Interactive Zone Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ADHESIVE SYSTEMS ON THE MICROELEMENT COMPOSITION OF THE DENTIN OF THE CROWN PART OF THE TOOTH

Title: Comparative analysis of the effect of adhesive systems on the microelement composition of the dentin of the crown part of the tooth. Purpose: To research the microelement composition of the «filling-tooth» interactive zone, the morphological characteristics of its border, to assess the effect of adhesive systems of the V and VII (self-etching) generations on the ion-exchange composition of the dentin of the crown part of the tooth, and to qualitatively assess the microelement composition of the hybrid dentin zone. Materials and methods: Extracted teeth with preserved crown part (n=20), enamel etching gel (Vladmiva), V generation Singlebond - 2 adhesive system (3M ESPE), self-etching adhesive system Prime-Bond Universal (Dentsply Sirona), light-cured composite material Migrofil (Republic of Belarus). The research of the microstructure of samples with formed and sealed Class I cavities according to Black was carried out on a certified high-resolution scanning electron microscope «Mira» by Tescan (Czech Republic). The research of the microelement composition of the «filling-tooth» border was carried out by X-ray spectral analysis, which consisted of 2 blocks: using the adhesive system of the fifth generation and the seventh generation of the adhesive system. Conclusions: 1. A comparative analysis of the results of using the fifth-generation adhesive system and the selfetching adhesive system showed that when using the total etching technique, trace elements Ca and P migrate from the tooth dentin structure into the hybrid zone. When using the adhesive system VII, the migration of elements was not established, due to the lack of demineralization of the dentin structure and the modification of the smeared layer. 2. Qualitative assessment of planar spectrograms revealed an increase in the carbon element in the modified adhesive layer. which is due to the presence of a smeared layer after odontopreparation of hard tissues of teeth destroyed by a carious process 3. The migration of the Si element indicates the chemical interaction of the adhesive and the filling material, as well as the filling material and the dentin of the tooth through the adhesive layer. 4. The use of the adhesive system of the fifth generation provides a higher quality of the marginal fit of the filling material to the surface of the dentin than when using a self-etching adhesive system.

Getting interactive at BVA Live.

Alongside the clinical CPD, business, careers and debates programmes, BVA's Interactive Zone will be hosting a series of more informal, drop-in sessions in which all delegates can get involved.

Epidemiology, Biotic Interactions and Biological Control of Armillarioids in the Northern Hemisphere.

Armillarioids, including the genera Armillaria, Desarmillaria and Guyanagaster, represent white-rot specific fungal saprotrophs with soilborne pathogenic potentials on woody hosts. They propagate in the soil by root-like rhizomorphs, connecting between susceptible root sections of their hosts, and often forming extended colonies in native forests. Pathogenic abilities of Armillaria and Desarmillaria genets can readily manifest in compromised hosts, or hosts with full vigour can be invaded by virulent mycelia when exposed to a larger number of newly formed genets. Armillaria root rot-related symptoms are indicators of ecological imbalances in native forests and plantations at the rhizosphere levels, often related to abiotic environmental threats, and most likely unfavourable changes in the microbiome compositions in the interactive zone of the roots. The less-studied biotic impacts that contribute to armillarioid host infection include fungi and insects, as well as forest conditions. On the other hand, negative biotic impactors, like bacterial communities, antagonistic fungi, nematodes and plant-derived substances may find applications in the environment-friendly, biological control of armillarioid root diseases, which can be used instead of, or in combination with the classical, but frequently problematic silvicultural and chemical control measures.

Using medical comics to highlight medical humanities.

