Aspects Of Interaction Research Articles

Organizational and pedagogical aspects of interaction between teacher and students in distance learning conditions

The paper examines organizational and pedagogical aspects of interaction between teacher and students in distance learning conditions. Organizational aspects include the need for strict adherence to curriculum, administrative support, use of modern technology, and training for both teachers and students. Pedagogical aspects include the development of key competencies in students, such as focus, mutual trust, mutual assistance, systematic communication and the use of a variety of learning modalities. An example of the structure of a lesson in higher mathematics ("Differential Equations") is presented, where organizational aspects are discussed, such as the preparation of educational material and the creation of a learning environment, as well as pedagogical aspects, such as targeted learning, mutual trust and mutual assistance, systematic communication and feedback, and the use of a variety of learning modalities. The methodological support of the training session is also considered, including basic concepts and definitions, educational material and online resources.

The role of N-terminal acetylation of COVID fusion peptides in the interactions with liquid-ordered lipid bilayers

The partitioning of viral fusion peptides in lipid membranes with varying order was investigated due to the fusion mechanism being a potential therapeutic approach. Using a planar bilayer model and advanced techniques such as neutron reflectometry (NR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) the structural aspects of peptide-lipid interactions were explored. The study focused on two target membranes: one forming a liquid-ordered domain and the other forming a liquid-disordered domain. Surprisingly, the COVID fusion peptides did not bind significantly to either membrane, as demonstrated by both QCM-D and NR data, suggesting negligible or no interaction with the bilayer. However, the acetylated COVID fusion peptide showed distinct behaviour, indicating a crucial role of N-terminal acetylation in binding to cholesterol-rich liquid-ordered domains. The acetylated peptide induced changes in the structure and thickness of the SM/DPPS/Chol bilayer whereas proteins and peptides commonly only bind to disordered phases. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and highlights the importance of acetylation in influencing peptide-lipid interactions, laying the groundwork for potential antiviral therapeutic strategies.

Transcriptional profiling during infection of potato NLRs and Phytophthora infestans effectors using cDNA enrichment sequencing

An accurate assessment of host and pathogen gene expression during infection is critical for understanding the molecular aspects of host-pathogen interactions. Often, pathogen-derived transcripts are difficult to ascertain at early infection stages owing to the unfavourable transcript representation compared to the host genes. In this study, we compare two sequencing techniques, RNAseq and enrichment sequencing (RenSeq and PenSeq) of cDNA, to investigate gene expression patterns in the doubled monoploid potato (DM) infected with the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Our results reveal distinct advantages of cDNA RenSeq and PenSeq over traditional RNAseq in terms of target gene representation and transcriptional quantification at early infection stages. Throughout the infection time course, cDNA enrichment sequencing enables transcriptomic analyses for more targeted host and pathogen genes. For highly expressed genes that were sampled in parallel by both cDNA enrichment and RNAseq, a high level of concordance in expression profiles is observed, indicative of at least semi-quantitative gene expression representation following enrichment

Assessing the risk of pedestrian crossing behavior on suburban roads using structural equation model

While pedestrian crashes on suburban roads have received more attention over recent years, the role of pedestrian crossing risk in areas adjacent to pedestrian crossing facilities, such as pedestrian overpasses, has been neglected. Most pedestrians in suburban areas tend to avoid pedestrian overpasses, exhibiting crossing behaviors that increase the likelihood of pedestrian-involving crashes. As a result of the presence of overpasses, drivers may think that there are no pedestrians in the surroundings, so they choose a speed based only on the prevailing traffic and road environment without accounting for potential interactions with pedestrians. Consequently, crashes will occur, with pedestrians typically being the most seriously affected casualties. In this study, using video recordings from a suburban road in Amol-Babol, Iran, the risk of pedestrian crossing behavior in areas near pedestrian overpasses is investigated. The speed selection behavior of drivers in these areas has also been examined using speedometer cameras. To quantify the level of risk for pedestrians when interacting with approaching vehicles during the crossing movements, the post encroachment time (PET) was used as a surrogate safety measure. Based on critical thresholds of PET, three different risk levels were identified using a K-means algorithm: high, medium, and low risk. To identify the elements affecting the risk of pedestrian crossing behavior, structural equation models were estimated for all three risk levels. The results showed that human factors, relating to both drivers and pedestrians, have a dominant impact on pedestrian safety, especially in high and medium risk contexts. Road and vehicle factors were also found to have statistically observable effects on pedestrian safety, but to a milder extent compared to human factors. The findings of this study highlight the need for intervening in several aspects of vehicle-pedestrian interactions with critical importance for pedestrian safety, including road users’ performance and compliance, state of alertness, and interaction with road infrastructure.

