Interbranch Balance Research Articles

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO JUSTIFICATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES BETWEEN TYPES (KINDS OF TROOPS) OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article. The study emphasizes that recently a lot of attention has been paid to the issues of financial support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as ensuring the required level of combat capability of troops (forces). It was found out that the technical re-equipment of the army is one of the main priorities of our country, as the combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine depends, first of all, on equipping them with combat-ready models of weapons. The article presents a methodical approach to substantiating the distribution of financial resources between types (types of troops) of the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine. The application of this approach will allow to determine the required number of combat-ready samples of weapons and military equipment (ART) for the operation (combat operations) during a certain period and to achieve a given level of combat capability of units. The peculiarities of this approach are as follows: first, the cost of acquiring weapons for a particular type of troops is calculated not only by the main types (groups, types) of weapons, and other types (groups, types) of weapons, which ensures the principle of structure of existing weapons. formation; secondly, to determine the total cost of acquiring weapons for military units, the provisions of the intersectoral balance Leontiev V. with direct costs, which provides the principle of complexity in assessing the necessary financial resources for types (types of troops) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to ensure their weapons; thirdly, a relationship is established between the equipment of a certain number of combat-capable weapons of a certain military formation and the achieved level of its combat capability through the application of the theory of averted damage. In order to successfully apply the proposed approach, it is necessary to have clear initial data on the current state of weapons in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Conclusion. Prospects for further research are to develop, in accordance with the above material, recommendations for the application of this approach to justify the distribution of financial resources between types (types of troops) of the Armed Forces with a given level of combat capability to determine the required number of combat-ready samples of weapons for the types for the purpose of conducting operations (combat operations) during a certain period. Key words: types (types of troops), interbranch balance V. Leontiev with direct costs, armament and military equipment, level of combat capability, distribution of financial resources, theory of averted damage.

Assessment of the Industrial Structure and its Influence on Sustainable Economic Development and Quality of Life of the Population of Different World Countries

The article proves that despite a significant growth in the service sector in recent years, industry remains the main engine of economic growth. Moreover, using the analysis of statistical data, it is shown that the development of industrial complexes of countries of the world is accompanied by corresponding structural changes, which in turn determines their economic development in general. The study aims to solve the following issues: which structure of the national industry can be considered progressive under modern conditions, i.e., can lead to progress and sustainable socio-economic growth; whether there is a correlation between the progressive structure of the country’s industry and its economic development and the quality of life of its population; how the approach of the country’s industrial structure to its progressive state influences the country’s economic development and quality of life of its population. The purpose of the study is to justify or refute the hypothesis about influence of progressiveness of the industrial structure on sustainable economic development and quality of life of the population. The main methods used in the study are cluster analysis and integral assessment. The statistical basis of the study is the data on inter-branch balances for 36 countries of the world for 2009, 2011 and 2014. The results obtained in the study allowed confirming the hypothesis about the positive influence of approach of the industrial structure of countries of the world to its progressive state on the sustainable economic development and quality of life of their population. This conclusion can be considered as the basis for forming the state policy of the world’s countries to develop their economies and improve the quality of life of their population.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МЕТОДУ ТЕОРІЇ ЗБУРЕНЬ ДЛЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДИНАМІЧНИХ РІВНЯНЬ МІЖГАЛУЗЕВОГО БАЛАНСУ