Studying medicine comprises the extensive acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes. However, humanism in medicine, which combines scientific knowledge and skills with respectful, compassionate care that is sensitive to the values, autonomy, and cultural backgrounds of patients and their families, is often neglected by teachers, physicians, medical students and the medical curricula. However, a humanistic approach is indispensable in the medical field. By creating a novel and remarkable initiative for the medical humanities, an attempt was made to increase the attention that is paid to this under-addressed topic and to stimulate debate. As an interdisciplinary multifaceted field, the medical humanities apply numerous approaches, one of which is medical comics. Graphic illustrations have the potential to address challenging situations within medical settings.1 They can be used to illustrate the different perspectives of patients, caregivers, relatives and the medical staff. Insightful comics prompt people to pause and reflect. An exhibition of 22 medical comics, named ‘Impression – Expression – Interaction', was displayed freely accessible at the Medical University of Vienna’s Lecture Center in Vienna General Hospital from October 2019 until January 2020. The artwork was supplemented by additional information, reflection-based tasks and recent publications. After overcoming initial reluctance towards the word ‘comics’, primarily associated with ‘fun’ and ‘humour’, support was offered by various executives (eg the Vice Rector for Teaching at the Medical University and the Director of the Vienna General Hospital). The artists were extremely cooperative and agreed to have their work exhibited. A professional graphic designer was commissioned to produce premium-quality panels and additional material (eg invitation posters and booklets), particularly as the first impression of a comic is very important as it stimulates introspection. In the exhibition area, visitors could provide prompt feedback via a tablet. Seventy-eight per cent of the respondents reported that the exhibition had introduced them to a new topic with which they were previously unfamiliar. More importantly, 84% indicated that they had acquired a new perspective on a familiar topic. On average, the exhibition was rated 5.34 (range 0–6, with 6 as the highest rating). Participants in the guided tour reported that the comics made it easier for them to approach challenging and painful topics, such as grief, death and excessive demands during night shifts. Positioned alongside the comics, an interactive zone invited visitors to provide their own drawings on different topics using prompts such as ‘What does pain look like?’. Their creations (165 contributions) were then displayed for viewing. The immensely positive feedback to this unique approach inspired the establishment to an ongoing three-year project—including an exhibition of medical comics every winter term starting in fall 2020 at the premises of Medical University in Vienna’s Lecture Center in the General Hospital. In addition, medical comics will now be integrated step-by-step in compulsory teaching units in different fields of study at the Medical University of Vienna. Cooperation with other universities and teaching institutions is planned.

Cohesive traction-separation relations for plate tearing under mixed mode loading

Abstract The present study investigates a sequence of failure events related to steady-state tearing of large-scale ductile plates by employing the micro-mechanics based Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model. The fracture process in front of an advancing crack is approximated by a series of 2D plane strain finite element models to facilitate a comprehensive study of mixed mode fracture behavior as well as a parameter study of the cohesive energy and tractions involved in the process. The results from the conducted GTN model simulations are used to define cohesive zone models suitable for plate tearing simulations at large scale. It is found that mixed mode loading conditions can have a significant effect on the cohesive energy as well as relative displacement (in reference to pure mode I loading), while peak traction is practically unaffected. Specifically, increasing mode II contribution leads to monotonic increase of the cohesive energy. In contrast, the effect of mode III is more complicated as it leads to reduction of the mixed mode cohesive energy (in reference to pure mode I loading) at low to medium levels of mode mixity ratios (0–0.3). However, increasing mode III contribution beyond the mode mixity ratio of 0.3, reverses this trend with cohesive energy potentially exceeding the pure mode I level when at mode mixity ratio of 0.6 or higher. This behavior cannot be captured by the interactive cohesive zone models that rely on a simple rotational sweep of mode I traction-separation relation. Depending on the shear mode contribution, i.e., mode II or mode III, these models can lead to overly conservative (mode II) or unconservative (mode III) prediction of the crack growth resistance.

Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations in Trace Element Migration in Karst Critical Zone:An Example of Jiguan Cave, Henan

To explore the temporal and spatial variations and the process of trace element migration in the karst critical zone, continuous fixed-point monitoring and sampling analysis was applied to measure each cave system component, which includes rainfall, soils, bedrock, drip waters, and their aerial sediment. Approximately 650 experimental data were obtained from October 2009 to May 2015 in a typical karst critical zone in north China-an interactive zone of the Jiguan Cave in the west Henan Province. The variations in and the migration rules of Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, and δ13C as well as their ratios to different components were studied. The results show that:① Soil and bedrock are the main sources of drip water. The values of Mg, Ba, and Sr are consistent with the "soil-bedrock" two end-members model and their respective proportions are 43.6:56.4, 1.01:98.09, and 47.2:52.8. ② From the spatial perspective, element migration of each component in the cave system interactive zone is interrelated. Drip water inherits the signals of the soil and bedrock and the modern sediment can continue the element information of the drip water. Elements in the soil profile cause the leaching and deposition effect and the subsoil better inherits the information of trace elements in the bedrock. ③ From the temporal perspective, the migration of elements in the cave system interactive zone is complex. Because of the leaching effect, soil and drip water show obvious seasonal discrepancies. However, under the influence of karst water migration path, the prior calcite precipitation (PCP), and extreme arid and annual precipitation type, the seasonal discrepancy in the element concentrations in drip water is smaller than in soil. The PCP effect, selective leaching, and other factors change the continuity of elements released from sediment to drip water. ④ In order to systematically and comprehensively ascertain the trace element migration in the karst critical zone and energy transformation rules, the study of cave system should be based on the research of the cave's critical zone and should consider comprehensive information ranging from the atmospheric origins to secondary sediments.

Effect of energy-saving server scheduling on power consumption for large-scale data centers

Large-scale data centers for cloud computing services consist ofa number of commodity servers, resulting in a huge amount ofpower consumption. In order to save power consumption, BEEMR(Berkeley Energy Efficient MapReduce), a MapReduce workload manager,is proposed. In a BEEMR-based data center, servers are allocated toeither of the interactive and batch zones. Arriving jobs of a small sizebegin to be processed immediately in the interactive zone, whilelarge-sized jobs are queued and served simultaneously at every fixedservice period in the batch zone. In this paper, we analyze the performanceof BEEMR-type job scheduling. We consider two queueing models forthe interactive and batch zones. The interactive zone is modeled asa single-server queueing system with processor-sharing (PS) service.In terms of the batch zone, we consider a queueing system withgated service in which arriving jobs are queued and begin to be servedwhen a fixed service period starts. For these models, the time-averagepower consumption and the mean response time are derived.Numerical examples show that the power consumption is significantlyaffected by the allocation of servers to both zones, while the powerconsumption is insensitive to the length of the batch-service period.

Experimental Investigation and Optimization for the Effective Parameters in the Laser Direct Structuring Process

The laser direct structuring (LDS) and the molded interconnect devices (MID) processes become more popular in the electronics industry. In order to produce micro MID products with highest circuit lines quality, it is very important to understand the complex relationship among the laser direct structuring parameters, the dimensions of the groove at the substrate surface, the profile of this groove, the width of the interactive zone (circuit line width) and space between two circuit lines (pitch). To reveal this relationship, experiments on the polymer plate (polyphthalamide PPA, with glass fiber) have been carried out in this work. It was found that the effect of the laser speed and laser power on the groove profile and dimensions are greater than the effect of the laser frequency, moreover the metallization profile depends on the groove profile which again depends on the LDS parameters. The dimensions of the resolidification groove edge including the width and height must be reduced to lowest possible value, in order to reduce the metallization defects.