The Synergic Effect of Brine Salinity and Dispersed Clay Particles on Water-in-Heavy Oil Emulsion: Insight into Asphaltene Structure and Emulsion Stability

Summary The research on enhancing oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs through low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) has been well-documented, while there have been few studies conducted on the impact of emulsion formation in heavy oil due to the incompatibility between the injected brine, clay particles, and heavy oil components. In this study, we explored the synergic role of asphaltene and clay in the process of LSWF by introducing an innovative and thorough experimental approach. Our findings presented new insights into how LSWF in clay-rich sandstone reservoirs can influence the behavior and properties of the water-in-heavy oil emulsions. In this regard, we contacted the heavy oil and brine (with and without clay) for 20 days at 90°C. Then, the emulsion was centrifuged to separate the oil and brine phases. The oil phase was examined by conducting the viscosity, interfacial tension (IFT), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and asphaltene onset point (AOP) precipitation experiments. Significant decreases in viscosity and asphaltene precipitation values were observed when crude oil was exposed to clay solutions, as indicated by viscosity and IP-143 results. Furthermore, the zeta potential of clay particles suspended in various brines was determined to assess the electrostatic aspects of rock-oil interactions. The analysis of the emulsion phase indicated that the emulsion stability in the presence of clay increased because of the improvement of asphaltene contribution in the interface. This trend aligns with the zeta potential measurement results. In addition, after examining the pH and conductivity of aged brine in the presence and absence of clay, it was observed that the clay caused the release of hydrogen ions in the brine and then bonded with the dissolved cations, leading to improvement in the emulsion stability. Ultimately, the asphaltene molecular structure was compared via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and attenuated total reflection analysis before contact with the brine and after separation from the emulsion phase. The results indicated a decrease in the concentration of aliphatic groups in the molecular structure of the remaining asphaltene following the aging of the oil bulk. These new findings can potentially mitigate unwanted emulsion damage in the LSWF in heavy oil recovery.

Cognitive aspects of interaction in the “Human — Artificial Intelligence” system

Abstract The article, based on empirical and theoretical research, reveals the phenomenology of transformations of the human cognitive sphere when interacting with artificial intelligence. The analysis of the indicated changes in the cognitive sphere is carried out on the basis of the “Concept of cognitive multi-channel Human-Computer interaction” developed by us. The essence of this concept is that the interaction of the cognitive sphere of human and artificial intelligence is implemented on the basis of the actualization and formation of typical cognitive phenomena. These phenomena are considered systemically and multifunctionally, namely as relatively independent cognitive: types of interactions, stages, strategies, channels, ontologies. Within the conceptual and substantive framework of this concept, we distinguish the following types of cognition (channels, strategies, etc.): I – orientational-cognitive; II – subject-cognitive; III – communicative and cognitive; IV – cognitive and analytical; V – cognitive and hermeneutic; VI-cognitive-ontological; VII – cognitive and creative. The identification of the indicated types of cognitive interactions is aimed at its representation as a complex, dynamic, multidimensional, multichannel intellectual system, the features of which are significant for educational and sociocultural practices, as well as for further development of artificial intelligence technologies, including its functional orientation and specificity, ergonomics, architecture, design and features of the interface. A study was conducted among students of higher education institutions aimed at determining the cognitive specificity (structure) of interaction in the “Human – Artificial Intelligence” system. Based on the analysis of the results of the distribution of answers for each of the test questions and the interpretation of the results of the cluster analysis (the Canopy algorithm was used), the dominance of the “I – orientational-cognitive” type of interactions was determined, which indicates a rather significant but initial interest in artificial intelligence technologies. There is also a relatively even distribution of all other types of cognitive interactions. The above reveals the novelty and innovation of artificial intelligence technology. This correlates with the respondents having developed different types of cognition, namely: orientational, analytical-synthetic, conceptual, interpretive, ontological, creative thinking, and corresponding intellectual intentions and motivation to use artificial intelligence tools in various spheres of activity.