Економічна система охоплює параметри і характеристики суспільного виробництва, розподілу, обміну та споживання матеріальних благ. В економічній системі вибір і формування як структури, так і способу функціонування є задачами управління, що забезпечують динаміку соціально-економічного розвитку. У структурі системи управління можна виділити: об'єкт управління – це безпосередній пристрій, агрегат, підсистема загальної системи, в якій реалізується мета функціонування всієї системи; управляюча система – представляє собою орган управління (суб'єкт управління), що фіксує параметри об'єкта управління і виробляє керуючі впливи на об'єкт управління; обернений зв'язок – це об'єкт, підсистема, за допомогою якої реалізується вплив управляючої системи на керований об'єкт. Ці елементи разом утворюють замкнену систему управління. Задачі управління економічною системою погано структуровані, і не завжди модель може бути побудована однозначним способом. Це означає, що цілі функціонування багатьох економічних систем не завжди можуть бути чітко сформульовані. Задача управління такою системою полягає в тому, щоб прийняти найкраще рішення для цієї системи. Одним з ефективних методів дослідження економічної динаміки як в теоретичному, так і в прикладному аспекті є динамічні моделі витрати-випуск (моделі міжгалузевого балансу). Математичні залежності між величиною капітальних вкладень і приростом продукції є основою побудови різних варіантів динамічних моделей міжгалузевого балансу. Відмінною рисою динамічних моделей міжгалузевого балансу є виділення виробничих капіталовкладень (інвестицій) зі складу кінцевої продукції і вивчення їх впливу на зростання обсягу виробництва. В роботі складається та аналізується нелінійний варіант динамічної моделі Леонтьєва, розглядається можливість дослідження динамічних рівнянь міжгалузевого балансу при виникненні збурень в елементах матриць прямих матеріальних затрат та внутрішніх інвестицій. За результатами дослідження зроблені висновки про вплив збурень на матриці внутрішніх інвестицій і матеріальних витрат.

Dialectical Interrelation of Types of Monetary and Settlement System and Division of Labour

The relevance of the research the author connects to the necessity of selecting from the wide range of digital technologies the best instruments for economic development. The aims of the article are: to prove the interrelation between the settlement mechanisms and systems of the division of labour; the classification of monetary systems by the differences in the division of labour systems; the rationale the optimality of the public-state monetary and settlement system. The study was conducted using a dialectical method, positive and normative institutional and macroeconomic methods. The results of the study are possible to use unified methods of coordinating the sphere of basic industries and the sphere of innovative, creative work in a digital economy. The author proposes to coordinate the division of labour in the basic sectors and an inter-branch balance within the framework of an automated management system. To coordinate the types of innovative, creative work, a system of combining the spheres of social development through a “circular advance” is possible. These coordination instruments we can implement in the transition to the optimal monetary and settlement system. Monetary and settlement instruments for coordination of the sphere of real production can be used to achieve state regulation in the basic branches of the economy, and instruments for the formation of vertically integrated links, at least, in the sphere of innovative, creative work. The optimal monetary and settlement system proposes the existence of endogen money — the means of account. Such a system makes it possible to use the dynamic model of the inter-sectoral balance as an instrument of the digital economy in the sphere of basic production and instruments of endogenous, monetary-calculating ways of forming links in the vertical division of labour for the innovative, creative sphere. It promotes to innovative and creative work, overcoming market and planning constraints. Investigation of the possibilities of monetary and settlement instruments can generate discussion end can determine other areas of their use.

Methodological base for the implementation of the magnetic levitation transport technology project in Russia

Aim: determine the methodological basis for forecasting social economic effect from implementation of major infrastructure projects in world practice. To compile an individual list of evaluation criteria based on recent research about technical capabilities of magnetic levitational transport technology (MLTT) transport.
 Methods: statistical methods of transport industry analysis and interbranch balance method are applied.
 Results: the potential market for application of technology has been identified and a forecast for changing transport industry matrix has been made.
 Conclusion: this article is the basis for conducting a comprehensive study of the social-economic response of the MLTT project implementation in Russia and determination of optimal parameters for public-private partnership during its realization.

The use of econometric models in the analysis of the volume of pollutants

The object of research is the use of econometric models in the analysis of the volume of pollutants, the release of finished products and the interrelation of these indicators. The application of existing models of analysis does not give a real picture of the interrelations and influencing factors. One of the most problematic places is that the application of existing methods does not provide the opportunity to carry out a forward-looking analysis, and characterizes only the state of the object of research in a retrospective analysis. In the study, the matrix equations of the interbranch balance model, the least squares method, and power regression are applied in the compilation of search forecasts. It is determined that the problem of environmental safety predetermines the need to change the development model in order to predict the future and create the most effective means of human survival, outline ways and define the principles for a way out of a deep crisis. It is justified that the new development model defines sustainable development as a form of civilizational development, and environmental sustainability as the basis of environmental security. It is proved that the provision of an appropriate level of sustainability and environmental safety requires certain costs, the effect of which may not be profit, namely the reduction of environmental negative consequences. Based on the use of the econometric toolkit (regression analysis), a relationship is established between environmental sustainability and indicators that can influence the level of environmental sustainability. The regression model is constructed showing an inverse relationship between the index of sustainable development and GDP per capita and the irect relationship between environmental expenditures and EPI. Based on the obtained results, the author concludes that the financial factor, that is, the costs of protecting the environment, plays a leading role in ensuring an appropriate level of environmental sustainability. As a result of the study, a direct relationship between the gross output of products and the volume of pollutants, characterizing the correlation coefficient of 0.795, is determined. And also the reliability of 95 % of the regression dependence of emissions in the atmospheric air from the volume of aggregate output is proved.

