factors (GF), with the activity of stimulating cell growth, play a significant role in biology, medicine, and exercise physiology. In the process of exercise, human tissues are impacted, making cells suffer damage. Growth factor can accelerate the repair of damaged cells and regulate the synthesis of protein, so biological preparations of growth factors can be added to traditional therapies. A combination of growth factor biologics and conventional therapies may improve the efficiency of injury repair, but growth factor biologics may not produce any results. The feasibility of growth factor biologics in the treatment of motor injury was discussed. The research have shown that: 1) GF biological agent therapy is a very promising treatment for motor injury, which is based on the power of autologous growth factor (GFs) to accelerate tissue healing, promote muscle regeneration, increase angiogenesis, reduce fibrosis, and make the muscle injury rapid recovery. 2) There are various methods for delivering the higher dose of GF to the injured tissue, but most of them depend on the platelet release of GF. At the site of injury, there are several ways to deliver higher doses of GF to the injured tissue. 3) At present, the inhibition of GF is mainly through signal transduction inhibitors and inhibition of transcription factor production. 4) Pattern of GF during wound repair: GF directly regulates many key steps of normal wound repair, including inflammatory cell chemotaxis, division and proliferation of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and vascular endothelial cells, formation of new blood vessels, and synthesis and degradation of intercellular substances. 5) When GF promotes chronic wound healing, in most cases, certain GF can be used targeted only when in vivo regulation still cannot meet the need for repair.

Вивчення ступеня інтеграції м’яких тканин в елементи з вуглець-вуглецевого композитного матеріалу в зоні переходу внутрішнього та зовнішнього середовища при імплантації ендо-екзопротезів

Щороку в Україні виконується близько 600 ампутацій на рівні стегна, що вимагає подальшої реабілітації у вигляді протезування втраченої кінцівки. Стандартним методом кріплення протеза до кукси стегна є фіксація гільзи протеза навколо кукси. Гільза забезпечує передачу навантаження, стабільність і ефективний контроль над протезом. Однак цей метод фіксації часто згадується як незадовільний через низку ускладнень, таких як виразки і подразнення шкіри, пітливість у гільзі, неможливість ходити по пересіченій місцевості, неналежний контроль над протезом, зниження діапазону рухів стегна і болі в ділянці кукси. Альтернативним рішенням є перкутанне кріплення протеза ноги до стегнової кістки за допомогою остеоінтегрованих імплантатів. Використовувалися інтрамедулярні стрижні з титановим покриттям, поєднані із зовнішнім блоком за допомогою замка, накритого силіконовою прокладкою, що виконує функцію розмежування внутрішнього середовища від зовнішнього, що часто призводило до інфекційно-запальних ускладнень. Пошук матеріалів для вирішення цих проблем зупинився на вуглецевих матеріалах, у тому числі вуглець-вуглецевих композитних матеріалах (ВВКМ), які є відносно новими конструкційними матеріалами в практиці ортопедії. Їх успішно використовують при остеосинтезі та ендопротезуванні кісток завдяки комплексу необхідних фізико-механічних і хімічних властивостей. Метою даної роботи було встановити ступінь інтеграції м’яких тканин і, зокрема шкірного покриву, в ВВКМ. Експериментальним шляхом, із використанням лабораторних тварин, проведено гістоморфологічний аналіз змін тканин в ділянці контакту з імплантатами. Доведено біоінертність матеріалу, а також обґрунтовано перспективність застосування імплантатів із ВВКМ як покриття елементів конструкцій ендо-екзопротезів для застосування в реконструктивній травматології та ортопедії.

On the designing method for express assessment of the state of winter crops in the process of their overwintering

Winter crops, having high yields in comparison with spring crops, determine the overall grain harvest, thereby providing significant contribution to strengthening the country's food security. But at the same time, climatic metamorphoses of recent years seriously affect the preliminary forecast of the amount of collected products and its final result. Therefore, the problem of current control over the safety of cereals cultivated using the technology of winter sowing is very acute today. The review of existing control methods in the autumn-winter-spring period shows that almost all methods are laborious, time-consuming, many are the result of a visual subjective assessment, there is no possibility of express assessment of the state of plants in the place where cultivated crops grow. Analysis of the mechanism of intracellular processes under plant tissue exposure to negative temperature allows saying that intracellular changes occur in it, leading to a change in the electrical conductivity of the "intercellular substance and cell contents" solution. Based on the already used methods for assessing the physiological state of plants by measuring the resistance of plant tissue, it was decided to use the same approach to create algorithm for the functioning and technical means for monitoring the winter hardiness of cultivated crops. Conducted studies have shown that the electrical resistance of plant tissue has a systematically repeating nonlinear character during freezing and thawing during measurement. Resistance measurements must be carried out at different frequencies, but due to the limited capabilities of measuring instruments to measure the high resistance of plant tissue, preference should be given to frequencies from 0.5 kHz and higher.