Abnormally narrow peaks in TPR-H2 over Pt/CeO2: Experiment and mathematical modelling

The application and development of methods using hydrogen as a gas for testing active surface sites is of great interest in the study of oxide catalysts. In this work a systematic study of Pt/CeO2 catalysts, depending on the platinum loading and calcination temperature was carried out using the method of temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (TPR-H2). Experimental TPR-H2 curves demonstrated a complex structure over a wide temperature range, including the presence of abnormally narrow consumption peaks (ANCP-H2) at low temperatures. To describe the kinetics, mathematical modeling of H2 consumption by various platinum active centers has been used, including isolated platinum ions (single atoms) and PtOx clusters of 2D and 3D structures on the surface of ceria nanoparticles. We proposed a criterion that makes it possible to extend the analysis of the TPR-H2 curves for reducible metal-supported oxide systems and unambiguously establish the action of the autocatalytic mechanism in hydrogen consumption. The kinetics of ANCP-H2 by cluster PtOx centers with a half-width of several degrees on the base of the autocatalysis mechanism was described on the base of the proposed model. The simulations show that ANCP-H2 are described by synchronous fast formation of metallic centers that provide a sharp acceleration of H2 consumption. In general, the obtained results establish the fundamental aspects of the H2 interaction with heterogeneous catalysts and are of particular interest in the light of various practical applications of hydrogen energy.

“I think I speak without hesitation”: Learning-Oriented Assessment to Enhance English Oral Communication of Thai Pre-Service Teachers

Learning-oriented assessments have been implemented in the English language classroom to maximize students’ ability to acquire a language through their involvement in assessment processes. Nevertheless, empirical studies investigating the oral communication ability of students using learning-oriented assessments remain limited. This study aims to investigate the effects of a learning-oriented assessment on the English oral communication ability of Thai pre-service teachers and to explore their attitudes towards the model. Thus, the study employed a mixed-methods research design. The participants of the study were 60 first-year students divided into two groups: the control group (N = 30) and the experimental group (N = 30) were selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected for 10 weeks using an oral communication test, a questionnaire, and interview questions. The results of the test were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and an independent sample t-test. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In addition, the qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The quantitative results showed positively significant effects on the development of students’ oral communication ability in the aspects of range, accuracy, fluency, interaction, coherence, and pronunciation, with a medium effect size. Additionally, the students positively reported the benefits of learning-oriented assessments as being helpful in improving their oral communication ability. Therefore, this study shows that learning oriented assessments could serve as one of many alternative approaches to developing English oral communication ability.

Enhancing Novice Developer Efficacy through UX Journey: Integrating User Experience and User Requirement to Develop Developer Skills