Биография академика В. С. Немчинова в ракурсе культурно-интеллектуальной истории

The article shows the problem of the biographical method and its application for the disclosure of life’s journey of Academician V.S. Nemchinov in the context of the era. It also examines the relationship of historical biographies and functioning of science as a social institution, it reveals the inner world, the individual experience of academician V.S. Nemchinov in close connection with his activity. Much attention is paid to the disclosure of the ideas of Academician V.S. Nemchinov on the relationship of sociology, philosophy, statistics, and economic sciences. The authors in particular reveal the value of the idea of V.S. Nemchinov on the role of social engineering in the development of society with modern scientific positions. The article deals with the socio-cultural and cognitive conditions of economic views of V.S. Nemchinov, shows his role in the creation of several new models of interbranch balances (IBB) and development of the economic and mathematical directions of Soviet science.

Modelling of Production Relations in the Lithuanian Economy

This paper presents a method for the analysis of price index changes in each branch of thecountry’s economy given changes in production factors. Cobb–Douglas production functions were evaluated foreach sector separately enabling the forecasting of production quantities. The country’s total production functionwas estimated using conditional regression. Later, an inter-branch balance problem of price and productionvolume relationship evaluation was solved using a Lithuanian input–output table. Finally, combining the estimatedproduction functions and estimated price–output relationship, Lithuanian economy-relevant scenarios ofre-emigration and retail chain Lidl investment were analysed.

PREDICTION OF METAL TURNOVER ON SEPARATE STAGES OF ITS MOVEMENT

The role of the iron turnover in the economy can not be overestimated. To understand the processes of iron motion you need to know the proportion of metal used in the process of its production and distribution. Need to think of a complex structure intraindustrial relationships, establish proportions not only in the form of the most common indicators such as output, exports and imports of steel, but also how these parameters interact with each other. Knowledge of these flows will allow successfully predict metal fund, and to make long-term balance sheets of scrap. Interbranch balance (MOB) – economic-statistical model, which characterizes the inter-industry production linkages in the economy, as well as the connection between the release of products in the same industry and the cost of resources used up all the other sectors in the provision of this release. MPS is made as to the value and natural forms. In this article, the author of an original method, adapted to the needs of the calculation and analysis of the movement of steel between the individual stages of its production and consumption, based on the method-output tables and matrices «input-output» Leontiev. Also presented a method to predict the flow of metal in the individual stages of its circulation in the economy, depending on the projected volumes of final consumption of steel products in order to determine the forecast balances education and consumption of steel scrap.

The Fiscal Block in the Macroeconomic Modelling

The study has as main objective to assess (quantitatively as well as qualitatively) the way in which the governmental fiscal sectoral block could be positioned relatively to the other sectoral blocks of the national economy, within a macroeconomic model. To this end, some logical criteria are introduced and, based on them ten sectoral blocks of the national economy are identified and described. Then, all the economic flows (in money expression) among the fiscal block and the other nine sectoral blocks are identified and systematized, as inputs or outputs. Finally, a double entrance matrix is elaborated in order to highlight all these economic flows and to put the bases to elaborate, in future studies, even an inter-sectoral blocks balance, in an analogous way with the elaboration of the well-known Leontief inter-branch balance.

Ecological-Economic Model of the Region: Information Technology, Forecasting and Optimal Control

The paper considers a methodology of mathematical modeling of ecological-economic processes at the regional level. The basis of the model is formed by equations, which describe two interacting blocks: economic and ecological ones. Equations of the economic block are represented by relations of generalized inter-branch balance, while the ecological part is described in terms of differential equations with deviations with respect to some given state of natural resources. Issues of i) information support of the model, ii) techniques used for identification of the coefficients, iii) scenario analysis and iv) forecasting are analyzed.