LOCALIZATION OF EPITHELIAL AND MESENCHYMAL ELEMENTS IN THE PLACENTAL STRUCTURES OF COWS IN THE NORM AND DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE OF ECLAMPSIAS

The results of pathomorphological and morphometric studies showed that the histostructure of the normal placenta in cows in the last stages of gestation was characterized by the following features: - free location of the chorionic villi in the crypts formed by the branches of the uterine septa; - the composition of the intercellular substance of the uterine septa includes neutral mucopolysaccharides, chorionic villi - acid mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination of the placenta of cows during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia revealed certain patterns in the structure of the organ, which can be taken into account in differential diagnosis: - a decrease in the mass of fetal membranes, as well as a decrease in the number and surface area of cotyledons; - hyperplasia of the crypts with simultaneous reduction of the villi, the crypts merged with each other, forming structures resembling the endometrium in structure; - vacuolar degeneration of chorionic villi in the fetal part of the placenta; - premature degradation of the extracellular matrix, not associated with labor activity.

Study of the Effectiveness of Drug No. 1 on the Model of Alkaline Eye Burn in Rabbits.

Studies have shown that 0.05 mL/kg of drug No. 1 as 1:15 dilution with sterile saline solution has anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and angioprotective effects if instilled in both eyes of rabbits twice a day for 30 days after an alkaline burn. A stimulation of reparative processes in the cornea was observed with the test dose of drug No. 1. This was manifested by accelerating the recovery of defects in the anterior epithelium and stroma, reducing the frequency of formation of deep defects and the severity of inflammatory reaction and vascularization, and inhibiting the formation of turbidity of its lower intensity and area. A tendency to restore laminarity of the stroma was determined by the action of drug No. 1 throughout the observation period. This contributed to a decrease in the degree of vascularization and prevented ulceration and perforation of the cornea. By the end of experiment, a restoration of strong epithelial-stromal relationships in the experimental group, compared to the control group, was observed due to formation of normal architectonics of fibrous components of intercellular substance. A more pronounced proliferative activity, with an increase in the layering of limbal epithelial cells, was noted in the limbal zone of the cornea in the experimental group rabbits compared to the control group.

Expression and clinical significance of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by a majority population of respiratory sleep disorders, which consists of simple snoring as well as increased upper airway resistance syndrome. Adenoid hypertrophy has been suggested as the main cause of OSAS in children. The role of interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its receptor suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) in a variety of pediatric allergic diseases has been confirmed. We hypothesized that IL-33/ST2 path way might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of adenoid hypertrophy-associated OSAS in children.MethodsA total of 40 children undergoing adenoidectomy due to OSAS in the Otolaryngology of Tianjin Children’s Hospital were selected as the study participants. The quantity of IL-33 and ST2 positive cells in adenoids was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate (SP) method.ResultsThe IL-33 positive cells were mainly distributed in the submucosa epithelium and vascular endothelium, and expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Meanwhile, ST2 positive cells were primarily observed in the mucosa and expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm, with a little expression of intercellular substance. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of adenoids in the posterior nostril diameter and the number of IL-33 positive cells. The expression of IL-33 in adenoids was positively correlated with the level of ST2 (r=0.809, P=0.000). The expression of IL-33 in adenoids was positively correlated with the level of eosinophil granulocyte (r=0.859, P=0.000). Moreover, the expression of ST2 in adenoids was positively correlated with the level of eosinophil granulocyte (r=0.814, P=0.000). The number of IL-33 positive cells was significantly higher in the moderate hypoxemia group than that in the mild hypoxemia group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of ST2 positive cells between the moderate hypoxemia group and mild hypoxemia group (P>0.05).ConclusionsBoth IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were expressed in adenoids of OSAS children. The severity of airway obstruction caused by adenoid hypertrophy was positively correlated with the expression of IL-33.

Relationship between the age and sex of the patient with the results of the indirect immunofluorescence test in patients with bullous dermatoses