User experience and user requirements are two different approaches to software development. User requirements focus on meeting customer expectations and demands for software solutions, while user experience covers all aspects of software interaction with users. To increase the value of the software, the software must have usable and easy-to-use features with an attractive design or work environment that fits the user's behavior. Integrating software requirements and user experience can increase developer productivity by focusing on features that meet user requirements and expectations. This integration can also increase software development efficiency by addressing issues arising during development. This article addresses developers' challenges when addressing user needs and provides practical solutions widely accepted in industry and academia. Combining user experience and user needs into the UX Journey approach can increase developer productivity and confidence in software development. The design of the UX Journey is carried out by evaluating several existing design solution methods such as Design Thinking, IDEO, HPI, and Double Diamond to determine the existing conditions and needs for the problems faced. Then, by mapping the user, context, and domain, the model is obtained. appropriate. The proposed model comprises Discover, Explore, Test, and Listen activities. A trial was carried out on the respondents to test the method, and a feasibility test and an implementation schedule were obtained based on the statistical analysis of the initial user. It took 980-1500 minutes to complete the design solution. Focusing on features that align with user needs and improve problem-solving efficiency throughout development gives developers greater confidence in producing high-quality software.

Институт самовыдвижения на муниципальных выборах в России в условиях пропорциональной избирательной системы

The use of the proportional electoral system to form a representative authority of a municipal structure gives a non-party citizen no opportunity to exercise the right of self-nomination as in such conditions, he/she is suggested to include his/her candidacy in a party list. The article analyzes legal provisions that regulate this procedure, compares the legal position of a self-nominated candidate and a nonparty candidate that interacts with an electoral association, identifies problems of such interaction and certain aspects of determination of election results and mandate distribution.

Gameful learning investigating the impact of game elements, interactivity, and learning style on student success

This study explores the effects of the aspects of game components, interactivity and learning-styles towards the main goal of providing an understanding of the factors that contribute towards the improvement of learning. Structured questionnaires were used to gather quantitative data from participants ranging from college going students to post graduate level students. The outcome of the quantitative organized queries also painted the picture consistent with all the quantitative hypotheses where regression models had been applied. The next level of credibility came from the quantitative results that ranged from mildly to strongly positive and supported by an expert indicating that the latter had improved due to the effects of gamification. Gathering the qualitative data was carried out by semi-structured interviews with six experienced educators. These educators provided deep descriptions and complex opinion on the personal experiences in the learning context that involve gamification. Unlike the quantitative analysis that focused on the overall results of gamification, the thematic analysis unfolded into the qualitative aspects regarding motivation, engagement, and the learner’s journey. Combining these quantitative and more especially qualitative data sets offers an alternating view of the gamification environment in education. The findings of the study do not only contribute to the theoretical body of knowledge in gamification but also offer real-life recommendations for the educators and institutions who are eager to bring changes to the traditional learning processes. Therefore, the study shows that there are no hard-liner advantages of gamification and that it can have positive impacts in various perspectives. It shows how game elements can improve the learning application and motivation and their capacity in dealing with different learning types and achieving better academic results. Additionally, the qualitative element strengthens the role of teachers, when describing the conditions and possibilities of using the gamification concept for actual educational teaching context.

Морально-етичні норми в юриспруденції

It was found that the moral and ethical norms in jurisprudence were reflected in the relevant Codes, Instructions, Rules of Conduct, etc., which are aimed at ensuring the principle of peoplecenteredness and contribute to the formation and development of a morally mature specialist with high value orientations in the field of professional duties and interpersonal communication Compliance with moral and ethical standards in jurisprudence is a guarantee of maintaining stable professional relationships in the legal team and contributes to maintaining a positive image of the legal profession. It was emphasized that professional activity implemented in the “person-to-person” format requires not only proper expertise, but also perfect standards of moral and ethical interaction to prevent violation of human rights and freedoms and personal values. Jurisprudence is one of the areas where the official-business interaction between representatives of this profession and citizens is tangential to a person’s private life and personal boundaries. That is why it is important to regulate the ethical aspect of such interaction for full cooperation and the most positive resolution of problematic issues. It is noted that ethical codes define a system of value orientations of representatives of a certain professional direction, in particular, persons who perform specific job duties and are empowered to cooperate with their colleagues or subordinates, as well as all physical and legal entities with whom they cooperate. Attention is focused on the fact that the proper level of moral and ethical culture of a lawyer contributes to the prevention and avoidance of his professional deformation, because a high level of professionalism, unfortunately, is not an obstacle to the development of professional deformation. A developed moral and ethical culture and the desire for personal development do not allow signs of antivalue behavior of a person to manifest. When forming and implementing moral and ethical norms in Ukrainian jurisprudence, the experience and practice of the world legal community is taken into account. Recognition and observance of international standards enables the active cooperation of relevant competent authorities with international organizations to ensure law and order and prevent violations of human rights.