지표수-지하수 혼합대의 수문학적 정의와 기능

지표수-지하수 혼합대의 수문학적 정의와 기능

Land exploitation resulting in soil salinization in a desert–oasis ecotone

Abstract Understanding the process of agricultural land expansion and its impact on soil properties is crucial for land management and environmental health. A desert–oasis ecotone is typically located between an oasis at the lower reach of inland rivers and neighboring desert in arid regions, and acts as an interactive zone between irrigated farmland and the natural desert ecosystem. The arid region of northwest China has experienced dramatic land exploitation since the 1960s and soil salinization has been a serious environmental problem ever since. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between land exploitation and soil salt accumulation in the topsoil. A typical desert–oasis ecotone, the Fubei region at the lower reach of the Sangong River catchment in arid northwest China, was used as a case study. The results revealed the following: (1) overexploitation of land resources has been astonishing since 1960, with > 40% of the area becoming irrigated farmland. There was frequent transition of land-use types from one to another, with about 38% of the area experiencing transitional change during 1982–2009. (2) Comparing soil salt content with land use during 1982–2009 showed an expanding area of soil salinity and an increased degree of salinity in all land-use types. The area with soil salt content > 20 g/kg increased by 16.4%, while the area with soil salt content of 5–10 g/kg decreased by 42% during 1982–2009. In addition, the amount of overall soil salt accumulation was about 21.6 × 1010 g in the study area during 1982–2009, and soil salt accumulation per unit area increased by 60%, with salt accumulation in farmland, grassland and saline-alkali land higher than for other land-use types (p

Some aspects of anthropogenic influences on the landslide genesis on the territory of municipality of Jagodina

The influence of anthropogenic factor on the landslide genesis is analyzed in this paper. Buildings, traffic, water supply and electro infrastructure are introduced in natural landscape as the result of human, living and economic activities in space. The conditions and processes which these objects can cause on the relation object-relief, and therefore initiate the occurrence of landslides, are the change of morphometric characteristics and the modifications of the water balance of slope. The zone with both qualitative and quantitative transformations of relief represents interactive zone in which the influence of man as a genetic factor or modifier of this colluvial process can be observed. .

Late quaternary geomorphic evolution of Yamuna-Sutlej interfluve: Significance of terminal fan

Haryana-Punjab plain (Yamuna-Sutlej interfluve) is part of the Indo-Gangetic foreland basin and makes the eastern part of the Indus River system. It is characterized by southwestern regional slope and is made up of sediments derived from the Himalayan front. The southern part of the Haryana-Punjab plain has a narrow northeast sloping surface, made up of sediments derived from the Rajasthan craton, making the peripheral bulge of the basin. The area of interaction of these two opposing slopes is marked by a rather flat region of poor drainage with a number of water bodies. This interactive zone of the two slopes has a constricted belt of westerly outlet merging in the Indus alluvial plain. The excessive sediments derived from the Himalayan front formed mega-fans, which in Late Pleistocene, extended down to 200 m altitude close to the southern limit of Haryana-Punjab plain. There are geomorphic evidence of punctuations in reduction in fan building activity during Late Quaternary with terminations at 225 and 300 m altitude, prominently seen in satellite imagery and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Haryana-Punjab plain also exhibits undulations with prominent highgrounds around Bhatinda, Hissar, and Sonipat-Jind. During the Late Quaternary, the streams of Yamuna-Sutlej interfluve region, viz., Dangri (sometimes referred as Tangri), Ghaggar-Saraswati, Markanda and Chautang, drastically reduced their carrying capacity due to reduced monsoon activity and neotectonic block movements. These streams abort within their terminal fans. Yamuna River is confined within its valley having prominent flood plain (T0) and well-developed Newer Alluvial plain (T1); as such it has not been a part of Indus system, at least during Holocene.