Background/Aim: Autoimmune bullous diseases are characterised by the production of autoantibodies to epidermal or subepidermal adhesive proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between age and sex of patients with the results of indirect immunofluorescence test in patients with newly diagnosed bullous dermatoses. Methods: The investigation presents a retrospective study of newly diagnosed patients with autoimmune bullous diseases at the Clinic for Skin and Venereal Diseases of the University Clinical Centre in Banja Luka in the period 2016-2021. In addition to demographic data, the results of an indirect immunofluorescence test in two titres (≥ 1:10 and ≥ 1:100) were analysed. Results: In this study, almost the same number of patients with pemphigus (45.2 %) and pemphigoid (54.8 %) was found. There were more women than men in the total sample (p = 0.049). The average age of subjects with pemphigoid was higher than that of patients with pemphigus (p = 0.001). 48.2 % of patients with pemphigus and 51.8 % of patients with pemphigoid had a positive indirect immunofluorescence test. A positive test for epidermal intercellular substance in both sexes at a titre ≥ 1:100 is higher than a titre ≥ 1:10 (p = 0.029). Patients with autoantibody titres ≥ 1:100 to desmoglein-1 were statistically significantly older than patients with titres ≥ 1:10 (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Number of patients with pemphigus and pemphigoid were similar, with no difference in sex distribution between the two groups of patients, but patients with pemphigoid were older than patients with pemphigus. The difference between high and low autoantibody titres in both sexes was found only in the group of pemphigus on epidermal intercellular substance and desmoglein-1.

ВЛИЯНИЕ АНОМАЛЬНО ВЫСОКИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР НА ПИТАНИЕ, ПИЩЕВЫЕ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯ И АНАТОМО-ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЮ ПЕРЕДНЕГО И СРЕДНЕГО ОТДЕЛОВ КИШЕЧНИКА САЗАНА (CYPRINUS CARPIO LINNAEUS, 1758) В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОГО ПОБЕРЕЖЬЯ СРЕДНЕГО КАСПИЯ

Conducted has been the study on the influence of abnormally high temperatures in the summer of 2021 on nutrition, nutritional interactions and anatomical and histological organization of the anterior and middle intestine of carp in the conditions of the Daghestan coast of the Caspian Sea. It is shown that under the influence of high temperatures in fish, nutrition is disrupted, destructive changes of the basement membrane and the plate of the intercellular substance have occurred in the midgut. In the anterior part, edema of the mucous layer and necrosis of individual parts of the intestine are observed. The disorders are reversible.

Clinical effects of flaps with cervical cutaneous branch of transverse cervical artery in repairing neck radiation ulcers

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of flaps with cervical cutaneous branch of transverse cervical artery in repairing neck radiation ulcer. Methods: The retrospective observational research was conducted. From January 2016 to December 2019, 8 cases with neck radiation ulcer were admitted to Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University and repaired with flaps based on cervical cutaneous branch of transverse cervical artery. There were 6 males and 2 females, aged 52-75 years. The ulcers occurred 14.5 years after radiotherapy on average, with ulcer areas of 5.0 cm×3.0 cm-7.0 cm×6.0 cm on admission. The wound areas were ranged from 6.0 cm×5.0 cm to 13.0 cm×6.5 cm after ulcers and fibrotic tissue around were resected. Seven cases underwent resection of flaps and wound repair operation on the first stage, and the other 1 case underwent pre-expansion of flap donor area on the first stage and resection of flap and wound repair operation on the second stage, with flap sizes of 8.0 cm×7.0 cm-15.0 cm×8.5 cm. The wounds in the donor areas of flaps in 7 patients were sutured directly, and the wound in the donor area of flap in the other 1 patient was repaired with thin split-thickness skin graft from thigh after being sutured partially. The preoperative ulcer tissue was collected for pathological examination, and the postoperative survival of the flaps and healing of the flap donor areas were observed. The flaps, the recurrence of the neck ulcers and neck function, and the scar hyperplasia in the donor areas of flaps were observed during follow-up. Results: Preoperative pathological examination of ulcer tissue showed that full-thickness necrosis occurred in ulcer skin, obvious fibrotic tissue hyperplasia, collagenization, and small-scale calcification in the base and surrounding tissue of the ulcers, and a large amount of chronic inflammatory cells and a small amount of acute inflammatory cells infiltration were observed in intercellular substance, which excluded the recurrence of tumor. All the flaps in 8 cases survived, the wounds were repaired effectively, and the postoperative donor areas of flaps healed well. During postoperative follow-up of 6-24 months, the flaps had good appearances without recurrence of ulcer, the movement function of neck was significantly improved, and no obvious scar hyperplasia was observed in the donor areas of flaps. Conclusions: Radiation ulcer in the neck is a serious long-term complication of neck after radiotherapy, which is difficult to heal with conservative treatment. The flap with cervical cutaneous branch of transverse cervical artery is close to the neck, with rich blood supply, constant anatomy, and is easy to cut. Neck radiation ulcers treated with the flaps showed good wound healing and improved functions, with no obvious scar hyperplasia.

Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris: ACase Report

Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune, intraepithelial blistering potentially life threatening disease. It initially manifests in the form of intraoral lesions, which may spread to mucous membrane and skin. It is characterized by the production of autoantibodies against intercellular substances. Eighty to ninety percent of patients with pemphigus vulgaris develop oral lesions and in 60% of cases oral lesions are the first sign therefore a dentist must be familiar with clinical manifestations of pemphigus vulgaris for early diagnosis and treatment.