Beyond Powers and Branches in Separation of Powers Law

This Article critiques the central commitments of contemporary separation of powers theory and doctrine. It then suggests more promising ways to think about separation of powers disputes, suggestions that derive from the criticisms offered here. The separation of powers provisions of the Constitution are understood as a way of controlling the exercise of state power by fragmenting it among three different institutions and guaranteeing that fragmentation. Conventional separation-of-powers analysis relies on two mechanisms to achieve and maintain the dispersal of state power: separating legislative, executive, and judicial power in three different branches and preserving a balance among those branches. There is vigorous disagreement about the proper characterization of any given dispute, but there is little controversy about the proper framework within which that debate should proceed. There should be. The embarrassing secret is that both commitments at the center of separation-of-powers doctrine are misconceived. The effort to identify and separate governmental powers fails because, in the contested cases, there is no principled way to distinguish between the relevant powers. The effort to maintain balance among the branches fares no better. We do not know what balance means, how to measure it, or how to predict when it might be jeopardized. The deficiencies are partly explained by the most fundamental difficulty with claims about balance among the branches. Inquiring about inter-branch balance is incoherent because it assumes that branches of government are unitary entities with cohesive interests, but that is not true. The branches are made up of individuals and sub-institutions with varying incentives that do not neatly track the institution within which they are located. The criticisms offered here reveal that we are thinking about questions of horizontal constitutional structure in the wrong way. Taking seriously the failings of current ideas offers at least two important lessons for its reconceptualization. The most significant lesson is that, if one is interested in fragmenting state power and assuring that it remains fragmented, the failure of the conventional approaches is of little moment. In the course of noticing that there is no such thing as three essential powers exercised by three undifferentiated branches, we will also notice that government authority is fragmented, widely so, albeit not according to the three-powers-in-three-branches formula. The other lesson is that current efforts go about the ambitious undertaking of matching particular powers with specific decisionmakers in the wrong way. That effort must start with an understanding of how those decisionmakers might exercise that authority, which requires a fine-grained appreciation of the forces that push and pull government actors in one direction or another. A doctrine built around such understandings will offer no easy answers, but it will at least ask the right questions.

Beyond Powers and Branches in Separation of Powers Law

This Article critiques the central commitments of contemporary separation of powers theory and doctrine. It then suggests more promising ways to think about separation of powers disputes, suggestions that derive from the criticisms offered here. The separation of powers provisions of the Constitution are understood as a way of controlling the exercise of state power by fragmenting it among three different institutions and guaranteeing that fragmentation. Conventional separation-of-powers analysis relies on two mechanisms to achieve and maintain the dispersal of state power: separating legislative, executive, and judicial power in three different branches and preserving a balance among those branches. There is vigorous disagreement about the proper characterization of any given dispute, but there is little controversy about the proper framework within which that debate should proceed. There should be. The embarrassing secret is that both commitments at the center of separation-of-powers doctrine are misconceived. The effort to identify and separate governmental powers fails because, in the contested cases, there is no principled way to distinguish between the relevant powers. The effort to maintain balance among the branches fares no better. We do not know what balance means, how to measure it, or how to predict when it might be jeopardized. The deficiencies are partly explained by the most fundamental difficulty with claims about balance among the branches. Inquiring about inter-branch balance is incoherent because it assumes that branches of government are unitary entities with cohesive interests, but that is not true. The branches are made up of individuals and sub-institutions with varying incentives that do not neatly track the institution within which they are located. The criticisms offered here reveal that we are thinking about questions of horizontal constitutional structure in the wrong way. Taking seriously the failings of current ideas offers at least two important lessons for its reconceptualization. The most significant lesson is that, if one is interested in fragmenting state power and assuring that it remains fragmented, the failure of the conventional approaches is of little moment. In the course of noticing that there is no such thing as three essential powers exercised by three undifferentiated branches, we will also notice that government authority is fragmented, widely so, albeit not according to the three-powers-in-three-branches formula. The other lesson is that current efforts go about the ambitious undertaking of matching particular powers with specific decisionmakers in the wrong way. That effort must start with an understanding of how those decisionmakers might exercise that authority, which requires a fine-grained appreciation of the forces that push and pull government actors in one direction or another. A doctrine built around such understandings will offer no easy answers, but it will at least ask the right questions.