Effects of wood-surface roughness, adhesive viscosity and processing pressure on adhesion strength of protein adhesive

The objective of this research was to study the effects of wood-surface roughness, adhesive viscosity and processing pressure on adhesion strength between soybean protein adhesive and wood, and to seek the relative importance of the individual factors in determining adhesion strength. Processing pressure was found to be the most important factor in determining adhesion strength. An optimum pressure, which was about 4.55 MPa in this research, is needed for development of a strong bond. A higher pressure resulted in reduced adhesion strength, possibly due to damage to the wood surface; a lower pressure also resulted in decreased adhesion strength because of the lack of bond formation. Adhesive viscosity had greater effect on adhesion strength than surface roughness. Contact angle, which was found to be mainly determined by adhesive viscosity and surface roughness, was a major factor controlling adhesive penetration. A smaller contact angle, resulting from lower viscosity and rougher surface, produced deeper penetration, while a larger contact angle, resulting from higher viscosity and smoother surface, produced shallower penetration. An optimum penetration is needed to enhance adhesion strength by developing a three-dimensional interactive zone at the interface. Too deep or too much penetration would result in 'dry-out' at the interface; less penetration would limit the formation of the three-dimensional zone at the interface. Both cases resulted in reduced adhesion strength. Contact angles ranging from 35 to 47° provided the optimum penetration needed for good adhesion. The results of this research could be used as reference to determine optimum process parameters in plywood manufacturing when an aqueous based adhesive is used.

Surface Treatment of Materials with High Current Pulsed Electron Beam

High current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) is now becoming a promising energetic source for the surface treatment of materials. When the concentrated electron flux transferring its energy into a very thin surface layer within a short pulse time, superfast processes such as heating, melting, evaporation and consequent solidification, as well as dynamic stress field induced by an abrupt thermal distribution in the interactive zone impart surface layer with improved physicochemical and mechanical properties. The present paper reports mainly our experimental research work on this new-style technique. Investigations performed with a variety of constructional materials (aluminum, carbon and mold steel, magnesium alloys) have shown that the most pronounced changes of composition, microstructure and properties occur in the near-surface layers, while the thickness of the modified layer with improved mechanical properties (several hundreds of micrometers) is significantly greater than that of the heat-affected zone due to the propagation of stress wave. The surfaces treated with either simply several pulses of bombardment or complex techniques, such as rapid alloying by HCPEB can exhibit improved mechanical and physicochemical properties to some extent.

Analysis and behaviour of transfer plate–shear wall systems in tall buildings

AbstractSummaryThe current practice of design for a transfer plate–shear wall system in tall buildings does not generally include the interaction effect of the transfer plate and the supported shear walls on the structural behaviour of the system. As a result, it may lead to an unreasonable design for the internal forces of structural members and the corresponding steel reinforcement detailing. In this paper, analysis and structural behaviour of transfer plates supporting in‐plane loaded shear walls are presented, where emphasis is placed on the interaction between the transfer plate and the supported shear walls. The interaction effect is shown to cause significant stress redistributions both in the transfer plate and in the shear walls within an interactive zone. Parameters that influence significantly the structural behaviour and force transfer mechanism, such as the span–depth ratio of the transfer plate, the stiffness and locations of the shear walls, and the stiffness of support columns, are also highlighted. The paper is expected to provide not only a better understanding of the interactive characteristic of transfer plate–shear wall systems, but also a useful reference for the design of transfer plates supporting in‐plane loaded shear walls in tall buildings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Interaction‐based design tables for transfer beams supporting in‐plane loaded shear walls

AbstractThe analysis and behaviour of transfer beams that support in‐plane loaded shear walls have been receiving added emphasis owing to their importance in connection with the design of tall buildings. In this paper, analysis and structural behaviour of transfer beams supporting in‐plane loaded shear walls are presented, where emphasis is placed on the interaction between the transfer beam and the supported shear wall. The interaction effect is shown to cause significant stress re‐distributions both in the transfer beam and in the shear wall within an interactive zone. Parameters that significantly influence the structural behaviour and force transfer mechanism are also highlighted. Based on finite element analysis, interaction‐based design tables are constructed and presented for the design of the transfer beam–shear wall system, which is represented by an equivalent portal frame. The design tables have been shown to provide practising engineers a very simple and efficient, yet accurate, means of analysis of the internal forces of the transfer beams and the support columns. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Continuous transfer beams supporting in-plane loaded shear walls in tall buildings