An action-observation method for studying social perception: a mini-review.

An important aspect of any social interaction involves inferring other people's mental states, intentions, and their likely next actions, by way of facial expression, body posture, eye gaze, and limb movements. An actor's production of actions during social interactions and the observer's perception of these actions are thus closely linked. In this review, we outline an action-observation methodology, which not only allows for separate analyses of production and perception, but also promotes the study of the dynamic interaction between these two sides of every social exchange. We review two lines of research that have benefited from its application. The first line focuses on individuals performing tasks alone and the observation of their actions by other individuals in order to make inferences about their attentional states. The second line of study focused on pairs of individuals performing collaborative tasks in naturalistic settings and the observation of these performances by other individuals. We offer several suggestions for how this methodology can be extended to improve on the limitations of the present studies, as well as some suggestions of how to use this methodology to venture into new territory. Our aim is to inspire future research applications of this methodology in order to advance our understanding of social action production and perception.

Molecular Dynamic Simulations Reveal that Water-Soluble QTY-Variants of Glutamate Transporters EAA1, EAA2 and EAA3 Retain the Conformational Characteristics of Native Transporters

ObjectiveGlutamate transporters play a crucial role in neurotransmitter homeostasis, but studying their structure and function is challenging due to their membrane-bound nature. This study aims to investigate whether water-soluble QTY-variants of glutamate transporters EAA1, EAA2 and EAA3 retain the conformational characteristics and dynamics of native membrane-bound transporters.MethodsMolecular dynamics simulations and comparative genomics were used to analyze the structural dynamics of both native transporters and their QTY-variants. Native transporters were simulated in lipid bilayers, while QTY-variants were simulated in aqueous solution. Lipid distortions, relative solvent accessibilities, and conformational changes were examined. Evolutionary conservation profiles were correlated with structural dynamics. Statistical analyses included multivariate analysis to account for confounding variables.ResultsQTY-variants exhibited similar residue-wise conformational dynamics to their native counterparts, with correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.56 for EAA1 and EAA3, respectively (p < 0.001). Hydrophobic interactions of native helices correlated with water interactions of QTY- helices (rs = 0.4753, p < 0.001 for EAA1). QTY-variants underwent conformational changes resembling the outward-to-inward transition of native transporters.ConclusionsWater-soluble QTY-variants retain key structural properties of native glutamate transporters and mimic aspects of native lipid interactions, including conformational flexibility. This research provides valuable insights into the conformational changes and molecular mechanisms of glutamate transport, potentially offering a new approach for studying membrane protein dynamics and drug interactions.

Humans Learn Language from Situated Communicative Interactions. What about Machines?

Abstract Humans acquire their native languages by taking part in communicative interactions with their caregivers. These interactions are meaningful, intentional, and situated in their everyday environment. The situated and communicative nature of the interactions is essential to the language acquisition process, as language learners depend on clues provided by the communicative environment to make sense of the utterances they perceive. As such, the linguistic knowledge they build up is rooted in linguistic forms, their meaning, and their communicative function. When it comes to machines, the situated, communicative, and interactional aspects of language learning are often passed over. This applies in particular to today’s large language models (LLMs), where the input is predominantly text-based, and where the distribution of character groups or words serves as a basis for modeling the meaning of linguistic expressions. In this article, we argue that this design choice lies at the root of a number of important limitations, in particular regarding the data hungriness of the models, their limited ability to perform human-like logical and pragmatic reasoning, and their susceptibility to biases. At the same time, we make a case for an alternative approach that models how artificial agents can acquire linguistic structures by participating in situated communicative interactions. Through a selection of experiments, we show how the linguistic knowledge that is captured in the resulting models is of a fundamentally different nature than the knowledge captured by LLMs and argue that this change of perspective provides a promising path towards more human-like language processing in machines.