The Elusive Authority of Argentina’s Congress: Decrees, Statutes, and Veto Incidence, 1983-1994

I analyze the legislative process in Argentina in the first decade that followed the return to democracy. The period was characterized by an intense use of executive decree authority to adopt policy unilaterally, something many took as evidence that presidential authority has revoked inter-branch exchange, checks, and balances. By combining the decree and statute processes in a single model of policy I am able to document two forms of selection bias, one due to looking at decrees in isolation from statutes, another to overlooking bills that did not make it out of Congress successfully. Joint evidence shows that Congress issued vetoes on executive-initiated policy much more often than the reverse, and that 4 out of 5 times a veto was effective in killing policy the killing agent was Congress, not the president. Although the decree power allows the president to do many things, it has limits.

Editor's Introduction

This issue of Problems of Economics features an article by Soviet Nobel-Prize winner L. Kantorovich and two of his colleagues. Like so much of recent Soviet economic discussion, this article stresses the problem of underutilization of available resources—in this case the underutilization of readily available optimizing models developed in the literature on mathematical economics. According to Kantorovich, these techniques could be of substantial assistance in solving "practical" problems associated with price fixing, determining the rational location of production facilities, and working out the interbranch balance of the national economy. But some optimizing techniques that have been available for decades are rarely applied in practice. Their utilization would require a "basic restructuring" of prevailing management methods. Hence the resistance to their introduction. Another aspect of the problem is that a "considerable proportion" of economists continue to have little, if any, knowledge of the practical applications of mathematical economics.

The Interbranch Balance in The Planning of Production Capacity

Production plans have been fulfilled in many branches in recent years at the same time that plans for the activation of new capacities have not been entirely realized. This is an indication that the plans did not sufficiently consider the degree of potential intensive development that could be realized by increasing the output of existing capacities without making significant capital investments. At the same time, a considerable amount of the increase in output under the Ninth Five-Year Plan was the result of the reconstruction of existing capacities and organizational and technical measures.

The Interbranch Balance in the System of Planning

The development of our national economy in the present stage is characterized by enormous production volume, by high growth rates of branches, by the continuous acceleration of scientific and technical progress, by the growing complexity of the system of interbranch and interregional proportions and relations, and by their increased dynamism. Under such economic conditions a total and comprehensive state of balance and scientific substantiation of all sections and indicators of plans become an urgent necessity, an important prerequisite for their successful fulfillment.

Studying the Structure of the Soviet Economy by Means of the Data of Ex Post Interbranch Balances

In view of the enormous scope of communist construction in our country, the development and intensification of the social division of labor, and the expansion and increased complexity of interbranch and interregional relations, exceptional importance attaches to the further improvement of the branch structure of social production, the determination and establishment of the most rational economic proportions, and the increased scientific substantiation of national economic plans. In large measure the growth rate of social production and the raising of its effectiveness, plus the successful fulfillment of the socioeconomic problems confronting our society at the present stage, depend on the correct solution of these problems.

Main Results of the Ex Post Interbranch Balance for 1972

The Directives of the Twenty-Fourth Party Congress on the Ninth Five-Year Plan devote particular attention to the improvement of the branch structure of the national economy, to assuring optimal proportions in the development of social production, to increasing the scientific substantiation of national economic plans, and to improving their balance. The elaboration of ex post interbranch balances and the analysis of data concerning the interbranch relations in the national economy obtained on their basis hold great importance for the solution of these problems.

The Effectiveness of Production In Bourgeois Literature

In connection with the urgency that has been acquired by the problem of increasing the effectiveness of social production in our country, formulating the question of the rational utilization of production resources in bourgeois economic science presents great interest. The problem of effectiveness of production in the developed capitalist countries is studied with respect to all levels of the economy and in various directions. Mathematical methods in theoretical and practical research on problems of economic growth and its optimization are quite extensively employed, systems analysis is conducted, an inter-branch balance with elements of optimization and econometric models are elaborated, and indices of the partial and aggregate effectiveness of resource utilization are constructed. Determination of the essence of economic effectiveness, the formulation of the criterion of economic effectiveness reflecting the goal of capitalist production, and the elaboration of the corresponding index (in practical calc...