The failure mechanism and structural behavior of transfer beams supporting in-plane loaded shear walls have received added emphasis owing to their importance in connection with tall building construction. This paper presents an analysis of and investigation of the structural behavior of two-span transfer beam-shear wall systems in tall buildings. The interaction between the transfer girders and the shear wall has been investigated considering interior and exterior column interaction effects. The upper structural form has a significant effect on the failure mechanism of the transfer girders, which can act as full tension members or behave as ordinary flexural beams. Stress distributions in the shear wall interactive zone are presented. The relevant parameters that significantly influence the force transfer mechanism and structural behavior, such as the span/depth ratio of the transfer beam, the span of the shear wall and the stiffness of the support columns, are highlighted. The present paper provides a very useful reference for the design of continuous transfer girders supporting in-plane loaded shear walls in tall buildings.

Sill emplacement in wet sediments: fluid inclusion and cathodoluminescence studies at Grunehogna, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

The Grunehogna and Kullen sills of western Dronning Maud Land were emplaced into water-saturated, partially lithified sediments of the mid-Proterozoic Ritscherflya Supergroup. Fluid inclusion and optical and scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence studies of quartz grains within and adjacent to the sills (the ‘sill-sediment interactive zone’, referred to as the ‘interactive zone’) showed that only a single generation of later fluid inclusions is present. The fluids are Na-K-Ca-Cl aqueous solutions with temperatures of homogenization between 95 and 105 °C. Individual quartz particles in the sedimentary rocks above the interactive zone have unique fluid inclusion populations. Petrographic and cathodoluminescence evidence indicated that there are three types of quartz grains in the interactive zone. These consist of (i) a xenocrystic type, (ii) a high-temperature quartz that crystallized either from the magma or as a result of anatectic melting of xenolithic (and/or xenocrystic) material, and (iii) euhedral quartz crystals that have grown in vugs in the peripheral zone. Cathodoluminescence of xenocrystic grains indicated the existence of healed microfractures along which fluid inclusions were concentrated and secondary and authigenic overgrowths on older generation quartz grains had developed. The presence of zonal luminescence patterns of detrital particles, coupled with evidence for equilibrium polygonization in the sedimentary rocks adjacent to the peripheral zone up to about 8 m above the upper contact of the Grunehogna sill suggested local thermal tempering or sintering and recrystallization. Luminescence of detrital quartz particles in the overlying Hogfonna Formation reflected variation in the characteristics of their source terrains, and showed limited evidence of heating by the magma. The interactive zone fluid inclusions are formation waters which penetrated microfractures during diagenesis. We show that no large-scale hydrothermal circulation system is likely to develop following intrusion into a water-saturated environment.

The Ultimate Asymptote and Mean Flow Structure in Toms’ Phenomenon

The maximum drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow of dilute polymer solutions is ultimately limited by a unique asymptote described by the experimental correlation: f−1/2=19.0log10(NRef1/2)−32.4 The semilogarithmic mean velocity profile corresponding to and inferred from this ultimate asymptote has a mixing-length constant of 0.085 and shares a trisection (at y+ ∼ 12) with the Newtonian viscous sublayer and law of the wall. Experimental mean velocity profiles taken during drag reduction lie in the region bounded by the inferred ultimate profile and the Newtonian law of the wall. At low drag reductions the experimental profiles are well correlated by an “effective slip” model but this fails progressively with increasing drag reduction. Based on the foregoing a three-zone scheme is proposed to model the mean flow structure during drag reduction. In this the mean velocity profile segments are (a) a viscous sublayer, akin to Newtonian, (b) an interactive zone, characteristic of drag reduction, in which the ultimate profile is followed, and (c) a turbulent core in which the Newtonian mixing-length constant applies. The proposed model is consistent with experimental observations and reduces satisfactorily to the Taylor-Prandtl scheme and the ultimate profile, respectively, at the limits of zero and maximum drag reductions.