Communication: concept, essence, content

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the essence and content of communication, which, being an element of social interaction, ensures the transmission and exchange of information in various spheres of human activity. The analysis of linguistic, socio-psychological, activity, cultural, informational and semiotic approaches carried out in the article made it possible to understand the diversity of ideas about communication, to formulate a more complete idea of its essence and content. It also made it possible to identify inaccuracies and discrepancies in the understanding of the concept of communication, which is important for further development and clarification of the theoretical and applied aspects of this problem, and will also contribute to the development of recommendations on the formation of effective interaction and dialogue, reducing misunderstandings, avoiding conflicts and improving the quality of relations, including and legal. The article analyzes the key components of communication. Special attention is paid to its essence, which consists in creating and maintaining social relationships. It plays an important role in the formation of social consciousness, cultural identity and social integration. Communication ensures the coordination of actions and decision-making, promotes the exchange of knowledge and experience, as well as the formation of public opinion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, by its very nature, it is a multifaceted and dynamic process, covering various aspects of interaction between people. Such interactions include verbal and non-verbal means of communication, emotional and rational components, and social and cultural contexts. It contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and adaptation to changes in society. It is substantiated that the main purpose of communication is the transfer and exchange of information, knowledge, emotions and ideas to achieve mutual understanding. It was found that the content of communication includes informational, emotional, motivational and evaluative aspects. Informational content refers to facts, data, and knowledge that are conveyed during communication. The emotional aspect reflects the emotional state of subjects and affects their perception of information. The motivational aspect is related to the intentions and goals that drive communication. The evaluative aspect includes the evaluation of information and the reaction to it, which determines the course of communication and the subsequent behavior of subjects.

Dealing with special supervisors: a typology of coping strategies toward accountability to customers in gig work

Numerous studies have explored the situations of gig workers in the ‘new’ gig economy. While the existing literature focuses on intermediary platforms’ algorithmic control over workers, this paper emphasizes the interpersonal and negotiable aspects of gig worker-customer interactions through an accountability perspective. We posit that algorithmic control and accountability to customers constitute two coordination mechanisms for platform HRM. The latter has gained significance as intermediary platforms adopt algorithmic management and empower customers as visible supervisors. Algorithm-mediated customer control assigns customers direct influence, thereby positioning them as prominent accountability sources and compelling gig workers to meet their expectations. Nevertheless, how gig workers navigate their behaviors under these conditions remains unknown. This study employs a typological approach to explore gig workers’ coping strategies in response to accountabilities, providing micro-level insights into the functionality and dysfunctionality of HRM with gig platforms. Drawing from a qualitative study in the Chinese online delivery industry, we integrate metaphors from cognitive research (i.e. intuitive psychologists and intuitive economists) with the metaphor derived from accountability theory (i.e. intuitive politicians) to develop a fourfold typology grounded in two dimensions (i.e. cognitive modes and economic motives). Our findings reveal both the inevitability and possibility of accountability to customers, identifying four coping strategies (i.e. obedient, ingratiatory, defensive, and cooperative behaviors). This paper offers novel insights into the fields of accountability and HRM research, along with practical implications.

Development and Validation of a Game for Older Adults on Lifestyles and Frailty.

Games are a promising strategy for rehabilitating older adults. The effect of games on promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing frailty remains uncertain. This article aims to describe the process of development and validation of the game "Bem-me-quer para a saúde"® to promote the acquisition of healthy lifestyles and prevent frailty in over 65-year-olds. This study comprised three distinct phases, spanning from December 2023 to June 2024. The first phase comprised a thorough review of the scientific literature on the frailty and lifestyles of older adults, a second phase of game design, and a third phase of content and semantic validation conducted by specialized nurses and older adults. After revising literature, this study utilized an e-Delphi with a panel of 14 specialist nurses who underwent two rounds of evaluation. The "Bem-me-quer para a saúde"® game includes a puzzle board with 54 pieces and 30 educational cards. In the final phase, we evaluated the game on a cohort of 50 older adults, highlighting its reflective, interactive, and educational aspects. The game presented sufficient evidence of content validity and relevance to clinical practice. We should conduct additional research to evaluate its impact on lifestyle modification and frailty prevention.

Phrasebook in Text Typology: a Type of Textbook or an Independent Type of Text?

Introduction. A phrasebook as a type of text is aimed at providing the basics of communication in situations when the knowledge of a foreign language is absent. It can not be classified as a type of a dictionary, textbook or manual for the development of speaking skills. The article examines the problem of determining the status of a phrasebook in the typology of text types. The study is aimed at a diachronic analysis of the texts and structure of phrasebooks to identify features that unite a phrasebook with a textbook, as well as to determine the properties inherent only to a phrasebook, allowing it to be distinguished as an independent type of text. The lack of works that consider the problem of determining the status of a phrasebook determines the relevance of the study.Methodology and sources. The research material – the texts of German-Russian and Russian-German phrasebooks of the XVIII–XXI centuries, covering the time period from 1795 to 2011, which were created both for teaching the German or Russian language, and for practical use during travel. The general (educational and tourist) phrasebooks were chosen because of the fact that they reflect different aspects of interaction between representatives of language communities in predetermined situations.Results and discussion. The comparison has shown that a phrasebook is an independent type of text, at different stages of its historical development having more or less similar features with a textbook, dictionary and a manual for the development of oral speech skills, but differing significantly from them. In the course of its historical development, the cohesive connections between the linguistic units of the phrasebook weaken: from a book containing coherent and logical dialogues on various topics (XVIII–XIX centuries), the phrasebook turns into a manual with a set of thematically organized template phrases and lists of words (late XX–XXI centuries).Conclusion. The phrasebook, thus, is a type of text that is closely related to the era of creation, which is reflected not only in the theme and structure, but also in the strength of the cohesive connections of the linguistic units that make up the phrasebook.

Design and Development of a Multimedia Reading Application for Pre-schoolers as a Foundation in the Area of TVET

The greatest time for this is during early childhood schooling, when children are just beginning to become aware of their job options and form an imagination about the careers, they are interested in. In order to prepare pre-schoolers for their future employment, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) aims to expand their knowledge and skill sets. Technology development also aids in these preschool students' knowledge and skill development in preparation for their future employment, particularly in TVET. At this preschool stage, their reading skills is essential for learning the TVET sector since it aids in their understanding of the subject that piques their interest. Yet, there are a number of reasons why they can struggle to read, including a lack of prior book experience, speech or hearing problems, and a lack of phonemic awareness. This design and development research (DDR) methodology was chosen to assist pre-schoolers in learning to read as a foundational skill in the field of TVET. The researcher focused on the development of multimedia applications for the teaching and learning process using a quantitative approach through ADDIE Model instructional design. The researcher used a random sampling technique to select three academic staff members with the required TVET educational credentials. This sample includes two academics with experience and skill in multimedia creation, as well as a preschool teacher from an appropriate educational institution, so the feedback gained is adequate to obtain precise comments and points of view. Data were acquired and assessed using frequency and percentage values based on a checklist form that was given. To facilitate data analysis, each item is categorised, and frequency information is quantified as a percentage. Professionals who believe that this multimedia application is useful as one of the self-learning mediums have responded favourably to the study's findings about how this multimedia application functions in terms of assisting pre-schoolers in learning to read from the aspects of content design, interaction, and interface. The study's conclusions can be used as a guide by anyone, especially when it comes to encouraging pre-schoolers’ TVET growth.